Annual report

Period2023-04-01 → 2024-03-31
Filed2024-06-19
StandardIFRS
ConsolidatedYes
Data checks19 of 19 passed
Key figures · 148
MetricValuePeriodScopeSource row
Revenue¥4.37T2023-04-01 → 2024-03-31Cons.Revenue IFRS (5-year summary)
Revenue¥3.49T2022-04-01 → 2023-03-31Cons.Revenue IFRS (5-year summary)
Revenue¥2.55T2021-04-01 → 2022-03-31dCons.Revenue IFRS (5-year summary)
Revenue¥2.32T2020-04-01 → 2021-03-31dCons.Revenue IFRS (5-year summary)
Revenue¥2.27T2019-04-01 → 2020-03-31dCons.Revenue IFRS (5-year summary)
Operating income¥309.6bn2023-04-01 → 2024-03-31Cons.Operating profit loss IFRS
Operating income¥259.1bn2022-04-01 → 2023-03-31Cons.Operating profit loss IFRS
Profit before tax¥248.6bn2023-04-01 → 2024-03-31Cons.Profit loss before tax IFRS
Profit before tax¥242.8bn2022-04-01 → 2023-03-31Cons.Profit loss before tax IFRS
Profit before tax¥215.8bn2021-04-01 → 2022-03-31dCons.Profit loss before tax IFRS (5-year summary)
Profit before tax¥130.5bn2020-04-01 → 2021-03-31dCons.Profit loss before tax IFRS (5-year summary)
Profit before tax¥120.2bn2019-04-01 → 2020-03-31dCons.Profit loss before tax IFRS (5-year summary)
Net income (owners)¥133.9bn2023-04-01 → 2024-03-31Cons.Profit loss attributable to owners of parent IFRS
Net income (owners)¥150.0bn2022-04-01 → 2023-03-31Cons.Profit loss attributable to owners of parent IFRS
Net income (owners)¥143.0bn2021-04-01 → 2022-03-31dCons.Profit loss attributable to owners of parent IFRS (5-year summary)
Net income (owners)¥76.8bn2020-04-01 → 2021-03-31dCons.Profit loss attributable to owners of parent IFRS (5-year summary)
Net income (owners)¥75.1bn2019-04-01 → 2020-03-31dCons.Profit loss attributable to owners of parent IFRS (5-year summary)
Net income¥145.5bn2023-04-01 → 2024-03-31Cons.Profit loss IFRS
Net income¥166.9bn2022-04-01 → 2023-03-31Cons.Profit loss IFRS
Total assets¥7.22Tat 2024-03-31Cons.Assets IFRS
Total assets¥6.16Tat 2023-03-31Cons.Assets IFRS
Total assets¥3.08Tat 2022-03-31dCons.Total assets IFRS (5-year summary)
Total assets¥2.90Tat 2021-03-31dCons.Total assets IFRS (5-year summary)
Total assets¥2.69Tat 2020-03-31dCons.Total assets IFRS (5-year summary)
Total liabilities¥4.44Tat 2024-03-31Cons.Liabilities IFRS
Total liabilities¥3.76Tat 2023-03-31Cons.Liabilities IFRS
Net assets / equity¥2.78Tat 2024-03-31Cons.Equity IFRS
Net assets / equity¥2.40Tat 2023-03-31Cons.Equity IFRS
Net assets / equity¥1.33Tat 2022-03-31dCons.Equity IFRS
Equity (owners)¥1.72Tat 2024-03-31Cons.Equity attributable to owners of parent IFRS
Equity (owners)¥1.45Tat 2023-03-31Cons.Equity attributable to owners of parent IFRS
Equity (owners)¥1.27Tat 2022-03-31dCons.Equity attributable to owners of parent IFRS (5-year summary)
Equity (owners)¥1.07Tat 2021-03-31dCons.Equity attributable to owners of parent IFRS (5-year summary)
Equity (owners)¥939.7bnat 2020-03-31dCons.Equity attributable to owners of parent IFRS (5-year summary)
Cash & equivalents¥431.8bnat 2024-03-31Cons.Cash and cash equivalents IFRS
Cash & equivalents¥415.4bnat 2023-03-31Cons.Cash and cash equivalents IFRS
Cash & equivalents¥246.9bnat 2022-03-31dCons.Cash and cash equivalents IFRS
Cash & equivalents¥287.1bnat 2021-03-31dCons.Cash and cash equivalents IFRS (5-year summary)
Cash & equivalents¥205.4bnat 2020-03-31dCons.Cash and cash equivalents IFRS (5-year summary)
Operating cash flow¥498.8bn2023-04-01 → 2024-03-31Cons.Net cash provided by used in operating activities IFRS
Operating cash flow¥350.6bn2022-04-01 → 2023-03-31Cons.Net cash provided by used in operating activities IFRS
Operating cash flow¥310.4bn2021-04-01 → 2022-03-31dCons.Cash flows from used in operating activities IFRS (5-year summary)
Operating cash flow¥352.5bn2020-04-01 → 2021-03-31dCons.Cash flows from used in operating activities IFRS (5-year summary)
Operating cash flow¥280.0bn2019-04-01 → 2020-03-31dCons.Cash flows from used in operating activities IFRS (5-year summary)
Investing cash flow−¥624.5bn2023-04-01 → 2024-03-31Cons.Net cash provided by used in investing activities IFRS
Investing cash flow−¥322.3bn2022-04-01 → 2023-03-31Cons.Net cash provided by used in investing activities IFRS
Investing cash flow−¥196.5bn2021-04-01 → 2022-03-31dCons.Cash flows from used in investing activities IFRS (5-year summary)
Investing cash flow−¥173.9bn2020-04-01 → 2021-03-31dCons.Cash flows from used in investing activities IFRS (5-year summary)
Investing cash flow−¥257.2bn2019-04-01 → 2020-03-31dCons.Cash flows from used in investing activities IFRS (5-year summary)
Financing cash flow¥109.2bn2023-04-01 → 2024-03-31Cons.Net cash provided by used in financing activities IFRS
Financing cash flow¥135.7bn2022-04-01 → 2023-03-31Cons.Net cash provided by used in financing activities IFRS
Financing cash flow−¥166.5bn2021-04-01 → 2022-03-31dCons.Cash flows from used in financing activities IFRS (5-year summary)
Financing cash flow−¥101.6bn2020-04-01 → 2021-03-31dCons.Cash flows from used in financing activities IFRS (5-year summary)
Financing cash flow−¥66.1bn2019-04-01 → 2020-03-31dCons.Cash flows from used in financing activities IFRS (5-year summary)
EPS (basic)¥95.482023-04-01 → 2024-03-31Cons.Basic earnings loss per share IFRS
EPS (basic)¥106.952022-04-01 → 2023-03-31Cons.Basic earnings loss per share IFRS
EPS (basic)¥101.952021-04-01 → 2022-03-31dCons.Basic earnings loss per share IFRS (5-year summary)
EPS (basic)¥54.792020-04-01 → 2021-03-31dCons.Basic earnings loss per share IFRS (5-year summary)
EPS (basic)¥53.582019-04-01 → 2020-03-31dCons.Basic earnings loss per share IFRS (5-year summary)
Net assets per share¥1,226.23at 2024-03-31Cons.Equity to asset ratio IFRS (5-year summary)
Net assets per share¥1,035.93at 2023-03-31Cons.Equity to asset ratio IFRS (5-year summary)
Net assets per share¥906.22at 2022-03-31dCons.Equity to asset ratio IFRS (5-year summary)
Net assets per share¥764.99at 2021-03-31dCons.Equity to asset ratio IFRS (5-year summary)
Net assets per share¥670.01at 2020-03-31dCons.Equity to asset ratio IFRS (5-year summary)
Equity ratio23.8%at 2024-03-31Cons.Ratio of owners equity to gross assets IFRS (5-year summary)
Equity ratio23.6%at 2023-03-31Cons.Ratio of owners equity to gross assets IFRS (5-year summary)
Equity ratio41.2%at 2022-03-31dCons.Ratio of owners equity to gross assets IFRS (5-year summary)
Equity ratio37.0%at 2021-03-31dCons.Ratio of owners equity to gross assets IFRS (5-year summary)
Equity ratio35.0%at 2020-03-31dCons.Ratio of owners equity to gross assets IFRS (5-year summary)
ROE8.4%2023-04-01 → 2024-03-31Cons.Rate of return on equity IFRS (5-year summary)
ROE11.0%2022-04-01 → 2023-03-31Cons.Rate of return on equity IFRS (5-year summary)
ROE12.2%2021-04-01 → 2022-03-31dCons.Rate of return on equity IFRS (5-year summary)
ROE7.6%2020-04-01 → 2021-03-31dCons.Rate of return on equity IFRS (5-year summary)
ROE8.1%2019-04-01 → 2020-03-31dCons.Rate of return on equity IFRS (5-year summary)
Employees193,513at 2024-03-31Cons.Number of employees
Employees195,106at 2023-03-31Cons.Number of employees
Employees151,991at 2022-03-31dCons.Number of employees
Employees139,677at 2021-03-31dCons.Number of employees
Employees133,196at 2020-03-31dCons.Number of employees
Revenue¥283.1bn2023-04-01 → 2024-03-31StandaloneNet sales
Revenue¥118.2bn2023-04-01 → 2024-03-31StandaloneOperating revenue1 (5-year summary)
Revenue¥1.15T2022-04-01 → 2023-03-31StandaloneNet sales
Revenue¥1.10T2021-04-01 → 2022-03-31dStandaloneNet sales (5-year summary)
Revenue¥1.02T2020-04-01 → 2021-03-31dStandaloneNet sales (5-year summary)
Revenue¥972.4bn2019-04-01 → 2020-03-31dStandaloneNet sales (5-year summary)
Operating income¥25.9bn2023-04-01 → 2024-03-31StandaloneOperating income
Operating income¥98.5bn2022-04-01 → 2023-03-31StandaloneOperating income
Ordinary income¥66.7bn2023-04-01 → 2024-03-31StandaloneOrdinary income
Ordinary income¥143.8bn2022-04-01 → 2023-03-31StandaloneOrdinary income
Ordinary income¥121.5bn2021-04-01 → 2022-03-31dStandaloneOrdinary income loss (5-year summary)
Ordinary income¥121.8bn2020-04-01 → 2021-03-31dStandaloneOrdinary income loss (5-year summary)
Ordinary income¥96.4bn2019-04-01 → 2020-03-31dStandaloneOrdinary income loss (5-year summary)
Profit before tax¥66.7bn2023-04-01 → 2024-03-31StandaloneIncome before income taxes
Profit before tax¥143.8bn2022-04-01 → 2023-03-31StandaloneIncome before income taxes
Net income¥60.4bn2023-04-01 → 2024-03-31StandaloneProfit loss
Net income¥114.6bn2022-04-01 → 2023-03-31StandaloneProfit loss
Net income¥152.1bn2021-04-01 → 2022-03-31dStandaloneNet income loss (5-year summary)
Net income¥92.6bn2020-04-01 → 2021-03-31dStandaloneNet income loss (5-year summary)
Net income¥77.7bn2019-04-01 → 2020-03-31dStandaloneNet income loss (5-year summary)
Total assets¥1.58Tat 2024-03-31StandaloneAssets
Total assets¥2.55Tat 2023-03-31StandaloneAssets
Total assets¥2.35Tat 2022-03-31dStandaloneTotal assets (5-year summary)
Total assets¥2.33Tat 2021-03-31dStandaloneTotal assets (5-year summary)
Total assets¥2.19Tat 2020-03-31dStandaloneTotal assets (5-year summary)
Total liabilities¥347.5bnat 2024-03-31StandaloneLiabilities
Total liabilities¥1.31Tat 2023-03-31StandaloneLiabilities
Net assets / equity¥1.24Tat 2024-03-31StandaloneNet assets
Net assets / equity¥1.24Tat 2023-03-31StandaloneNet assets
Net assets / equity¥1.16Tat 2022-03-31dStandaloneNet assets
Net assets / equity¥1.11Tat 2021-03-31dStandaloneNet assets (5-year summary)
Net assets / equity¥986.8bnat 2020-03-31dStandaloneNet assets (5-year summary)
Cash and deposits¥5.0bnat 2024-03-31StandaloneCash and deposits
Cash and deposits¥27.1bnat 2023-03-31StandaloneCash and deposits
EPS (basic)¥43.072023-04-01 → 2024-03-31StandaloneBasic earnings loss per share (5-year summary)
EPS (basic)¥81.72022-04-01 → 2023-03-31StandaloneBasic earnings loss per share (5-year summary)
EPS (basic)¥108.422021-04-01 → 2022-03-31dStandaloneBasic earnings loss per share (5-year summary)
EPS (basic)¥66.052020-04-01 → 2021-03-31dStandaloneBasic earnings loss per share (5-year summary)
EPS (basic)¥55.372019-04-01 → 2020-03-31dStandaloneBasic earnings loss per share (5-year summary)
Dividend per share¥232023-04-01 → 2024-03-31StandaloneDividend paid per share (5-year summary)
Dividend per share¥222022-04-01 → 2023-03-31StandaloneDividend paid per share (5-year summary)
Dividend per share¥212021-04-01 → 2022-03-31dStandaloneDividend paid per share (5-year summary)
Dividend per share¥182020-04-01 → 2021-03-31dStandaloneDividend paid per share (5-year summary)
Dividend per share¥182019-04-01 → 2020-03-31dStandaloneDividend paid per share (5-year summary)
Net assets per share¥882.32at 2024-03-31StandaloneNet assets per share (5-year summary)
Net assets per share¥883.55at 2023-03-31StandaloneNet assets per share (5-year summary)
Net assets per share¥830.17at 2022-03-31dStandaloneNet assets per share (5-year summary)
Net assets per share¥790.11at 2021-03-31dStandaloneNet assets per share (5-year summary)
Net assets per share¥703.59at 2020-03-31dStandaloneNet assets per share (5-year summary)
Equity ratio78.1%at 2024-03-31StandaloneEquity to asset ratio (5-year summary)
Equity ratio48.5%at 2023-03-31StandaloneEquity to asset ratio (5-year summary)
Equity ratio49.5%at 2022-03-31dStandaloneEquity to asset ratio (5-year summary)
Equity ratio47.6%at 2021-03-31dStandaloneEquity to asset ratio (5-year summary)
Equity ratio45.1%at 2020-03-31dStandaloneEquity to asset ratio (5-year summary)
ROE4.9%2023-04-01 → 2024-03-31StandaloneRate of return on equity (5-year summary)
ROE9.5%2022-04-01 → 2023-03-31StandaloneRate of return on equity (5-year summary)
ROE13.4%2021-04-01 → 2022-03-31dStandaloneRate of return on equity (5-year summary)
ROE8.8%2020-04-01 → 2021-03-31dStandaloneRate of return on equity (5-year summary)
ROE8.0%2019-04-01 → 2020-03-31dStandaloneRate of return on equity (5-year summary)
Shares issued1,402,500,000at 2024-03-31StandaloneTotal number of issued shares (5-year summary)
Shares issued1,402,500,000at 2023-03-31StandaloneTotal number of issued shares (5-year summary)
Shares issued1,402,500,000at 2022-03-31dStandaloneTotal number of issued shares (5-year summary)
Shares issued1,402,500,000at 2021-03-31dStandaloneTotal number of issued shares (5-year summary)
Shares issued1,402,500,000at 2020-03-31dStandaloneTotal number of issued shares (5-year summary)
Employees1,702at 2024-03-31StandaloneNumber of employees
Employees12,714at 2023-03-31StandaloneNumber of employees
Employees12,351at 2022-03-31dStandaloneNumber of employees
Employees11,955at 2021-03-31dStandaloneNumber of employees
Employees11,515at 2020-03-31dStandaloneNumber of employees

Periods use the dates stated in the filing. d = earlier-year period dated by calendar; v = that date confirmed by the company's own earlier filing.

Segments · 16
SegmentItemPeriodValue
Operating Segments Not Included In Reportable Segments And Other Revenue Generating Business Activitiesother segmentsemployeesat 2024-03-315036 pure
Operating Segments Not Included In Reportable Segments And Other Revenue Generating Business Activitiesother segmentssegment profit2023-04-01 → 2024-03-31¥7.3bn
Reconciling Itemsreconcilingsegment profit2023-04-01 → 2024-03-31−¥247m
Japanreportable segmentemployeesat 2024-03-3143299 pure
Japanreportable segmentsegment profit2023-04-01 → 2024-03-31¥186.7bn
Overseasreportable segmentemployeesat 2024-03-31145178 pure
Overseasreportable segmentsegment profit2023-04-01 → 2024-03-31¥115.8bn
—segment totalsegment profit2023-04-01 → 2024-03-31¥302.5bn
Total Of Reportable Segments And Otherssegment totalsegment profit2023-04-01 → 2024-03-31¥309.8bn
Operating Segments Not Included In Reportable Segments And Other Revenue Generating Business Activitiesother segmentssegment profit2022-04-01 → 2023-03-31¥6.6bn
Reconciling Itemsreconcilingsegment profit2022-04-01 → 2023-03-31¥980m
Japanreportable segmentsegment profit2022-04-01 → 2023-03-31¥169.9bn
Overseasreportable segmentsegment profit2022-04-01 → 2023-03-31¥81.6bn
—segment totalsegment profit2022-04-01 → 2023-03-31¥251.5bn
Total Of Reportable Segments And Otherssegment totalsegment profit2022-04-01 → 2023-03-31¥258.1bn
Operating Segments Not Included In Reportable Segments And Other Revenue Generating Business Activitiesother segmentsemployeesat 2024-03-311702 pure

Segment names come from EDINET member IDs; not yet mapped to a common taxonomy.

All source rows · 2,481
ItemContextValueUnit
Profit lossPrior1YearDuration_NonConsolidatedMember_ShareholdersEquityMember114558000000JPY
Purchase of treasury stockPrior1YearDuration_NonConsolidatedMember_TreasuryStockMember-839000000JPY
Purchase of treasury stockPrior1YearDuration_NonConsolidatedMember_ShareholdersEquityMember-839000000JPY
Disposal of treasury stockPrior1YearDuration_NonConsolidatedMember_TreasuryStockMember10000000JPY
Disposal of treasury stockPrior1YearDuration_NonConsolidatedMember_ShareholdersEquityMember10000000JPY
Changes in other shareholder s equityPrior1YearDuration_NonConsolidatedMember_ShareholdersEquityMember-JPY
Total changes of items during the periodPrior1YearDuration_NonConsolidatedMember_CapitalStockMember-JPY
Total changes of items during the periodPrior1YearDuration_NonConsolidatedMember_LegalCapitalSurplusMember-JPY
Total changes of items during the periodPrior1YearDuration_NonConsolidatedMember_CapitalSurplusMember-JPY
Total changes of items during the periodPrior1YearDuration_NonConsolidatedMember_LegalRetainedEarningsMember-JPY
Total changes of items during the periodPrior1YearDuration_NonConsolidatedMember_ReserveForReductionEntry2Member-17000000JPY
Total changes of items during the periodPrior1YearDuration_NonConsolidatedMember_GeneralReserveMember-JPY
Total changes of items during the periodPrior1YearDuration_NonConsolidatedMember_RetainedEarningsBroughtForwardMember83720000000JPY
Total changes of items during the periodPrior1YearDuration_NonConsolidatedMember_RetainedEarningsMember83703000000JPY
Total changes of items during the periodPrior1YearDuration_NonConsolidatedMember_TreasuryStockMember-829000000JPY
Total changes of items during the periodPrior1YearDuration_NonConsolidatedMember_ShareholdersEquityMember82874000000JPY
Net assetsPrior1YearInstant_NonConsolidatedMember_CapitalStockMember142520000000JPY
Net assetsPrior1YearInstant_NonConsolidatedMember_LegalCapitalSurplusMember139300000000JPY
Net assetsPrior1YearInstant_NonConsolidatedMember_CapitalSurplusMember139300000000JPY
Net assetsPrior1YearInstant_NonConsolidatedMember_LegalRetainedEarningsMember2288000000JPY
Net assetsPrior1YearInstant_NonConsolidatedMember_ReserveForReductionEntry2Member49000000JPY
Net assetsPrior1YearInstant_NonConsolidatedMember_GeneralReserveMember288000000000JPY
Net assetsPrior1YearInstant_NonConsolidatedMember_RetainedEarningsBroughtForwardMember636983000000JPY
Net assetsPrior1YearInstant_NonConsolidatedMember_RetainedEarningsMember927319000000JPY
Net assetsPrior1YearInstant_NonConsolidatedMember_TreasuryStockMember-1034000000JPY
Net assetsPrior1YearInstant_NonConsolidatedMember_ShareholdersEquityMember1208106000000JPY
Net assetsPrior2YearInstant_NonConsolidatedMember_ValuationDifferenceOnAvailableForSaleSecuritiesMember39149000000JPY
Net assetsPrior2YearInstant_NonConsolidatedMember_DeferredGainsOrLossesOnHedgesMember-160000000JPY
Net assetsPrior2YearInstant_NonConsolidatedMember_ValuationAndTranslationAdjustmentsMember38989000000JPY
Net assetsPrior2YearInstant_NonConsolidatedMember1164220000000JPY
Dividends from surplusPrior1YearDuration_NonConsolidatedMember-30855000000JPY
Reversal of reserve for reduction entry2Prior1YearDuration_NonConsolidatedMember-JPY
Profit lossPrior1YearDuration_NonConsolidatedMember114558000000JPY
Purchase of treasury stockPrior1YearDuration_NonConsolidatedMember-839000000JPY
Disposal of treasury stockPrior1YearDuration_NonConsolidatedMember10000000JPY
Changes in other shareholder s equityPrior1YearDuration_NonConsolidatedMember-JPY
Net changes of items other than shareholders equityPrior1YearDuration_NonConsolidatedMember_ValuationDifferenceOnAvailableForSaleSecuritiesMember-8333000000JPY
Net changes of items other than shareholders equityPrior1YearDuration_NonConsolidatedMember_DeferredGainsOrLossesOnHedgesMember-36000000JPY
Net changes of items other than shareholders equityPrior1YearDuration_NonConsolidatedMember_ValuationAndTranslationAdjustmentsMember-8370000000JPY
Net changes of items other than shareholders equityPrior1YearDuration_NonConsolidatedMember-8370000000JPY
Total changes of items during the periodPrior1YearDuration_NonConsolidatedMember_ValuationDifferenceOnAvailableForSaleSecuritiesMember-8333000000JPY
Total changes of items during the periodPrior1YearDuration_NonConsolidatedMember_DeferredGainsOrLossesOnHedgesMember-36000000JPY
Total changes of items during the periodPrior1YearDuration_NonConsolidatedMember_ValuationAndTranslationAdjustmentsMember-8370000000JPY
Total changes of items during the periodPrior1YearDuration_NonConsolidatedMember74505000000JPY
Net assetsPrior1YearInstant_NonConsolidatedMember_ValuationDifferenceOnAvailableForSaleSecuritiesMember30816000000JPY
Net assetsPrior1YearInstant_NonConsolidatedMember_DeferredGainsOrLossesOnHedgesMember-196000000JPY
Net assetsPrior1YearInstant_NonConsolidatedMember_ValuationAndTranslationAdjustmentsMember30619000000JPY
Net assetsPrior1YearInstant_NonConsolidatedMember1238725000000JPY
Net assetsPrior1YearInstant_NonConsolidatedMember_CapitalStockMember142520000000JPY
Net assetsPrior1YearInstant_NonConsolidatedMember_LegalCapitalSurplusMember139300000000JPY

Every row of the EDINET CSV. Item names are the XBRL element names; filed text is kept in its original Japanese. Filed text is available on Plus and Pro.

Data checks · 19 of 19 passed
balance sheet identityconsolidated 2023-03-31pass
balance sheet identityconsolidated 2024-03-31pass
balance sheet identitynon_consolidated 2023-03-31pass
balance sheet identitynon_consolidated 2024-03-31pass
dei present pass
period resolution pass
statement vs summary · net assetsnon_consolidated 2022-03-31pass
statement vs summary · net assetsnon_consolidated 2023-03-31pass
statement vs summary · net assetsnon_consolidated 2024-03-31pass
statement vs summary · net income attributable to parentconsolidated 2022-04-01/2023-03-31pass
statement vs summary · net income attributable to parentconsolidated 2023-04-01/2024-03-31pass
statement vs summary · operating cash flowconsolidated 2022-04-01/2023-03-31pass
statement vs summary · operating cash flowconsolidated 2023-04-01/2024-03-31pass
statement vs summary · revenuenon_consolidated 2022-04-01/2023-03-31pass
statement vs summary · revenuenon_consolidated 2023-04-01/2024-03-31pass
statement vs summary · total assetsconsolidated 2023-03-31pass
statement vs summary · total assetsconsolidated 2024-03-31pass
statement vs summary · total assetsnon_consolidated 2023-03-31pass
statement vs summary · total assetsnon_consolidated 2024-03-31pass