Annual report

Period2022-04-01 → 2023-03-31
Filed2023-06-28
StandardJapan GAAP
ConsolidatedYes
Data checks24 of 24 passed
Key figures · 145
MetricValuePeriodScopeSource row
Revenue¥16.3bn2022-04-01 → 2023-03-31Cons.Net sales
Revenue¥13.1bn2021-04-01 → 2022-03-31Cons.Net sales
Revenue¥13.3bn2020-04-01 → 2021-03-31dCons.Net sales (5-year summary)
Revenue¥17.2bn2019-04-01 → 2020-03-31dCons.Net sales (5-year summary)
Revenue¥18.3bn2018-04-01 → 2019-03-31dCons.Net sales (5-year summary)
Operating income¥66m2022-04-01 → 2023-03-31Cons.Operating income
Operating income−¥595m2021-04-01 → 2022-03-31Cons.Operating income
Ordinary income¥382m2022-04-01 → 2023-03-31Cons.Ordinary income
Ordinary income¥704m2021-04-01 → 2022-03-31Cons.Ordinary income
Ordinary income−¥1.2bn2020-04-01 → 2021-03-31dCons.Ordinary income loss (5-year summary)
Ordinary income¥251m2019-04-01 → 2020-03-31dCons.Ordinary income loss (5-year summary)
Ordinary income¥546m2018-04-01 → 2019-03-31dCons.Ordinary income loss (5-year summary)
Profit before tax¥207m2022-04-01 → 2023-03-31Cons.Income before income taxes
Profit before tax¥888m2021-04-01 → 2022-03-31Cons.Income before income taxes
Net income (owners)¥188m2022-04-01 → 2023-03-31Cons.Profit loss attributable to owners of parent
Net income (owners)¥826m2021-04-01 → 2022-03-31Cons.Profit loss attributable to owners of parent
Net income (owners)−¥2.3bn2020-04-01 → 2021-03-31dCons.Profit loss attributable to owners of parent (5-year summary)
Net income (owners)¥51m2019-04-01 → 2020-03-31dCons.Profit loss attributable to owners of parent (5-year summary)
Net income (owners)¥137m2018-04-01 → 2019-03-31dCons.Profit loss attributable to owners of parent (5-year summary)
Net income¥195m2022-04-01 → 2023-03-31Cons.Profit loss
Net income¥832m2021-04-01 → 2022-03-31Cons.Profit loss
Total assets¥23.6bnat 2023-03-31Cons.Assets
Total assets¥23.9bnat 2022-03-31Cons.Assets
Total assets¥26.1bnat 2021-03-31dCons.Total assets (5-year summary)
Total assets¥24.0bnat 2020-03-31dCons.Total assets (5-year summary)
Total assets¥25.2bnat 2019-03-31dCons.Total assets (5-year summary)
Total liabilities¥11.6bnat 2023-03-31Cons.Liabilities
Total liabilities¥11.9bnat 2022-03-31Cons.Liabilities
Net assets / equity¥12.0bnat 2023-03-31Cons.Net assets
Net assets / equity¥12.1bnat 2022-03-31Cons.Net assets
Net assets / equity¥11.3bnat 2021-03-31dCons.Net assets
Net assets / equity¥13.5bnat 2020-03-31dCons.Net assets (5-year summary)
Net assets / equity¥13.8bnat 2019-03-31dCons.Net assets (5-year summary)
Cash and deposits¥2.3bnat 2023-03-31Cons.Cash and deposits
Cash and deposits¥3.7bnat 2022-03-31Cons.Cash and deposits
Cash & equivalents¥2.2bnat 2023-03-31Cons.Cash and cash equivalents
Cash & equivalents¥3.6bnat 2022-03-31Cons.Cash and cash equivalents
Cash & equivalents¥4.4bnat 2021-03-31dCons.Cash and cash equivalents
Cash & equivalents¥3.8bnat 2020-03-31dCons.Cash and cash equivalents (5-year summary)
Cash & equivalents¥3.9bnat 2019-03-31dCons.Cash and cash equivalents (5-year summary)
Operating cash flow−¥103m2022-04-01 → 2023-03-31Cons.Net cash provided by used in operating activities
Operating cash flow−¥1.0bn2021-04-01 → 2022-03-31Cons.Net cash provided by used in operating activities
Operating cash flow−¥583m2020-04-01 → 2021-03-31dCons.Net cash provided by used in operating activities (5-year summary)
Operating cash flow¥588m2019-04-01 → 2020-03-31dCons.Net cash provided by used in operating activities (5-year summary)
Operating cash flow¥890m2018-04-01 → 2019-03-31dCons.Net cash provided by used in operating activities (5-year summary)
Investing cash flow−¥120m2022-04-01 → 2023-03-31Cons.Net cash provided by used in investment activities
Investing cash flow¥678m2021-04-01 → 2022-03-31Cons.Net cash provided by used in investment activities
Investing cash flow−¥548m2020-04-01 → 2021-03-31dCons.Net cash provided by used in investing activities (5-year summary)
Investing cash flow−¥459m2019-04-01 → 2020-03-31dCons.Net cash provided by used in investing activities (5-year summary)
Investing cash flow¥861m2018-04-01 → 2019-03-31dCons.Net cash provided by used in investing activities (5-year summary)
Financing cash flow−¥1.1bn2022-04-01 → 2023-03-31Cons.Net cash provided by used in financing activities
Financing cash flow−¥475m2021-04-01 → 2022-03-31Cons.Net cash provided by used in financing activities
Financing cash flow¥1.8bn2020-04-01 → 2021-03-31dCons.Net cash provided by used in financing activities (5-year summary)
Financing cash flow−¥309m2019-04-01 → 2020-03-31dCons.Net cash provided by used in financing activities (5-year summary)
Financing cash flow−¥285m2018-04-01 → 2019-03-31dCons.Net cash provided by used in financing activities (5-year summary)
EPS (basic)¥25.562022-04-01 → 2023-03-31Cons.Basic earnings loss per share (5-year summary)
EPS (basic)¥109.832021-04-01 → 2022-03-31Cons.Basic earnings loss per share (5-year summary)
EPS (basic)¥-303.132020-04-01 → 2021-03-31dCons.Basic earnings loss per share (5-year summary)
EPS (basic)¥6.62019-04-01 → 2020-03-31dCons.Basic earnings loss per share (5-year summary)
EPS (basic)¥17.782018-04-01 → 2019-03-31dCons.Basic earnings loss per share (5-year summary)
Net assets per share¥1,654.57at 2023-03-31Cons.Net assets per share (5-year summary)
Net assets per share¥1,608.65at 2022-03-31Cons.Net assets per share (5-year summary)
Net assets per share¥1,496.95at 2021-03-31dCons.Net assets per share (5-year summary)
Net assets per share¥1,767.57at 2020-03-31dCons.Net assets per share (5-year summary)
Net assets per share¥1,793.09at 2019-03-31dCons.Net assets per share (5-year summary)
Equity ratio50.7%at 2023-03-31Cons.Equity to asset ratio (5-year summary)
Equity ratio50.2%at 2022-03-31Cons.Equity to asset ratio (5-year summary)
Equity ratio43.2%at 2021-03-31dCons.Equity to asset ratio (5-year summary)
Equity ratio56.5%at 2020-03-31dCons.Equity to asset ratio (5-year summary)
Equity ratio54.7%at 2019-03-31dCons.Equity to asset ratio (5-year summary)
ROE1.6%2022-04-01 → 2023-03-31Cons.Rate of return on equity (5-year summary)
ROE7.1%2021-04-01 → 2022-03-31Cons.Rate of return on equity (5-year summary)
ROE0.4%2019-04-01 → 2020-03-31dCons.Rate of return on equity (5-year summary)
ROE1.0%2018-04-01 → 2019-03-31dCons.Rate of return on equity (5-year summary)
Employees435at 2023-03-31Cons.Number of employees
Employees446at 2022-03-31Cons.Number of employees
Employees472at 2021-03-31dCons.Number of employees
Employees471at 2020-03-31dCons.Number of employees
Employees488at 2019-03-31dCons.Number of employees
Revenue¥11.0bn2022-04-01 → 2023-03-31StandaloneNet sales
Revenue¥9.4bn2021-04-01 → 2022-03-31StandaloneNet sales
Revenue¥9.6bn2020-04-01 → 2021-03-31dStandaloneNet sales (5-year summary)
Revenue¥11.4bn2019-04-01 → 2020-03-31dStandaloneNet sales (5-year summary)
Revenue¥12.3bn2018-04-01 → 2019-03-31dStandaloneNet sales (5-year summary)
Operating income−¥32m2022-04-01 → 2023-03-31StandaloneOperating income
Operating income¥175m2021-04-01 → 2022-03-31StandaloneOperating income
Ordinary income¥62m2022-04-01 → 2023-03-31StandaloneOrdinary income
Ordinary income¥417m2021-04-01 → 2022-03-31StandaloneOrdinary income
Ordinary income−¥371m2020-04-01 → 2021-03-31dStandaloneOrdinary income loss (5-year summary)
Ordinary income¥162m2019-04-01 → 2020-03-31dStandaloneOrdinary income loss (5-year summary)
Ordinary income¥435m2018-04-01 → 2019-03-31dStandaloneOrdinary income loss (5-year summary)
Profit before tax¥60m2022-04-01 → 2023-03-31StandaloneIncome before income taxes
Profit before tax¥959m2021-04-01 → 2022-03-31StandaloneIncome before income taxes
Net income¥55m2022-04-01 → 2023-03-31StandaloneProfit loss
Net income¥894m2021-04-01 → 2022-03-31StandaloneProfit loss
Net income−¥1.4bn2020-04-01 → 2021-03-31dStandaloneNet income loss (5-year summary)
Net income¥42m2019-04-01 → 2020-03-31dStandaloneNet income loss (5-year summary)
Net income¥446m2018-04-01 → 2019-03-31dStandaloneNet income loss (5-year summary)
Total assets¥20.9bnat 2023-03-31StandaloneAssets
Total assets¥21.2bnat 2022-03-31StandaloneAssets
Total assets¥23.0bnat 2021-03-31dStandaloneTotal assets (5-year summary)
Total assets¥21.4bnat 2020-03-31dStandaloneTotal assets (5-year summary)
Total assets¥22.4bnat 2019-03-31dStandaloneTotal assets (5-year summary)
Total liabilities¥9.0bnat 2023-03-31StandaloneLiabilities
Total liabilities¥9.1bnat 2022-03-31StandaloneLiabilities
Net assets / equity¥11.9bnat 2023-03-31StandaloneNet assets
Net assets / equity¥12.1bnat 2022-03-31StandaloneNet assets
Net assets / equity¥11.3bnat 2021-03-31dStandaloneNet assets
Net assets / equity¥12.6bnat 2020-03-31dStandaloneNet assets (5-year summary)
Net assets / equity¥12.8bnat 2019-03-31dStandaloneNet assets (5-year summary)
Cash and deposits¥1.2bnat 2023-03-31StandaloneCash and deposits
Cash and deposits¥2.6bnat 2022-03-31StandaloneCash and deposits
EPS (basic)¥7.482022-04-01 → 2023-03-31StandaloneBasic earnings loss per share (5-year summary)
EPS (basic)¥118.982021-04-01 → 2022-03-31StandaloneBasic earnings loss per share (5-year summary)
EPS (basic)¥-178.862020-04-01 → 2021-03-31dStandaloneBasic earnings loss per share (5-year summary)
EPS (basic)¥5.432019-04-01 → 2020-03-31dStandaloneBasic earnings loss per share (5-year summary)
EPS (basic)¥57.942018-04-01 → 2019-03-31dStandaloneBasic earnings loss per share (5-year summary)
Dividend per share¥102022-04-01 → 2023-03-31StandaloneDividend paid per share (5-year summary)
Dividend per share¥102021-04-01 → 2022-03-31StandaloneDividend paid per share (5-year summary)
Dividend per share¥102019-04-01 → 2020-03-31dStandaloneDividend paid per share (5-year summary)
Dividend per share¥102018-04-01 → 2019-03-31dStandaloneDividend paid per share (5-year summary)
Net assets per share¥1,646.31at 2023-03-31StandaloneNet assets per share (5-year summary)
Net assets per share¥1,618.49at 2022-03-31StandaloneNet assets per share (5-year summary)
Net assets per share¥1,497.61at 2021-03-31dStandaloneNet assets per share (5-year summary)
Net assets per share¥1,645.79at 2020-03-31dStandaloneNet assets per share (5-year summary)
Net assets per share¥1,672.51at 2019-03-31dStandaloneNet assets per share (5-year summary)
Equity ratio56.8%at 2023-03-31StandaloneEquity to asset ratio (5-year summary)
Equity ratio57.0%at 2022-03-31StandaloneEquity to asset ratio (5-year summary)
Equity ratio49.1%at 2021-03-31dStandaloneEquity to asset ratio (5-year summary)
Equity ratio59.0%at 2020-03-31dStandaloneEquity to asset ratio (5-year summary)
Equity ratio57.3%at 2019-03-31dStandaloneEquity to asset ratio (5-year summary)
ROE0.5%2022-04-01 → 2023-03-31StandaloneRate of return on equity (5-year summary)
ROE7.7%2021-04-01 → 2022-03-31StandaloneRate of return on equity (5-year summary)
ROE0.3%2019-04-01 → 2020-03-31dStandaloneRate of return on equity (5-year summary)
ROE3.5%2018-04-01 → 2019-03-31dStandaloneRate of return on equity (5-year summary)
Shares issued8,013,000at 2023-03-31StandaloneTotal number of issued shares (5-year summary)
Shares issued8,013,000at 2022-03-31StandaloneTotal number of issued shares (5-year summary)
Shares issued8,013,000at 2021-03-31dStandaloneTotal number of issued shares (5-year summary)
Shares issued8,013,000at 2020-03-31dStandaloneTotal number of issued shares (5-year summary)
Shares issued8,013,000at 2019-03-31dStandaloneTotal number of issued shares (5-year summary)
Employees139at 2023-03-31StandaloneNumber of employees
Employees139at 2022-03-31StandaloneNumber of employees
Employees144at 2021-03-31dStandaloneNumber of employees
Employees151at 2020-03-31dStandaloneNumber of employees
Employees145at 2019-03-31dStandaloneNumber of employees

Periods use the dates stated in the filing. d = earlier-year period dated by calendar; v = that date confirmed by the company's own earlier filing.

Segments · 62
SegmentItemPeriodValue
Food And Beverage Relatedreportable segmentcapex2022-04-01 → 2023-03-31¥245m
Food And Beverage Relatedreportable segmentdepreciation2022-04-01 → 2023-03-31¥144m
Food And Beverage Relatedreportable segmentemployeesat 2023-03-31249 pure
Food And Beverage Relatedreportable segmentrevenue2022-04-01 → 2023-03-31¥4.9bn
Food And Beverage Relatedreportable segmentrevenue external2022-04-01 → 2023-03-31¥4.9bn
Food And Beverage Relatedreportable segmentrevenue intersegment2022-04-01 → 2023-03-31¥21m
Food And Beverage Relatedreportable segmentsegment assetsat 2023-03-31¥2.6bn
Food And Beverage Relatedreportable segmentsegment profit2022-04-01 → 2023-03-31−¥55m
Image Relatedreportable segmentcapex2022-04-01 → 2023-03-31¥50m
Image Relatedreportable segmentdepreciation2022-04-01 → 2023-03-31¥21m
Image Relatedreportable segmentemployeesat 2023-03-3198 pure
Image Relatedreportable segmentrevenue2022-04-01 → 2023-03-31¥3.7bn
Image Relatedreportable segmentrevenue external2022-04-01 → 2023-03-31¥3.7bn
Image Relatedreportable segmentrevenue intersegment2022-04-01 → 2023-03-31¥2m
Image Relatedreportable segmentsegment assetsat 2023-03-31¥2.4bn
Image Relatedreportable segmentsegment profit2022-04-01 → 2023-03-31−¥217m
Real Estate Relatedreportable segmentcapex2022-04-01 → 2023-03-31¥8m
Real Estate Relatedreportable segmentdepreciation2022-04-01 → 2023-03-31¥132m
Real Estate Relatedreportable segmentemployeesat 2023-03-3160 pure
Real Estate Relatedreportable segmentrevenue2022-04-01 → 2023-03-31¥7.7bn
Real Estate Relatedreportable segmentrevenue external2022-04-01 → 2023-03-31¥7.7bn
Real Estate Relatedreportable segmentrevenue intersegment2022-04-01 → 2023-03-31¥4m
Real Estate Relatedreportable segmentsegment assetsat 2023-03-31¥13.8bn
Real Estate Relatedreportable segmentsegment profit2022-04-01 → 2023-03-31¥1.1bn
—segment totalcapex2022-04-01 → 2023-03-31¥303m
—segment totaldepreciation2022-04-01 → 2023-03-31¥297m
—segment totalrevenue2022-04-01 → 2023-03-31¥16.3bn
—segment totalrevenue external2022-04-01 → 2023-03-31¥16.3bn
—segment totalrevenue intersegment2022-04-01 → 2023-03-31¥26m
—segment totalsegment assetsat 2023-03-31¥18.8bn
—segment totalsegment profit2022-04-01 → 2023-03-31¥812m
Food And Beverage Relatedreportable segmentcapex2021-04-01 → 2022-03-31¥97m
Food And Beverage Relatedreportable segmentdepreciation2021-04-01 → 2022-03-31¥100m
Food And Beverage Relatedreportable segmentrevenue2021-04-01 → 2022-03-31¥3.3bn
Food And Beverage Relatedreportable segmentrevenue external2021-04-01 → 2022-03-31¥3.3bn
Food And Beverage Relatedreportable segmentrevenue intersegment2021-04-01 → 2022-03-31¥238,000
Food And Beverage Relatedreportable segmentsegment assetsat 2022-03-31¥2.6bn
Food And Beverage Relatedreportable segmentsegment profit2021-04-01 → 2022-03-31−¥897m
Image Relatedreportable segmentcapex2021-04-01 → 2022-03-31¥63m
Image Relatedreportable segmentdepreciation2021-04-01 → 2022-03-31¥44m
Image Relatedreportable segmentrevenue2021-04-01 → 2022-03-31¥3.4bn
Image Relatedreportable segmentrevenue external2021-04-01 → 2022-03-31¥3.4bn
Image Relatedreportable segmentrevenue intersegment2021-04-01 → 2022-03-31¥2m
Image Relatedreportable segmentsegment assetsat 2022-03-31¥1.8bn
Image Relatedreportable segmentsegment profit2021-04-01 → 2022-03-31−¥116m
Real Estate Relatedreportable segmentcapex2021-04-01 → 2022-03-31¥148m
Real Estate Relatedreportable segmentdepreciation2021-04-01 → 2022-03-31¥135m
Real Estate Relatedreportable segmentrevenue2021-04-01 → 2022-03-31¥6.4bn
Real Estate Relatedreportable segmentrevenue external2021-04-01 → 2022-03-31¥6.4bn
Real Estate Relatedreportable segmentrevenue intersegment2021-04-01 → 2022-03-31¥2m
Real Estate Relatedreportable segmentsegment assetsat 2022-03-31¥13.5bn
Real Estate Relatedreportable segmentsegment profit2021-04-01 → 2022-03-31¥1.1bn
—segment totalcapex2021-04-01 → 2022-03-31¥308m
—segment totaldepreciation2021-04-01 → 2022-03-31¥280m
—segment totalrevenue2021-04-01 → 2022-03-31¥13.1bn
—segment totalrevenue external2021-04-01 → 2022-03-31¥13.1bn
—segment totalrevenue intersegment2021-04-01 → 2022-03-31¥3m
—segment totalsegment assetsat 2022-03-31¥17.9bn
—segment totalsegment profit2021-04-01 → 2022-03-31¥61m
Food And Beverage Relatedreportable segmentemployeesat 2023-03-312 pure
Image Relatedreportable segmentemployeesat 2023-03-3168 pure
Real Estate Relatedreportable segmentemployeesat 2023-03-3141 pure

Segment names come from EDINET member IDs; not yet mapped to a common taxonomy.

All source rows · 1,562
ItemContextValueUnit
Guarantee deposits ioaPrior1YearInstant391605000JPY
Guarantee deposits ioaCurrentYearInstant396359000JPY
Deferred tax assetsPrior1YearInstant15461000JPY
Deferred tax assetsCurrentYearInstant64356000JPY
Other ioaPrior1YearInstant164823000JPY
Other ioaCurrentYearInstant114217000JPY
Allowance for doubtful accounts ioa by groupPrior1YearInstant-73788000JPY
Allowance for doubtful accounts ioa by groupCurrentYearInstant-25000000JPY
Investments and other assetsPrior1YearInstant2505725000JPY
Investments and other assetsCurrentYearInstant2707532000JPY
Noncurrent assetsPrior1YearInstant16470857000JPY
Noncurrent assetsCurrentYearInstant16464963000JPY
AssetsPrior1YearInstant23927045000JPY
AssetsCurrentYearInstant23582227000JPY
Notes and accounts payable tradePrior1YearInstant917764000JPY
Notes and accounts payable tradeCurrentYearInstant1149840000JPY
Short term loans payablePrior1YearInstant60000000JPY
Short term loans payableCurrentYearInstant87000000JPY
Current portion of bondsPrior1YearInstant200000000JPY
Current portion of bondsCurrentYearInstant-JPY
Current portion of long term loans payablePrior1YearInstant1312327000JPY
Current portion of long term loans payableCurrentYearInstant1301083000JPY
Lease obligations clPrior1YearInstant15381000JPY
Lease obligations clCurrentYearInstant1606000JPY
Accounts payable otherPrior1YearInstant483439000JPY
Accounts payable otherCurrentYearInstant601055000JPY
Income taxes payablePrior1YearInstant102707000JPY
Income taxes payableCurrentYearInstant47569000JPY
Advances receivedPrior1YearInstant120732000JPY
Advances receivedCurrentYearInstant127813000JPY
Provision for bonusesPrior1YearInstant164568000JPY
Provision for bonusesCurrentYearInstant201891000JPY
Other clPrior1YearInstant579148000JPY
Other clCurrentYearInstant636445000JPY
Current liabilitiesPrior1YearInstant3956069000JPY
Current liabilitiesCurrentYearInstant4154307000JPY
Long term loans payablePrior1YearInstant4244797000JPY
Long term loans payableCurrentYearInstant3713382000JPY
Lease obligations nclPrior1YearInstant9122000JPY
Lease obligations nclCurrentYearInstant1021000JPY
Long term accounts payable otherPrior1YearInstant1787000JPY
Long term accounts payable otherCurrentYearInstant1414000JPY
Long term guarantee depositedPrior1YearInstant808439000JPY
Long term guarantee depositedCurrentYearInstant796458000JPY
Deferred tax liabilitiesPrior1YearInstant585293000JPY
Deferred tax liabilitiesCurrentYearInstant624698000JPY
Deferred tax liabilities for land revaluationPrior1YearInstant850717000JPY
Deferred tax liabilities for land revaluationCurrentYearInstant850717000JPY
Net defined benefit liabilityPrior1YearInstant965343000JPY
Net defined benefit liabilityCurrentYearInstant1004888000JPY

Every row of the EDINET CSV. Item names are the XBRL element names; filed text is kept in its original Japanese. Filed text is available on Plus and Pro.

Data checks · 24 of 24 passed
balance sheet identityconsolidated 2022-03-31pass
balance sheet identityconsolidated 2023-03-31pass
balance sheet identitynon_consolidated 2022-03-31pass rounding
balance sheet identitynon_consolidated 2023-03-31pass rounding
dei present pass
period resolution pass
statement vs summary · net assetsconsolidated 2021-03-31pass
statement vs summary · net assetsconsolidated 2022-03-31pass
statement vs summary · net assetsconsolidated 2023-03-31pass
statement vs summary · net assetsnon_consolidated 2021-03-31pass
statement vs summary · net assetsnon_consolidated 2022-03-31pass
statement vs summary · net assetsnon_consolidated 2023-03-31pass
statement vs summary · net income attributable to parentconsolidated 2021-04-01/2022-03-31pass
statement vs summary · net income attributable to parentconsolidated 2022-04-01/2023-03-31pass
statement vs summary · operating cash flowconsolidated 2021-04-01/2022-03-31pass
statement vs summary · operating cash flowconsolidated 2022-04-01/2023-03-31pass
statement vs summary · revenueconsolidated 2021-04-01/2022-03-31pass
statement vs summary · revenueconsolidated 2022-04-01/2023-03-31pass
statement vs summary · revenuenon_consolidated 2021-04-01/2022-03-31pass
statement vs summary · revenuenon_consolidated 2022-04-01/2023-03-31pass
statement vs summary · total assetsconsolidated 2022-03-31pass
statement vs summary · total assetsconsolidated 2023-03-31pass
statement vs summary · total assetsnon_consolidated 2022-03-31pass
statement vs summary · total assetsnon_consolidated 2023-03-31pass