Annual report

Period2022-01-01 → 2022-12-31

Filed2023-03-30

StandardJapan GAAP

ConsolidatedYes

Data checks24 of 24 passed

Amended by S100TMI0 (2024-06-14).

Key figures · 151

Metric	Value	Period	Scope	Source row
Revenue	¥41.1bn	2022-01-01 → 2022-12-31	Cons.	Net sales
Revenue	¥35.9bn	2021-01-01 → 2021-12-31	Cons.	Net sales
Revenue	¥37.2bn	2020-01-01 → 2020-12-31^d	Cons.	Net sales (5-year summary)
Revenue	¥40.4bn	2019-01-01 → 2019-12-31^d	Cons.	Net sales (5-year summary)
Revenue	¥42.8bn	2018-01-01 → 2018-12-31^d	Cons.	Net sales (5-year summary)
Operating income	−¥288m	2022-01-01 → 2022-12-31	Cons.	Operating income
Operating income	−¥350m	2021-01-01 → 2021-12-31	Cons.	Operating income
Ordinary income	¥144m	2022-01-01 → 2022-12-31	Cons.	Ordinary income
Ordinary income	−¥156m	2021-01-01 → 2021-12-31	Cons.	Ordinary income
Ordinary income	−¥388m	2020-01-01 → 2020-12-31^d	Cons.	Ordinary income loss (5-year summary)
Ordinary income	¥1.0bn	2019-01-01 → 2019-12-31^d	Cons.	Ordinary income loss (5-year summary)
Ordinary income	¥401m	2018-01-01 → 2018-12-31^d	Cons.	Ordinary income loss (5-year summary)
Profit before tax	¥107m	2022-01-01 → 2022-12-31	Cons.	Income before income taxes
Profit before tax	−¥11m	2021-01-01 → 2021-12-31	Cons.	Income before income taxes
Net income (owners)	−¥150m	2022-01-01 → 2022-12-31	Cons.	Profit loss attributable to owners of parent
Net income (owners)	−¥120m	2021-01-01 → 2021-12-31	Cons.	Profit loss attributable to owners of parent
Net income (owners)	−¥514m	2020-01-01 → 2020-12-31^d	Cons.	Profit loss attributable to owners of parent (5-year summary)
Net income (owners)	¥916m	2019-01-01 → 2019-12-31^d	Cons.	Profit loss attributable to owners of parent (5-year summary)
Net income (owners)	¥89m	2018-01-01 → 2018-12-31^d	Cons.	Profit loss attributable to owners of parent (5-year summary)
Net income	−¥149m	2022-01-01 → 2022-12-31	Cons.	Profit loss
Net income	−¥117m	2021-01-01 → 2021-12-31	Cons.	Profit loss
Total assets	¥30.6bn	at 2022-12-31	Cons.	Assets
Total assets	¥27.0bn	at 2021-12-31	Cons.	Assets
Total assets	¥26.0bn	at 2020-12-31^d	Cons.	Total assets (5-year summary)
Total assets	¥34.3bn	at 2019-12-31^d	Cons.	Total assets (5-year summary)
Total assets	¥27.9bn	at 2018-12-31^d	Cons.	Total assets (5-year summary)
Total liabilities	¥20.6bn	at 2022-12-31	Cons.	Liabilities
Total liabilities	¥17.3bn	at 2021-12-31	Cons.	Liabilities
Net assets / equity	¥10.0bn	at 2022-12-31	Cons.	Net assets
Net assets / equity	¥9.6bn	at 2021-12-31	Cons.	Net assets
Net assets / equity	¥9.7bn	at 2020-12-31^d	Cons.	Net assets
Net assets / equity	¥10.5bn	at 2019-12-31^d	Cons.	Net assets (5-year summary)
Net assets / equity	¥6.9bn	at 2018-12-31^d	Cons.	Net assets (5-year summary)
Cash and deposits	¥6.9bn	at 2022-12-31	Cons.	Cash and deposits
Cash and deposits	¥6.5bn	at 2021-12-31	Cons.	Cash and deposits
Cash & equivalents	¥6.5bn	at 2022-12-31	Cons.	Cash and cash equivalents
Cash & equivalents	¥6.1bn	at 2021-12-31	Cons.	Cash and cash equivalents
Cash & equivalents	¥5.0bn	at 2020-12-31^d	Cons.	Cash and cash equivalents
Cash & equivalents	¥8.2bn	at 2019-12-31^d	Cons.	Cash and cash equivalents (5-year summary)
Cash & equivalents	¥5.0bn	at 2018-12-31^d	Cons.	Cash and cash equivalents (5-year summary)
Operating cash flow	−¥643m	2022-01-01 → 2022-12-31	Cons.	Net cash provided by used in operating activities
Operating cash flow	¥1.7bn	2021-01-01 → 2021-12-31	Cons.	Net cash provided by used in operating activities
Operating cash flow	−¥201m	2020-01-01 → 2020-12-31^d	Cons.	Net cash provided by used in operating activities (5-year summary)
Operating cash flow	−¥462m	2019-01-01 → 2019-12-31^d	Cons.	Net cash provided by used in operating activities (5-year summary)
Operating cash flow	¥184m	2018-01-01 → 2018-12-31^d	Cons.	Net cash provided by used in operating activities (5-year summary)
Investing cash flow	−¥662m	2022-01-01 → 2022-12-31	Cons.	Net cash provided by used in investment activities
Investing cash flow	−¥65m	2021-01-01 → 2021-12-31	Cons.	Net cash provided by used in investment activities
Investing cash flow	−¥538m	2020-01-01 → 2020-12-31^d	Cons.	Net cash provided by used in investing activities (5-year summary)
Investing cash flow	¥452m	2019-01-01 → 2019-12-31^d	Cons.	Net cash provided by used in investing activities (5-year summary)
Investing cash flow	−¥1.3bn	2018-01-01 → 2018-12-31^d	Cons.	Net cash provided by used in investing activities (5-year summary)
Financing cash flow	¥1.7bn	2022-01-01 → 2022-12-31	Cons.	Net cash provided by used in financing activities
Financing cash flow	−¥485m	2021-01-01 → 2021-12-31	Cons.	Net cash provided by used in financing activities
Financing cash flow	−¥2.4bn	2020-01-01 → 2020-12-31^d	Cons.	Net cash provided by used in financing activities (5-year summary)
Financing cash flow	¥3.2bn	2019-01-01 → 2019-12-31^d	Cons.	Net cash provided by used in financing activities (5-year summary)
Financing cash flow	¥1.2bn	2018-01-01 → 2018-12-31^d	Cons.	Net cash provided by used in financing activities (5-year summary)
EPS (basic)	¥-14.79	2022-01-01 → 2022-12-31	Cons.	Basic earnings loss per share (5-year summary)
EPS (basic)	¥-12.49	2021-01-01 → 2021-12-31	Cons.	Basic earnings loss per share (5-year summary)
EPS (basic)	¥-53.63	2020-01-01 → 2020-12-31^d	Cons.	Basic earnings loss per share (5-year summary)
EPS (basic)	¥111.79	2019-01-01 → 2019-12-31^d	Cons.	Basic earnings loss per share (5-year summary)
EPS (basic)	¥11.4	2018-01-01 → 2018-12-31^d	Cons.	Basic earnings loss per share (5-year summary)
EPS (diluted)	¥106.72	2019-01-01 → 2019-12-31^d	Cons.	Diluted earnings per share (5-year summary)
EPS (diluted)	¥10.67	2018-01-01 → 2018-12-31^d	Cons.	Diluted earnings per share (5-year summary)
Net assets per share	¥971.92	at 2022-12-31	Cons.	Net assets per share (5-year summary)
Net assets per share	¥985.05	at 2021-12-31	Cons.	Net assets per share (5-year summary)
Net assets per share	¥1,009.02	at 2020-12-31^d	Cons.	Net assets per share (5-year summary)
Net assets per share	¥1,086.9	at 2019-12-31^d	Cons.	Net assets per share (5-year summary)
Net assets per share	¥825.31	at 2018-12-31^d	Cons.	Net assets per share (5-year summary)
Equity ratio	32.5%	at 2022-12-31	Cons.	Equity to asset ratio (5-year summary)
Equity ratio	35.5%	at 2021-12-31	Cons.	Equity to asset ratio (5-year summary)
Equity ratio	37.3%	at 2020-12-31^d	Cons.	Equity to asset ratio (5-year summary)
Equity ratio	30.3%	at 2019-12-31^d	Cons.	Equity to asset ratio (5-year summary)
Equity ratio	24.2%	at 2018-12-31^d	Cons.	Equity to asset ratio (5-year summary)
ROE	-1.5%	2022-01-01 → 2022-12-31	Cons.	Rate of return on equity (5-year summary)
ROE	-1.2%	2021-01-01 → 2021-12-31	Cons.	Rate of return on equity (5-year summary)
ROE	-5.1%	2020-01-01 → 2020-12-31^d	Cons.	Rate of return on equity (5-year summary)
ROE	10.7%	2019-01-01 → 2019-12-31^d	Cons.	Rate of return on equity (5-year summary)
ROE	1.3%	2018-01-01 → 2018-12-31^d	Cons.	Rate of return on equity (5-year summary)
Employees	1,431	at 2022-12-31	Cons.	Number of employees
Employees	1,359	at 2021-12-31	Cons.	Number of employees
Employees	1,286	at 2020-12-31^d	Cons.	Number of employees
Employees	1,195	at 2019-12-31^d	Cons.	Number of employees
Employees	1,068	at 2018-12-31^d	Cons.	Number of employees
Revenue	¥29.2bn	2022-01-01 → 2022-12-31	Standalone	Net sales
Revenue	¥26.6bn	2021-01-01 → 2021-12-31	Standalone	Net sales
Revenue	¥28.3bn	2020-01-01 → 2020-12-31^d	Standalone	Net sales (5-year summary)
Revenue	¥31.4bn	2019-01-01 → 2019-12-31^d	Standalone	Net sales (5-year summary)
Revenue	¥35.3bn	2018-01-01 → 2018-12-31^d	Standalone	Net sales (5-year summary)
Operating income	−¥704m	2022-01-01 → 2022-12-31	Standalone	Operating income
Operating income	−¥628m	2021-01-01 → 2021-12-31	Standalone	Operating income
Ordinary income	−¥466m	2022-01-01 → 2022-12-31	Standalone	Ordinary income
Ordinary income	−¥419m	2021-01-01 → 2021-12-31	Standalone	Ordinary income
Ordinary income	−¥276m	2020-01-01 → 2020-12-31^d	Standalone	Ordinary income loss (5-year summary)
Ordinary income	¥780m	2019-01-01 → 2019-12-31^d	Standalone	Ordinary income loss (5-year summary)
Ordinary income	¥8m	2018-01-01 → 2018-12-31^d	Standalone	Ordinary income loss (5-year summary)
Profit before tax	−¥930m	2022-01-01 → 2022-12-31	Standalone	Income before income taxes
Profit before tax	−¥360m	2021-01-01 → 2021-12-31	Standalone	Income before income taxes
Net income	−¥1.0bn	2022-01-01 → 2022-12-31	Standalone	Profit loss
Net income	−¥371m	2021-01-01 → 2021-12-31	Standalone	Profit loss
Net income	−¥637m	2020-01-01 → 2020-12-31^d	Standalone	Net income loss (5-year summary)
Net income	¥529m	2019-01-01 → 2019-12-31^d	Standalone	Net income loss (5-year summary)
Net income	−¥222m	2018-01-01 → 2018-12-31^d	Standalone	Net income loss (5-year summary)
Total assets	¥25.6bn	at 2022-12-31	Standalone	Assets
Total assets	¥22.7bn	at 2021-12-31	Standalone	Assets
Total assets	¥22.2bn	at 2020-12-31^d	Standalone	Total assets (5-year summary)
Total assets	¥30.9bn	at 2019-12-31^d	Standalone	Total assets (5-year summary)
Total assets	¥24.9bn	at 2018-12-31^d	Standalone	Total assets (5-year summary)
Total liabilities	¥17.7bn	at 2022-12-31	Standalone	Liabilities
Total liabilities	¥14.4bn	at 2021-12-31	Standalone	Liabilities
Net assets / equity	¥7.9bn	at 2022-12-31	Standalone	Net assets
Net assets / equity	¥8.3bn	at 2021-12-31	Standalone	Net assets
Net assets / equity	¥8.6bn	at 2020-12-31^d	Standalone	Net assets
Net assets / equity	¥9.5bn	at 2019-12-31^d	Standalone	Net assets (5-year summary)
Net assets / equity	¥6.3bn	at 2018-12-31^d	Standalone	Net assets (5-year summary)
Cash and deposits	¥3.8bn	at 2022-12-31	Standalone	Cash and deposits
Cash and deposits	¥3.4bn	at 2021-12-31	Standalone	Cash and deposits
EPS (basic)	¥-99.37	2022-01-01 → 2022-12-31	Standalone	Basic earnings loss per share (5-year summary)
EPS (basic)	¥-38.56	2021-01-01 → 2021-12-31	Standalone	Basic earnings loss per share (5-year summary)
EPS (basic)	¥-66.48	2020-01-01 → 2020-12-31^d	Standalone	Basic earnings loss per share (5-year summary)
EPS (basic)	¥64.55	2019-01-01 → 2019-12-31^d	Standalone	Basic earnings loss per share (5-year summary)
EPS (basic)	¥-28.37	2018-01-01 → 2018-12-31^d	Standalone	Basic earnings loss per share (5-year summary)
EPS (diluted)	¥61.63	2019-01-01 → 2019-12-31^d	Standalone	Diluted earnings per share (5-year summary)
Dividend per share	¥25	2022-01-01 → 2022-12-31	Standalone	Dividend paid per share (5-year summary)
Dividend per share	¥25	2021-01-01 → 2021-12-31	Standalone	Dividend paid per share (5-year summary)
Dividend per share	¥25	2020-01-01 → 2020-12-31^d	Standalone	Dividend paid per share (5-year summary)
Dividend per share	¥25	2019-01-01 → 2019-12-31^d	Standalone	Dividend paid per share (5-year summary)
Dividend per share	¥25	2018-01-01 → 2018-12-31^d	Standalone	Dividend paid per share (5-year summary)
Net assets per share	¥768.84	at 2022-12-31	Standalone	Net assets per share (5-year summary)
Net assets per share	¥851.99	at 2021-12-31	Standalone	Net assets per share (5-year summary)
Net assets per share	¥899.63	at 2020-12-31^d	Standalone	Net assets per share (5-year summary)
Net assets per share	¥990.88	at 2019-12-31^d	Standalone	Net assets per share (5-year summary)
Net assets per share	¥760.89	at 2018-12-31^d	Standalone	Net assets per share (5-year summary)
Equity ratio	30.8%	at 2022-12-31	Standalone	Equity to asset ratio (5-year summary)
Equity ratio	36.5%	at 2021-12-31	Standalone	Equity to asset ratio (5-year summary)
Equity ratio	38.8%	at 2020-12-31^d	Standalone	Equity to asset ratio (5-year summary)
Equity ratio	30.8%	at 2019-12-31^d	Standalone	Equity to asset ratio (5-year summary)
Equity ratio	25.1%	at 2018-12-31^d	Standalone	Equity to asset ratio (5-year summary)
ROE	-12.5%	2022-01-01 → 2022-12-31	Standalone	Rate of return on equity (5-year summary)
ROE	-4.4%	2021-01-01 → 2021-12-31	Standalone	Rate of return on equity (5-year summary)
ROE	-7.0%	2020-01-01 → 2020-12-31^d	Standalone	Rate of return on equity (5-year summary)
ROE	6.7%	2019-01-01 → 2019-12-31^d	Standalone	Rate of return on equity (5-year summary)
ROE	-3.4%	2018-01-01 → 2018-12-31^d	Standalone	Rate of return on equity (5-year summary)
Shares issued	10,349,600	at 2022-12-31	Standalone	Total number of issued shares (5-year summary)
Shares issued	9,842,000	at 2021-12-31	Standalone	Total number of issued shares (5-year summary)
Shares issued	9,709,400	at 2020-12-31^d	Standalone	Total number of issued shares (5-year summary)
Shares issued	9,709,400	at 2019-12-31^d	Standalone	Total number of issued shares (5-year summary)
Shares issued	8,208,700	at 2018-12-31^d	Standalone	Total number of issued shares (5-year summary)
Employees	987	at 2022-12-31	Standalone	Number of employees
Employees	914	at 2021-12-31	Standalone	Number of employees
Employees	872	at 2020-12-31^d	Standalone	Number of employees
Employees	808	at 2019-12-31^d	Standalone	Number of employees
Employees	726	at 2018-12-31^d	Standalone	Number of employees

Periods use the dates stated in the filing. ^d = earlier-year period dated by calendar; ^v = that date confirmed by the company's own earlier filing.

All source rows · 1,655

Item	Context	Value	Unit
Number of issues whose number of shares decreased shares other than those not listed investment shares held for purposes other than pure investment reporting company	CurrentYearDuration	1
Total sale amount for decreased shares shares other than those not listed investment shares held for purposes other than pure investment reporting company	CurrentYearDuration	59527000	JPY
Number of shares held details of specified investment equity securities held for purposes other than pure investment reporting company	CurrentYearInstant_Row1Member	145650
Number of shares held details of specified investment equity securities held for purposes other than pure investment reporting company	Prior1YearInstant_Row1Member	145650
Book value details of specified investment equity securities held for purposes other than pure investment reporting company	CurrentYearInstant_Row1Member	611001000	JPY
Book value details of specified investment equity securities held for purposes other than pure investment reporting company	Prior1YearInstant_Row1Member	694750000	JPY
Number of shares held details of specified investment equity securities held for purposes other than pure investment reporting company	CurrentYearInstant_Row2Member	44700
Number of shares held details of specified investment equity securities held for purposes other than pure investment reporting company	Prior1YearInstant_Row2Member	30000
Book value details of specified investment equity securities held for purposes other than pure investment reporting company	CurrentYearInstant_Row2Member	139508000	JPY
Book value details of specified investment equity securities held for purposes other than pure investment reporting company	Prior1YearInstant_Row2Member	101490000	JPY
Number of shares held details of specified investment equity securities held for purposes other than pure investment reporting company	CurrentYearInstant_Row3Member	100000
Number of shares held details of specified investment equity securities held for purposes other than pure investment reporting company	Prior1YearInstant_Row3Member	100000
Book value details of specified investment equity securities held for purposes other than pure investment reporting company	CurrentYearInstant_Row3Member	131350000	JPY
Book value details of specified investment equity securities held for purposes other than pure investment reporting company	Prior1YearInstant_Row3Member	145850000	JPY
Number of shares held details of specified investment equity securities held for purposes other than pure investment reporting company	CurrentYearInstant_Row4Member	61000
Number of shares held details of specified investment equity securities held for purposes other than pure investment reporting company	Prior1YearInstant_Row4Member	61000
Book value details of specified investment equity securities held for purposes other than pure investment reporting company	CurrentYearInstant_Row4Member	93635000	JPY
Book value details of specified investment equity securities held for purposes other than pure investment reporting company	Prior1YearInstant_Row4Member	108336000	JPY
Number of shares held details of specified investment equity securities held for purposes other than pure investment reporting company	CurrentYearInstant_Row5Member	53000
Number of shares held details of specified investment equity securities held for purposes other than pure investment reporting company	Prior1YearInstant_Row5Member	53000
Book value details of specified investment equity securities held for purposes other than pure investment reporting company	CurrentYearInstant_Row5Member	89782000	JPY
Book value details of specified investment equity securities held for purposes other than pure investment reporting company	Prior1YearInstant_Row5Member	96778000	JPY
Number of shares held details of specified investment equity securities held for purposes other than pure investment reporting company	CurrentYearInstant_Row6Member	86000
Number of shares held details of specified investment equity securities held for purposes other than pure investment reporting company	Prior1YearInstant_Row6Member	86000
Book value details of specified investment equity securities held for purposes other than pure investment reporting company	CurrentYearInstant_Row6Member	80582000	JPY
Book value details of specified investment equity securities held for purposes other than pure investment reporting company	Prior1YearInstant_Row6Member	53922000	JPY
Number of shares held details of specified investment equity securities held for purposes other than pure investment reporting company	CurrentYearInstant_Row7Member	223800
Number of shares held details of specified investment equity securities held for purposes other than pure investment reporting company	Prior1YearInstant_Row7Member	223800
Book value details of specified investment equity securities held for purposes other than pure investment reporting company	CurrentYearInstant_Row7Member	76763000	JPY
Book value details of specified investment equity securities held for purposes other than pure investment reporting company	Prior1YearInstant_Row7Member	87953000	JPY
Number of shares held details of specified investment equity securities held for purposes other than pure investment reporting company	CurrentYearInstant_Row8Member	114974
Number of shares held details of specified investment equity securities held for purposes other than pure investment reporting company	Prior1YearInstant_Row8Member	114974
Book value details of specified investment equity securities held for purposes other than pure investment reporting company	CurrentYearInstant_Row8Member	59671000	JPY
Book value details of specified investment equity securities held for purposes other than pure investment reporting company	Prior1YearInstant_Row8Member	77952000	JPY
Number of shares held details of specified investment equity securities held for purposes other than pure investment reporting company	CurrentYearInstant_Row9Member	15000
Number of shares held details of specified investment equity securities held for purposes other than pure investment reporting company	Prior1YearInstant_Row9Member	15000
Book value details of specified investment equity securities held for purposes other than pure investment reporting company	CurrentYearInstant_Row9Member	44940000	JPY
Book value details of specified investment equity securities held for purposes other than pure investment reporting company	Prior1YearInstant_Row9Member	37065000	JPY
Number of shares held details of specified investment equity securities held for purposes other than pure investment reporting company	CurrentYearInstant_Row10Member	49300
Number of shares held details of specified investment equity securities held for purposes other than pure investment reporting company	Prior1YearInstant_Row10Member	49300
Book value details of specified investment equity securities held for purposes other than pure investment reporting company	CurrentYearInstant_Row10Member	43827000	JPY
Book value details of specified investment equity securities held for purposes other than pure investment reporting company	Prior1YearInstant_Row10Member	30807000	JPY
Number of shares held details of specified investment equity securities held for purposes other than pure investment reporting company	CurrentYearInstant_Row11Member	35000
Number of shares held details of specified investment equity securities held for purposes other than pure investment reporting company	Prior1YearInstant_Row11Member	35000
Book value details of specified investment equity securities held for purposes other than pure investment reporting company	CurrentYearInstant_Row11Member	39095000	JPY
Book value details of specified investment equity securities held for purposes other than pure investment reporting company	Prior1YearInstant_Row11Member	38745000	JPY
Number of shares held details of specified investment equity securities held for purposes other than pure investment reporting company	CurrentYearInstant_Row12Member	31600
Number of shares held details of specified investment equity securities held for purposes other than pure investment reporting company	Prior1YearInstant_Row12Member	31600
Book value details of specified investment equity securities held for purposes other than pure investment reporting company	CurrentYearInstant_Row12Member	32611000	JPY
Book value details of specified investment equity securities held for purposes other than pure investment reporting company	Prior1YearInstant_Row12Member	29482000	JPY

Every row of the EDINET CSV. Item names are the XBRL element names; filed text is kept in its original Japanese. Filed text is available on Plus and Pro.

Data checks · 24 of 24 passed

balance sheet identity	consolidated 2021-12-31	pass
balance sheet identity	consolidated 2022-12-31	pass
balance sheet identity	non_consolidated 2021-12-31	pass rounding
balance sheet identity	non_consolidated 2022-12-31	pass
dei present		pass
period resolution		pass
statement vs summary · net assets	consolidated 2020-12-31	pass
statement vs summary · net assets	consolidated 2021-12-31	pass
statement vs summary · net assets	consolidated 2022-12-31	pass
statement vs summary · net assets	non_consolidated 2020-12-31	pass
statement vs summary · net assets	non_consolidated 2021-12-31	pass
statement vs summary · net assets	non_consolidated 2022-12-31	pass
statement vs summary · net income attributable to parent	consolidated 2021-01-01/2021-12-31	pass
statement vs summary · net income attributable to parent	consolidated 2022-01-01/2022-12-31	pass
statement vs summary · operating cash flow	consolidated 2021-01-01/2021-12-31	pass
statement vs summary · operating cash flow	consolidated 2022-01-01/2022-12-31	pass
statement vs summary · revenue	consolidated 2021-01-01/2021-12-31	pass
statement vs summary · revenue	consolidated 2022-01-01/2022-12-31	pass
statement vs summary · revenue	non_consolidated 2021-01-01/2021-12-31	pass
statement vs summary · revenue	non_consolidated 2022-01-01/2022-12-31	pass
statement vs summary · total assets	consolidated 2021-12-31	pass
statement vs summary · total assets	consolidated 2022-12-31	pass
statement vs summary · total assets	non_consolidated 2021-12-31	pass
statement vs summary · total assets	non_consolidated 2022-12-31	pass