Annual report
8604.TEDINET S100TTEY
Period2023-04-01 → 2024-03-31
Filed2024-06-26
StandardUS GAAP
ConsolidatedYes
Data checks9 of 9 passed
Key figures · 145
| Metric | Value | Period | Scope | Source row |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Revenue | ¥4.16T | 2023-04-01 → 2024-03-31 | Cons. | Revenues US GAAP (5-year summary) |
| Revenue | ¥2.49T | 2022-04-01 → 2023-03-31 | Cons. | Revenues US GAAP (5-year summary) |
| Revenue | ¥1.59T | 2021-04-01 → 2022-03-31d | Cons. | Revenues US GAAP (5-year summary) |
| Revenue | ¥1.62T | 2020-04-01 → 2021-03-31d | Cons. | Revenues US GAAP (5-year summary) |
| Revenue | ¥1.95T | 2019-04-01 → 2020-03-31d | Cons. | Revenues US GAAP (5-year summary) |
| Profit before tax | ¥273.9bn | 2023-04-01 → 2024-03-31 | Cons. | Profit loss before tax US GAAP (5-year summary) |
| Profit before tax | ¥149.5bn | 2022-04-01 → 2023-03-31 | Cons. | Profit loss before tax US GAAP (5-year summary) |
| Profit before tax | ¥226.6bn | 2021-04-01 → 2022-03-31d | Cons. | Profit loss before tax US GAAP (5-year summary) |
| Profit before tax | ¥230.7bn | 2020-04-01 → 2021-03-31d | Cons. | Profit loss before tax US GAAP (5-year summary) |
| Profit before tax | ¥248.3bn | 2019-04-01 → 2020-03-31d | Cons. | Profit loss before tax US GAAP (5-year summary) |
| Net income (owners) | ¥165.9bn | 2023-04-01 → 2024-03-31 | Cons. | Net income loss attributable to owners of parent US GAAP (5-year summary) |
| Net income (owners) | ¥92.8bn | 2022-04-01 → 2023-03-31 | Cons. | Net income loss attributable to owners of parent US GAAP (5-year summary) |
| Net income (owners) | ¥143.0bn | 2021-04-01 → 2022-03-31d | Cons. | Net income loss attributable to owners of parent US GAAP (5-year summary) |
| Net income (owners) | ¥153.1bn | 2020-04-01 → 2021-03-31d | Cons. | Net income loss attributable to owners of parent US GAAP (5-year summary) |
| Net income (owners) | ¥217.0bn | 2019-04-01 → 2020-03-31d | Cons. | Net income loss attributable to owners of parent US GAAP (5-year summary) |
| Total assets | ¥55.15T | at 2024-03-31 | Cons. | Total assets US GAAP (5-year summary) |
| Total assets | ¥47.77T | at 2023-03-31 | Cons. | Total assets US GAAP (5-year summary) |
| Total assets | ¥43.41T | at 2022-03-31d | Cons. | Total assets US GAAP (5-year summary) |
| Total assets | ¥42.52T | at 2021-03-31d | Cons. | Total assets US GAAP (5-year summary) |
| Total assets | ¥44.00T | at 2020-03-31d | Cons. | Total assets US GAAP (5-year summary) |
| Net assets / equity | ¥3.45T | at 2024-03-31 | Cons. | Equity including portion attributable to non controlling interest US GAAP (5-year summary) |
| Net assets / equity | ¥3.22T | at 2023-03-31 | Cons. | Equity including portion attributable to non controlling interest US GAAP (5-year summary) |
| Net assets / equity | ¥2.97T | at 2022-03-31d | Cons. | Equity including portion attributable to non controlling interest US GAAP (5-year summary) |
| Net assets / equity | ¥2.76T | at 2021-03-31d | Cons. | Equity including portion attributable to non controlling interest US GAAP (5-year summary) |
| Net assets / equity | ¥2.73T | at 2020-03-31d | Cons. | Equity including portion attributable to non controlling interest US GAAP (5-year summary) |
| Cash & equivalents | ¥4.30T | at 2024-03-31 | Cons. | Cash and cash equivalents US GAAP (5-year summary) |
| Cash & equivalents | ¥3.82T | at 2023-03-31 | Cons. | Cash and cash equivalents US GAAP (5-year summary) |
| Cash & equivalents | ¥3.32T | at 2022-03-31d | Cons. | Cash and cash equivalents US GAAP (5-year summary) |
| Cash & equivalents | ¥3.51T | at 2021-03-31d | Cons. | Cash and cash equivalents US GAAP (5-year summary) |
| Cash & equivalents | ¥3.19T | at 2020-03-31d | Cons. | Cash and cash equivalents US GAAP (5-year summary) |
| Operating cash flow | ¥132.6bn | 2023-04-01 → 2024-03-31 | Cons. | Cash flows from used in operating activities US GAAP (5-year summary) |
| Operating cash flow | −¥694.8bn | 2022-04-01 → 2023-03-31 | Cons. | Cash flows from used in operating activities US GAAP (5-year summary) |
| Operating cash flow | −¥862.8bn | 2021-04-01 → 2022-03-31d | Cons. | Cash flows from used in operating activities US GAAP (5-year summary) |
| Operating cash flow | ¥667.6bn | 2020-04-01 → 2021-03-31d | Cons. | Cash flows from used in operating activities US GAAP (5-year summary) |
| Operating cash flow | −¥94.7bn | 2019-04-01 → 2020-03-31d | Cons. | Cash flows from used in operating activities US GAAP (5-year summary) |
| Investing cash flow | −¥887.9bn | 2023-04-01 → 2024-03-31 | Cons. | Cash flows from used in investing activities US GAAP (5-year summary) |
| Investing cash flow | −¥233.2bn | 2022-04-01 → 2023-03-31 | Cons. | Cash flows from used in investing activities US GAAP (5-year summary) |
| Investing cash flow | −¥593.2bn | 2021-04-01 → 2022-03-31d | Cons. | Cash flows from used in investing activities US GAAP (5-year summary) |
| Investing cash flow | ¥257.9bn | 2020-04-01 → 2021-03-31d | Cons. | Cash flows from used in investing activities US GAAP (5-year summary) |
| Investing cash flow | −¥180.5bn | 2019-04-01 → 2020-03-31d | Cons. | Cash flows from used in investing activities US GAAP (5-year summary) |
| Financing cash flow | ¥1.01T | 2023-04-01 → 2024-03-31 | Cons. | Cash flows from used in financing activities US GAAP (5-year summary) |
| Financing cash flow | ¥1.28T | 2022-04-01 → 2023-03-31 | Cons. | Cash flows from used in financing activities US GAAP (5-year summary) |
| Financing cash flow | ¥1.11T | 2021-04-01 → 2022-03-31d | Cons. | Cash flows from used in financing activities US GAAP (5-year summary) |
| Financing cash flow | −¥668.7bn | 2020-04-01 → 2021-03-31d | Cons. | Cash flows from used in financing activities US GAAP (5-year summary) |
| Financing cash flow | ¥807.7bn | 2019-04-01 → 2020-03-31d | Cons. | Cash flows from used in financing activities US GAAP (5-year summary) |
| EPS (basic) | ¥54.97 | 2023-04-01 → 2024-03-31 | Cons. | Basic earnings loss per share US GAAP (5-year summary) |
| EPS (basic) | ¥30.86 | 2022-04-01 → 2023-03-31 | Cons. | Basic earnings loss per share US GAAP (5-year summary) |
| EPS (basic) | ¥46.68 | 2021-04-01 → 2022-03-31d | Cons. | Basic earnings loss per share US GAAP (5-year summary) |
| EPS (basic) | ¥50.11 | 2020-04-01 → 2021-03-31d | Cons. | Basic earnings loss per share US GAAP (5-year summary) |
| EPS (basic) | ¥67.76 | 2019-04-01 → 2020-03-31d | Cons. | Basic earnings loss per share US GAAP (5-year summary) |
| EPS (diluted) | ¥52.69 | 2023-04-01 → 2024-03-31 | Cons. | Diluted earnings loss per share US GAAP (5-year summary) |
| EPS (diluted) | ¥29.74 | 2022-04-01 → 2023-03-31 | Cons. | Diluted earnings loss per share US GAAP (5-year summary) |
| EPS (diluted) | ¥45.23 | 2021-04-01 → 2022-03-31d | Cons. | Diluted earnings loss per share US GAAP (5-year summary) |
| EPS (diluted) | ¥48.63 | 2020-04-01 → 2021-03-31d | Cons. | Diluted earnings loss per share US GAAP (5-year summary) |
| EPS (diluted) | ¥66.2 | 2019-04-01 → 2020-03-31d | Cons. | Diluted earnings loss per share US GAAP (5-year summary) |
| Net assets per share | ¥1,127.72 | at 2024-03-31 | Cons. | Equity attributable to owners of parent per share US GAAP (5-year summary) |
| Net assets per share | ¥1,048.24 | at 2023-03-31 | Cons. | Equity attributable to owners of parent per share US GAAP (5-year summary) |
| Net assets per share | ¥965.8 | at 2022-03-31d | Cons. | Equity attributable to owners of parent per share US GAAP (5-year summary) |
| Net assets per share | ¥879.79 | at 2021-03-31d | Cons. | Equity attributable to owners of parent per share US GAAP (5-year summary) |
| Net assets per share | ¥873.26 | at 2020-03-31d | Cons. | Equity attributable to owners of parent per share US GAAP (5-year summary) |
| Equity ratio | 6.1% | at 2024-03-31 | Cons. | Equity to asset ratio US GAAP (5-year summary) |
| Equity ratio | 6.6% | at 2023-03-31 | Cons. | Equity to asset ratio US GAAP (5-year summary) |
| Equity ratio | 6.7% | at 2022-03-31d | Cons. | Equity to asset ratio US GAAP (5-year summary) |
| Equity ratio | 6.3% | at 2021-03-31d | Cons. | Equity to asset ratio US GAAP (5-year summary) |
| Equity ratio | 6.0% | at 2020-03-31d | Cons. | Equity to asset ratio US GAAP (5-year summary) |
| ROE | 5.1% | 2023-04-01 → 2024-03-31 | Cons. | Rate of return on equity US GAAP (5-year summary) |
| ROE | 3.1% | 2022-04-01 → 2023-03-31 | Cons. | Rate of return on equity US GAAP (5-year summary) |
| ROE | 5.1% | 2021-04-01 → 2022-03-31d | Cons. | Rate of return on equity US GAAP (5-year summary) |
| ROE | 5.7% | 2020-04-01 → 2021-03-31d | Cons. | Rate of return on equity US GAAP (5-year summary) |
| ROE | 8.2% | 2019-04-01 → 2020-03-31d | Cons. | Rate of return on equity US GAAP (5-year summary) |
| Employees | 26,850 | at 2024-03-31 | Cons. | Number of employees |
| Employees | 26,775 | at 2023-03-31 | Cons. | Number of employees |
| Employees | 26,585 | at 2022-03-31d | Cons. | Number of employees |
| Employees | 26,402 | at 2021-03-31d | Cons. | Number of employees |
| Employees | 26,629 | at 2020-03-31d | Cons. | Number of employees |
| Revenue | ¥557.3bn | 2023-04-01 → 2024-03-31 | Standalone | Operating revenue1 (5-year summary) |
| Revenue | ¥472.3bn | 2022-04-01 → 2023-03-31 | Standalone | Operating revenue1 (5-year summary) |
| Revenue | ¥355.5bn | 2021-04-01 → 2022-03-31d | Standalone | Operating revenue1 (5-year summary) |
| Revenue | ¥328.6bn | 2020-04-01 → 2021-03-31d | Standalone | Operating revenue1 (5-year summary) |
| Revenue | ¥348.0bn | 2019-04-01 → 2020-03-31d | Standalone | Operating revenue1 (5-year summary) |
| Operating income | ¥77.0bn | 2023-04-01 → 2024-03-31 | Standalone | Operating income |
| Operating income | ¥113.6bn | 2022-04-01 → 2023-03-31 | Standalone | Operating income |
| Ordinary income | ¥83.7bn | 2023-04-01 → 2024-03-31 | Standalone | Ordinary income |
| Ordinary income | ¥122.0bn | 2022-04-01 → 2023-03-31 | Standalone | Ordinary income |
| Ordinary income | ¥114.6bn | 2021-04-01 → 2022-03-31d | Standalone | Ordinary income loss (5-year summary) |
| Ordinary income | ¥89.0bn | 2020-04-01 → 2021-03-31d | Standalone | Ordinary income loss (5-year summary) |
| Ordinary income | ¥119.7bn | 2019-04-01 → 2020-03-31d | Standalone | Ordinary income loss (5-year summary) |
| Profit before tax | ¥98.9bn | 2023-04-01 → 2024-03-31 | Standalone | Income before income taxes |
| Profit before tax | ¥195.7bn | 2022-04-01 → 2023-03-31 | Standalone | Income before income taxes |
| Net income | ¥90.5bn | 2023-04-01 → 2024-03-31 | Standalone | Profit loss |
| Net income | ¥174.3bn | 2022-04-01 → 2023-03-31 | Standalone | Profit loss |
| Net income | ¥176.5bn | 2021-04-01 → 2022-03-31d | Standalone | Net income loss (5-year summary) |
| Net income | −¥1.5bn | 2020-04-01 → 2021-03-31d | Standalone | Net income loss (5-year summary) |
| Net income | ¥281.2bn | 2019-04-01 → 2020-03-31d | Standalone | Net income loss (5-year summary) |
| Total assets | ¥10.63T | at 2024-03-31 | Standalone | Assets |
| Total assets | ¥9.51T | at 2023-03-31 | Standalone | Assets |
| Total assets | ¥8.99T | at 2022-03-31d | Standalone | Total assets (5-year summary) |
| Total assets | ¥7.89T | at 2021-03-31d | Standalone | Total assets (5-year summary) |
| Total assets | ¥7.54T | at 2020-03-31d | Standalone | Total assets (5-year summary) |
| Total liabilities | ¥8.09T | at 2024-03-31 | Standalone | Liabilities |
| Total liabilities | ¥6.94T | at 2023-03-31 | Standalone | Liabilities |
| Net assets / equity | ¥2.54T | at 2024-03-31 | Standalone | Net assets |
| Net assets / equity | ¥2.58T | at 2023-03-31 | Standalone | Net assets |
| Net assets / equity | ¥2.55T | at 2022-03-31d | Standalone | Net assets |
| Net assets / equity | ¥2.51T | at 2021-03-31d | Standalone | Net assets (5-year summary) |
| Net assets / equity | ¥2.60T | at 2020-03-31d | Standalone | Net assets (5-year summary) |
| EPS (basic) | ¥30.01 | 2023-04-01 → 2024-03-31 | Standalone | Basic earnings loss per share (5-year summary) |
| EPS (basic) | ¥57.95 | 2022-04-01 → 2023-03-31 | Standalone | Basic earnings loss per share (5-year summary) |
| EPS (basic) | ¥57.6 | 2021-04-01 → 2022-03-31d | Standalone | Basic earnings loss per share (5-year summary) |
| EPS (basic) | ¥-0.49 | 2020-04-01 → 2021-03-31d | Standalone | Basic earnings loss per share (5-year summary) |
| EPS (basic) | ¥87.8 | 2019-04-01 → 2020-03-31d | Standalone | Basic earnings loss per share (5-year summary) |
| EPS (diluted) | ¥28.79 | 2023-04-01 → 2024-03-31 | Standalone | Diluted earnings per share (5-year summary) |
| EPS (diluted) | ¥55.95 | 2022-04-01 → 2023-03-31 | Standalone | Diluted earnings per share (5-year summary) |
| EPS (diluted) | ¥55.86 | 2021-04-01 → 2022-03-31d | Standalone | Diluted earnings per share (5-year summary) |
| EPS (diluted) | ¥85.82 | 2019-04-01 → 2020-03-31d | Standalone | Diluted earnings per share (5-year summary) |
| Dividend per share | ¥23 | 2023-04-01 → 2024-03-31 | Standalone | Dividend paid per share (5-year summary) |
| Dividend per share | ¥17 | 2022-04-01 → 2023-03-31 | Standalone | Dividend paid per share (5-year summary) |
| Dividend per share | ¥22 | 2021-04-01 → 2022-03-31d | Standalone | Dividend paid per share (5-year summary) |
| Dividend per share | ¥35 | 2020-04-01 → 2021-03-31d | Standalone | Dividend paid per share (5-year summary) |
| Dividend per share | ¥20 | 2019-04-01 → 2020-03-31d | Standalone | Dividend paid per share (5-year summary) |
| Net assets per share | ¥855.2 | at 2024-03-31 | Standalone | Net assets per share (5-year summary) |
| Net assets per share | ¥858.21 | at 2023-03-31 | Standalone | Net assets per share (5-year summary) |
| Net assets per share | ¥843.62 | at 2022-03-31d | Standalone | Net assets per share (5-year summary) |
| Net assets per share | ¥819.55 | at 2021-03-31d | Standalone | Net assets per share (5-year summary) |
| Net assets per share | ¥855.09 | at 2020-03-31d | Standalone | Net assets per share (5-year summary) |
| Equity ratio | 23.9% | at 2024-03-31 | Standalone | Equity to asset ratio (5-year summary) |
| Equity ratio | 27.1% | at 2023-03-31 | Standalone | Equity to asset ratio (5-year summary) |
| Equity ratio | 28.3% | at 2022-03-31d | Standalone | Equity to asset ratio (5-year summary) |
| Equity ratio | 31.7% | at 2021-03-31d | Standalone | Equity to asset ratio (5-year summary) |
| Equity ratio | 34.3% | at 2020-03-31d | Standalone | Equity to asset ratio (5-year summary) |
| ROE | 3.5% | 2023-04-01 → 2024-03-31 | Standalone | Rate of return on equity (5-year summary) |
| ROE | 6.8% | 2022-04-01 → 2023-03-31 | Standalone | Rate of return on equity (5-year summary) |
| ROE | 7.0% | 2021-04-01 → 2022-03-31d | Standalone | Rate of return on equity (5-year summary) |
| ROE | -0.1% | 2020-04-01 → 2021-03-31d | Standalone | Rate of return on equity (5-year summary) |
| ROE | 11.1% | 2019-04-01 → 2020-03-31d | Standalone | Rate of return on equity (5-year summary) |
| Shares issued | 3,163,563,000 | at 2024-03-31 | Standalone | Total number of issued shares (5-year summary) |
| Shares issued | 3,233,563,000 | at 2023-03-31 | Standalone | Total number of issued shares (5-year summary) |
| Shares issued | 3,233,563,000 | at 2022-03-31d | Standalone | Total number of issued shares (5-year summary) |
| Shares issued | 3,233,563,000 | at 2021-03-31d | Standalone | Total number of issued shares (5-year summary) |
| Shares issued | 3,493,563,000 | at 2020-03-31d | Standalone | Total number of issued shares (5-year summary) |
| Employees | 185 | at 2024-03-31 | Standalone | Number of employees |
| Employees | 167 | at 2023-03-31 | Standalone | Number of employees |
| Employees | 187 | at 2022-03-31d | Standalone | Number of employees |
| Employees | 154 | at 2021-03-31d | Standalone | Number of employees |
| Employees | 173 | at 2020-03-31d | Standalone | Number of employees |
Periods use the dates stated in the filing. d = earlier-year period dated by calendar; v = that date confirmed by the company's own earlier filing.
All source rows · 1,489
| Item | Context | Value | Unit |
|---|---|---|---|
| Rate of return on equity (5-year summary) | Prior4YearDuration_NonConsolidatedMember | 0.1108 | |
| Rate of return on equity (5-year summary) | Prior3YearDuration_NonConsolidatedMember | -0.0006 | |
| Rate of return on equity (5-year summary) | Prior2YearDuration_NonConsolidatedMember | 0.0700 | |
| Rate of return on equity (5-year summary) | Prior1YearDuration_NonConsolidatedMember | 0.0681 | |
| Rate of return on equity (5-year summary) | CurrentYearDuration_NonConsolidatedMember | 0.0354 | |
| Price earnings ratio (5-year summary) | Prior4YearDuration_NonConsolidatedMember | 5.33 | |
| Price earnings ratio (5-year summary) | Prior3YearDuration_NonConsolidatedMember | － | |
| Price earnings ratio (5-year summary) | Prior2YearDuration_NonConsolidatedMember | 9.22 | |
| Price earnings ratio (5-year summary) | Prior1YearDuration_NonConsolidatedMember | 9.11 | |
| Price earnings ratio (5-year summary) | CurrentYearDuration_NonConsolidatedMember | 33.96 | |
| Payout ratio (5-year summary) | Prior4YearDuration_NonConsolidatedMember | 0.2264 | |
| Payout ratio (5-year summary) | Prior3YearDuration_NonConsolidatedMember | － | |
| Payout ratio (5-year summary) | Prior2YearDuration_NonConsolidatedMember | 0.3798 | |
| Payout ratio (5-year summary) | Prior1YearDuration_NonConsolidatedMember | 0.2930 | |
| Payout ratio (5-year summary) | CurrentYearDuration_NonConsolidatedMember | 0.7585 | |
| Dividend on shareholders equity (5-year summary) | Prior4YearDuration_NonConsolidatedMember | 0.0246 | |
| Dividend on shareholders equity (5-year summary) | Prior3YearDuration_NonConsolidatedMember | 0.0428 | |
| Dividend on shareholders equity (5-year summary) | Prior2YearDuration_NonConsolidatedMember | 0.0264 | |
| Dividend on shareholders equity (5-year summary) | Prior1YearDuration_NonConsolidatedMember | 0.0198 | |
| Dividend on shareholders equity (5-year summary) | CurrentYearDuration_NonConsolidatedMember | 0.0270 | |
| Number of employees | Prior4YearInstant_NonConsolidatedMember | 173 | |
| Number of employees | Prior3YearInstant_NonConsolidatedMember | 154 | |
| Number of employees | Prior2YearInstant_NonConsolidatedMember | 187 | |
| Number of employees | Prior1YearInstant_NonConsolidatedMember | 167 | |
| Number of employees | CurrentYearInstant_NonConsolidatedMember | 185 | |
| Average number of temporary workers | Prior4YearInstant_NonConsolidatedMember | － | |
| Average number of temporary workers | Prior3YearInstant_NonConsolidatedMember | － | |
| Average number of temporary workers | Prior2YearInstant_NonConsolidatedMember | － | |
| Average number of temporary workers | Prior1YearInstant_NonConsolidatedMember | － | |
| Average number of temporary workers | CurrentYearInstant_NonConsolidatedMember | － | |
| Total shareholder return | Prior4YearInstant_NonConsolidatedMember | 1.194 | |
| Total shareholder return | Prior3YearInstant_NonConsolidatedMember | 1.590 | |
| Total shareholder return | Prior2YearInstant_NonConsolidatedMember | 1.480 | |
| Total shareholder return | Prior1YearInstant_NonConsolidatedMember | 1.508 | |
| Total shareholder return | CurrentYearInstant_NonConsolidatedMember | 2.735 | |
| Total return on share price index | Prior4YearInstant_NonConsolidatedMember | 0.905 | |
| Total return on share price index | Prior3YearInstant_NonConsolidatedMember | 1.286 | |
| Total return on share price index | Prior2YearInstant_NonConsolidatedMember | 1.312 | |
| Total return on share price index | Prior1YearInstant_NonConsolidatedMember | 1.388 | |
| Total return on share price index | CurrentYearInstant_NonConsolidatedMember | 1.962 | |
| Number of employees | CurrentYearInstant | 26850 | |
| Average number of temporary workers | CurrentYearInstant | 4234 | |
| Number of employees | CurrentYearInstant_NonConsolidatedMember | 185 | |
| Average number of temporary workers | CurrentYearInstant_NonConsolidatedMember | － | |
| Average age years information about reporting company information about employees | CurrentYearInstant_NonConsolidatedMember | 45 | |
| Average age months information about reporting company information about employees | CurrentYearInstant_NonConsolidatedMember | 0 | |
| Average length of service years information about reporting company information about employees | CurrentYearInstant_NonConsolidatedMember | 4 | |
| Average length of service months information about reporting company information about employees | CurrentYearInstant_NonConsolidatedMember | 8 | |
| Average annual salary information about reporting company information about employees | CurrentYearInstant_NonConsolidatedMember | 14089399 | JPY |
| Ratio of female employees in managerial positions metrics of consolidated subsidiaries | CurrentYearInstant_Row1Member | 0.157 |
Every row of the EDINET CSV. Item names are the XBRL element names; filed text is kept in its original Japanese. Filed text is available on Plus and Pro.
Data checks · 9 of 9 passed
| balance sheet identity | pass |
| balance sheet identity | pass |
| dei present | pass |
| period resolution | pass |
| statement vs summary · net assets | pass |
| statement vs summary · net assets | pass |
| statement vs summary · net assets | pass |
| statement vs summary · total assets | pass |
| statement vs summary · total assets | pass |