Annual report

Period2023-04-01 → 2024-03-31
Filed2024-06-27
StandardJapan GAAP
ConsolidatedYes
Data checks24 of 24 passed
Key figures · 148
MetricValuePeriodScopeSource row
Revenue¥49.9bn2023-04-01 → 2024-03-31Cons.Net sales
Revenue¥47.4bn2022-04-01 → 2023-03-31Cons.Net sales
Revenue¥44.1bn2021-04-01 → 2022-03-31dCons.Net sales (5-year summary)
Revenue¥43.9bn2020-04-01 → 2021-03-31dCons.Net sales (5-year summary)
Revenue¥48.3bn2019-04-01 → 2020-03-31dCons.Net sales (5-year summary)
Operating income¥1.9bn2023-04-01 → 2024-03-31Cons.Operating income
Operating income¥732m2022-04-01 → 2023-03-31Cons.Operating income
Ordinary income¥2.6bn2023-04-01 → 2024-03-31Cons.Ordinary income
Ordinary income¥1.2bn2022-04-01 → 2023-03-31Cons.Ordinary income
Ordinary income¥175m2021-04-01 → 2022-03-31dCons.Ordinary income loss (5-year summary)
Ordinary income¥613m2020-04-01 → 2021-03-31dCons.Ordinary income loss (5-year summary)
Ordinary income¥446m2019-04-01 → 2020-03-31dCons.Ordinary income loss (5-year summary)
Profit before tax¥2.2bn2023-04-01 → 2024-03-31Cons.Income before income taxes
Profit before tax¥907m2022-04-01 → 2023-03-31Cons.Income before income taxes
Net income (owners)¥1.7bn2023-04-01 → 2024-03-31Cons.Profit loss attributable to owners of parent
Net income (owners)¥501m2022-04-01 → 2023-03-31Cons.Profit loss attributable to owners of parent
Net income (owners)−¥1.1bn2021-04-01 → 2022-03-31dCons.Profit loss attributable to owners of parent (5-year summary)
Net income (owners)−¥39m2020-04-01 → 2021-03-31dCons.Profit loss attributable to owners of parent (5-year summary)
Net income (owners)−¥730m2019-04-01 → 2020-03-31dCons.Profit loss attributable to owners of parent (5-year summary)
Net income¥1.7bn2023-04-01 → 2024-03-31Cons.Profit loss
Net income¥541m2022-04-01 → 2023-03-31Cons.Profit loss
Total assets¥40.0bnat 2024-03-31Cons.Assets
Total assets¥37.4bnat 2023-03-31Cons.Assets
Total assets¥35.8bnat 2022-03-31dCons.Total assets (5-year summary)
Total assets¥39.9bnat 2021-03-31dCons.Total assets (5-year summary)
Total assets¥40.8bnat 2020-03-31dCons.Total assets (5-year summary)
Total liabilities¥10.0bnat 2024-03-31Cons.Liabilities
Total liabilities¥9.2bnat 2023-03-31Cons.Liabilities
Net assets / equity¥30.0bnat 2024-03-31Cons.Net assets
Net assets / equity¥28.2bnat 2023-03-31Cons.Net assets
Net assets / equity¥27.4bnat 2022-03-31dCons.Net assets
Net assets / equity¥29.0bnat 2021-03-31dCons.Net assets (5-year summary)
Net assets / equity¥29.7bnat 2020-03-31dCons.Net assets (5-year summary)
Cash and deposits¥13.8bnat 2024-03-31Cons.Cash and deposits
Cash and deposits¥12.9bnat 2023-03-31Cons.Cash and deposits
Cash & equivalents¥10.6bnat 2024-03-31Cons.Cash and cash equivalents
Cash & equivalents¥10.4bnat 2023-03-31Cons.Cash and cash equivalents
Cash & equivalents¥9.8bnat 2022-03-31dCons.Cash and cash equivalents
Cash & equivalents¥11.3bnat 2021-03-31dCons.Cash and cash equivalents (5-year summary)
Cash & equivalents¥10.8bnat 2020-03-31dCons.Cash and cash equivalents (5-year summary)
Operating cash flow¥2.7bn2023-04-01 → 2024-03-31Cons.Net cash provided by used in operating activities
Operating cash flow¥2.6bn2022-04-01 → 2023-03-31Cons.Net cash provided by used in operating activities
Operating cash flow¥1.5bn2021-04-01 → 2022-03-31dCons.Net cash provided by used in operating activities (5-year summary)
Operating cash flow¥1.6bn2020-04-01 → 2021-03-31dCons.Net cash provided by used in operating activities (5-year summary)
Operating cash flow¥1.7bn2019-04-01 → 2020-03-31dCons.Net cash provided by used in operating activities (5-year summary)
Investing cash flow−¥2.2bn2023-04-01 → 2024-03-31Cons.Net cash provided by used in investment activities
Investing cash flow−¥1.8bn2022-04-01 → 2023-03-31Cons.Net cash provided by used in investment activities
Investing cash flow¥330m2021-04-01 → 2022-03-31dCons.Net cash provided by used in investing activities (5-year summary)
Investing cash flow−¥803m2020-04-01 → 2021-03-31dCons.Net cash provided by used in investing activities (5-year summary)
Investing cash flow¥99m2019-04-01 → 2020-03-31dCons.Net cash provided by used in investing activities (5-year summary)
Financing cash flow−¥479m2023-04-01 → 2024-03-31Cons.Net cash provided by used in financing activities
Financing cash flow−¥487m2022-04-01 → 2023-03-31Cons.Net cash provided by used in financing activities
Financing cash flow−¥3.5bn2021-04-01 → 2022-03-31dCons.Net cash provided by used in financing activities (5-year summary)
Financing cash flow−¥345m2020-04-01 → 2021-03-31dCons.Net cash provided by used in financing activities (5-year summary)
Financing cash flow−¥1.3bn2019-04-01 → 2020-03-31dCons.Net cash provided by used in financing activities (5-year summary)
EPS (basic)¥33.242023-04-01 → 2024-03-31Cons.Basic earnings loss per share (5-year summary)
EPS (basic)¥9.882022-04-01 → 2023-03-31Cons.Basic earnings loss per share (5-year summary)
EPS (basic)¥-21.822021-04-01 → 2022-03-31dCons.Basic earnings loss per share (5-year summary)
EPS (basic)¥-0.782020-04-01 → 2021-03-31dCons.Basic earnings loss per share (5-year summary)
EPS (basic)¥-14.342019-04-01 → 2020-03-31dCons.Basic earnings loss per share (5-year summary)
EPS (diluted)¥32.652023-04-01 → 2024-03-31Cons.Diluted earnings per share (5-year summary)
Net assets per share¥572.83at 2024-03-31Cons.Net assets per share (5-year summary)
Net assets per share¥542.74at 2023-03-31Cons.Net assets per share (5-year summary)
Net assets per share¥530.24at 2022-03-31dCons.Net assets per share (5-year summary)
Net assets per share¥562.65at 2021-03-31dCons.Net assets per share (5-year summary)
Net assets per share¥576.69at 2020-03-31dCons.Net assets per share (5-year summary)
Equity ratio73.2%at 2024-03-31Cons.Equity to asset ratio (5-year summary)
Equity ratio73.8%at 2023-03-31Cons.Equity to asset ratio (5-year summary)
Equity ratio75.3%at 2022-03-31dCons.Equity to asset ratio (5-year summary)
Equity ratio71.6%at 2021-03-31dCons.Equity to asset ratio (5-year summary)
Equity ratio71.9%at 2020-03-31dCons.Equity to asset ratio (5-year summary)
ROE5.8%2023-04-01 → 2024-03-31Cons.Rate of return on equity (5-year summary)
ROE1.8%2022-04-01 → 2023-03-31Cons.Rate of return on equity (5-year summary)
Employees2,556at 2024-03-31Cons.Number of employees
Employees2,636at 2023-03-31Cons.Number of employees
Employees2,720at 2022-03-31dCons.Number of employees
Employees2,834at 2021-03-31dCons.Number of employees
Employees2,874at 2020-03-31dCons.Number of employees
Revenue¥546m2023-04-01 → 2024-03-31StandaloneNet sales
Revenue¥943m2023-04-01 → 2024-03-31StandaloneOperating revenue1
Revenue¥520m2022-04-01 → 2023-03-31StandaloneNet sales
Revenue¥989m2022-04-01 → 2023-03-31StandaloneOperating revenue1
Revenue¥523m2021-04-01 → 2022-03-31dStandaloneNet sales (5-year summary)
Revenue¥952m2021-04-01 → 2022-03-31dStandaloneOperating revenue1 (5-year summary)
Revenue¥267m2020-04-01 → 2021-03-31dStandaloneNet sales (5-year summary)
Revenue¥1.0bn2020-04-01 → 2021-03-31dStandaloneOperating revenue1 (5-year summary)
Revenue¥417m2019-04-01 → 2020-03-31dStandaloneNet sales (5-year summary)
Revenue¥1.2bn2019-04-01 → 2020-03-31dStandaloneOperating revenue1 (5-year summary)
Operating income¥78m2023-04-01 → 2024-03-31StandaloneOperating income
Operating income¥127m2022-04-01 → 2023-03-31StandaloneOperating income
Ordinary income−¥196m2023-04-01 → 2024-03-31StandaloneOrdinary income
Ordinary income−¥291m2022-04-01 → 2023-03-31StandaloneOrdinary income
Ordinary income¥89m2021-04-01 → 2022-03-31dStandaloneOrdinary income loss (5-year summary)
Ordinary income¥72m2020-04-01 → 2021-03-31dStandaloneOrdinary income loss (5-year summary)
Ordinary income−¥365m2019-04-01 → 2020-03-31dStandaloneOrdinary income loss (5-year summary)
Profit before tax−¥221m2023-04-01 → 2024-03-31StandaloneIncome before income taxes
Profit before tax−¥81m2022-04-01 → 2023-03-31StandaloneIncome before income taxes
Net income−¥288m2023-04-01 → 2024-03-31StandaloneProfit loss
Net income−¥149m2022-04-01 → 2023-03-31StandaloneProfit loss
Net income¥16m2021-04-01 → 2022-03-31dStandaloneNet income loss (5-year summary)
Net income¥28m2020-04-01 → 2021-03-31dStandaloneNet income loss (5-year summary)
Net income−¥409m2019-04-01 → 2020-03-31dStandaloneNet income loss (5-year summary)
Total assets¥31.7bnat 2024-03-31StandaloneAssets
Total assets¥30.0bnat 2023-03-31StandaloneAssets
Total assets¥30.1bnat 2022-03-31dStandaloneTotal assets (5-year summary)
Total assets¥33.2bnat 2021-03-31dStandaloneTotal assets (5-year summary)
Total assets¥34.1bnat 2020-03-31dStandaloneTotal assets (5-year summary)
Total liabilities¥3.3bnat 2024-03-31StandaloneLiabilities
Total liabilities¥1.3bnat 2023-03-31StandaloneLiabilities
Net assets / equity¥28.4bnat 2024-03-31StandaloneNet assets
Net assets / equity¥28.7bnat 2023-03-31StandaloneNet assets
Net assets / equity¥29.1bnat 2022-03-31dStandaloneNet assets
Net assets / equity¥29.4bnat 2021-03-31dStandaloneNet assets (5-year summary)
Net assets / equity¥29.7bnat 2020-03-31dStandaloneNet assets (5-year summary)
Cash and deposits¥3.1bnat 2024-03-31StandaloneCash and deposits
Cash and deposits¥1.3bnat 2023-03-31StandaloneCash and deposits
EPS (basic)¥-5.662023-04-01 → 2024-03-31StandaloneBasic earnings loss per share (5-year summary)
EPS (basic)¥-2.952022-04-01 → 2023-03-31StandaloneBasic earnings loss per share (5-year summary)
EPS (basic)¥0.332021-04-01 → 2022-03-31dStandaloneBasic earnings loss per share (5-year summary)
EPS (basic)¥0.552020-04-01 → 2021-03-31dStandaloneBasic earnings loss per share (5-year summary)
EPS (basic)¥-8.052019-04-01 → 2020-03-31dStandaloneBasic earnings loss per share (5-year summary)
Dividend per share¥62023-04-01 → 2024-03-31StandaloneDividend paid per share (5-year summary)
Dividend per share¥62022-04-01 → 2023-03-31StandaloneDividend paid per share (5-year summary)
Dividend per share¥62021-04-01 → 2022-03-31dStandaloneDividend paid per share (5-year summary)
Dividend per share¥62020-04-01 → 2021-03-31dStandaloneDividend paid per share (5-year summary)
Dividend per share¥102019-04-01 → 2020-03-31dStandaloneDividend paid per share (5-year summary)
Net assets per share¥551.4at 2024-03-31StandaloneNet assets per share (5-year summary)
Net assets per share¥562.37at 2023-03-31StandaloneNet assets per share (5-year summary)
Net assets per share¥570.96at 2022-03-31dStandaloneNet assets per share (5-year summary)
Net assets per share¥576.65at 2021-03-31dStandaloneNet assets per share (5-year summary)
Net assets per share¥583.55at 2020-03-31dStandaloneNet assets per share (5-year summary)
Equity ratio88.9%at 2024-03-31StandaloneEquity to asset ratio (5-year summary)
Equity ratio95.1%at 2023-03-31StandaloneEquity to asset ratio (5-year summary)
Equity ratio96.5%at 2022-03-31dStandaloneEquity to asset ratio (5-year summary)
Equity ratio88.2%at 2021-03-31dStandaloneEquity to asset ratio (5-year summary)
Equity ratio87.1%at 2020-03-31dStandaloneEquity to asset ratio (5-year summary)
ROE0.1%2021-04-01 → 2022-03-31dStandaloneRate of return on equity (5-year summary)
ROE0.1%2020-04-01 → 2021-03-31dStandaloneRate of return on equity (5-year summary)
Shares issued56,057,000at 2024-03-31StandaloneTotal number of issued shares (5-year summary)
Shares issued56,057,000at 2023-03-31StandaloneTotal number of issued shares (5-year summary)
Shares issued56,057,000at 2022-03-31dStandaloneTotal number of issued shares (5-year summary)
Shares issued56,057,000at 2021-03-31dStandaloneTotal number of issued shares (5-year summary)
Shares issued56,057,000at 2020-03-31dStandaloneTotal number of issued shares (5-year summary)
Employees39at 2024-03-31StandaloneNumber of employees
Employees33at 2023-03-31StandaloneNumber of employees
Employees27at 2022-03-31dStandaloneNumber of employees
Employees27at 2021-03-31dStandaloneNumber of employees
Employees41at 2020-03-31dStandaloneNumber of employees

Periods use the dates stated in the filing. d = earlier-year period dated by calendar; v = that date confirmed by the company's own earlier filing.

Segments · 54
SegmentItemPeriodValue
Reconciling Itemsreconcilingrevenue2023-04-01 → 2024-03-31−¥188m
Reconciling Itemsreconcilingrevenue intersegment2023-04-01 → 2024-03-31−¥188m
Reconciling Itemsreconcilingsegment assetsat 2024-03-31−¥4.4bn
Reconciling Itemsreconcilingsegment profit2023-04-01 → 2024-03-31¥2m
Foreign Countriesreportable segmentcapex2023-04-01 → 2024-03-31¥223m
Foreign Countriesreportable segmentdepreciation2023-04-01 → 2024-03-31¥104m
Foreign Countriesreportable segmentemployeesat 2024-03-31501 pure
Foreign Countriesreportable segmentrevenue2023-04-01 → 2024-03-31¥6.3bn
Foreign Countriesreportable segmentrevenue external2023-04-01 → 2024-03-31¥6.2bn
Foreign Countriesreportable segmentrevenue intersegment2023-04-01 → 2024-03-31¥90m
Foreign Countriesreportable segmentsegment assetsat 2024-03-31¥7.6bn
Foreign Countriesreportable segmentsegment profit2023-04-01 → 2024-03-31−¥179m
Japanreportable segmentcapex2023-04-01 → 2024-03-31¥1.2bn
Japanreportable segmentdepreciation2023-04-01 → 2024-03-31¥857m
Japanreportable segmentemployeesat 2024-03-312055 pure
Japanreportable segmentrevenue2023-04-01 → 2024-03-31¥43.8bn
Japanreportable segmentrevenue external2023-04-01 → 2024-03-31¥43.7bn
Japanreportable segmentrevenue intersegment2023-04-01 → 2024-03-31¥97m
Japanreportable segmentsegment assetsat 2024-03-31¥36.8bn
Japanreportable segmentsegment profit2023-04-01 → 2024-03-31¥2.1bn
—segment totalcapex2023-04-01 → 2024-03-31¥1.4bn
—segment totaldepreciation2023-04-01 → 2024-03-31¥962m
—segment totalrevenue2023-04-01 → 2024-03-31¥50.1bn
—segment totalrevenue external2023-04-01 → 2024-03-31¥49.9bn
—segment totalrevenue intersegment2023-04-01 → 2024-03-31¥188m
—segment totalsegment assetsat 2024-03-31¥44.4bn
—segment totalsegment profit2023-04-01 → 2024-03-31¥1.9bn
Reconciling Itemsreconcilingrevenue2022-04-01 → 2023-03-31−¥312m
Reconciling Itemsreconcilingrevenue intersegment2022-04-01 → 2023-03-31−¥312m
Reconciling Itemsreconcilingsegment assetsat 2023-03-31−¥4.4bn
Reconciling Itemsreconcilingsegment profit2022-04-01 → 2023-03-31−¥78m
Foreign Countriesreportable segmentcapex2022-04-01 → 2023-03-31¥121m
Foreign Countriesreportable segmentdepreciation2022-04-01 → 2023-03-31¥108m
Foreign Countriesreportable segmentrevenue2022-04-01 → 2023-03-31¥5.9bn
Foreign Countriesreportable segmentrevenue external2022-04-01 → 2023-03-31¥5.8bn
Foreign Countriesreportable segmentrevenue intersegment2022-04-01 → 2023-03-31¥122m
Foreign Countriesreportable segmentsegment assetsat 2023-03-31¥7.2bn
Foreign Countriesreportable segmentsegment profit2022-04-01 → 2023-03-31−¥38m
Japanreportable segmentcapex2022-04-01 → 2023-03-31¥1.9bn
Japanreportable segmentdepreciation2022-04-01 → 2023-03-31¥753m
Japanreportable segmentrevenue2022-04-01 → 2023-03-31¥41.8bn
Japanreportable segmentrevenue external2022-04-01 → 2023-03-31¥41.6bn
Japanreportable segmentrevenue intersegment2022-04-01 → 2023-03-31¥189m
Japanreportable segmentsegment assetsat 2023-03-31¥34.5bn
Japanreportable segmentsegment profit2022-04-01 → 2023-03-31¥849m
—segment totalcapex2022-04-01 → 2023-03-31¥2.0bn
—segment totaldepreciation2022-04-01 → 2023-03-31¥861m
—segment totalrevenue2022-04-01 → 2023-03-31¥47.7bn
—segment totalrevenue external2022-04-01 → 2023-03-31¥47.4bn
—segment totalrevenue intersegment2022-04-01 → 2023-03-31¥312m
—segment totalsegment assetsat 2023-03-31¥41.8bn
—segment totalsegment profit2022-04-01 → 2023-03-31¥810m
Foreign Countriesreportable segmentemployeesat 2024-03-3115 pure
Japanreportable segmentemployeesat 2024-03-3124 pure

Segment names come from EDINET member IDs; not yet mapped to a common taxonomy.

All source rows · 1,517
ItemContextValueUnit
Net assets (5-year summary)Prior1YearInstant28204000000JPY
Net assets (5-year summary)CurrentYearInstant30023000000JPY
Total assets (5-year summary)Prior4YearInstant40770000000JPY
Total assets (5-year summary)Prior3YearInstant39931000000JPY
Total assets (5-year summary)Prior2YearInstant35784000000JPY
Total assets (5-year summary)Prior1YearInstant37371000000JPY
Total assets (5-year summary)CurrentYearInstant40021000000JPY
Net assets per share (5-year summary)Prior4YearInstant576.69
Net assets per share (5-year summary)Prior3YearInstant562.65
Net assets per share (5-year summary)Prior2YearInstant530.24
Net assets per share (5-year summary)Prior1YearInstant542.74
Net assets per share (5-year summary)CurrentYearInstant572.83
Basic earnings loss per share (5-year summary)Prior4YearDuration-14.34
Basic earnings loss per share (5-year summary)Prior3YearDuration-0.78
Basic earnings loss per share (5-year summary)Prior2YearDuration-21.82
Basic earnings loss per share (5-year summary)Prior1YearDuration9.88
Basic earnings loss per share (5-year summary)CurrentYearDuration33.24
Diluted earnings per share (5-year summary)Prior4YearDuration-
Diluted earnings per share (5-year summary)Prior3YearDuration-
Diluted earnings per share (5-year summary)Prior2YearDuration-
Diluted earnings per share (5-year summary)Prior1YearDuration-
Diluted earnings per share (5-year summary)CurrentYearDuration32.65
Equity to asset ratio (5-year summary)Prior4YearInstant0.719
Equity to asset ratio (5-year summary)Prior3YearInstant0.716
Equity to asset ratio (5-year summary)Prior2YearInstant0.753
Equity to asset ratio (5-year summary)Prior1YearInstant0.738
Equity to asset ratio (5-year summary)CurrentYearInstant0.732
Rate of return on equity (5-year summary)Prior4YearDuration-
Rate of return on equity (5-year summary)Prior3YearDuration-
Rate of return on equity (5-year summary)Prior2YearDuration-
Rate of return on equity (5-year summary)Prior1YearDuration0.018
Rate of return on equity (5-year summary)CurrentYearDuration0.058
Price earnings ratio (5-year summary)Prior4YearDuration-
Price earnings ratio (5-year summary)Prior3YearDuration-
Price earnings ratio (5-year summary)Prior2YearDuration-
Price earnings ratio (5-year summary)Prior1YearDuration33.50
Price earnings ratio (5-year summary)CurrentYearDuration12.80
Net cash provided by used in operating activities (5-year summary)Prior4YearDuration1732000000JPY
Net cash provided by used in operating activities (5-year summary)Prior3YearDuration1581000000JPY
Net cash provided by used in operating activities (5-year summary)Prior2YearDuration1512000000JPY
Net cash provided by used in operating activities (5-year summary)Prior1YearDuration2608000000JPY
Net cash provided by used in operating activities (5-year summary)CurrentYearDuration2715000000JPY
Net cash provided by used in investing activities (5-year summary)Prior4YearDuration99000000JPY
Net cash provided by used in investing activities (5-year summary)Prior3YearDuration-803000000JPY
Net cash provided by used in investing activities (5-year summary)Prior2YearDuration330000000JPY
Net cash provided by used in investing activities (5-year summary)Prior1YearDuration-1776000000JPY
Net cash provided by used in investing activities (5-year summary)CurrentYearDuration-2206000000JPY
Net cash provided by used in financing activities (5-year summary)Prior4YearDuration-1277000000JPY
Net cash provided by used in financing activities (5-year summary)Prior3YearDuration-345000000JPY
Net cash provided by used in financing activities (5-year summary)Prior2YearDuration-3518000000JPY

Every row of the EDINET CSV. Item names are the XBRL element names; filed text is kept in its original Japanese. Filed text is available on Plus and Pro.

Data checks · 24 of 24 passed
balance sheet identityconsolidated 2023-03-31pass
balance sheet identityconsolidated 2024-03-31pass rounding
balance sheet identitynon_consolidated 2023-03-31pass
balance sheet identitynon_consolidated 2024-03-31pass
dei present pass
period resolution pass
statement vs summary · net assetsconsolidated 2022-03-31pass
statement vs summary · net assetsconsolidated 2023-03-31pass
statement vs summary · net assetsconsolidated 2024-03-31pass
statement vs summary · net assetsnon_consolidated 2022-03-31pass
statement vs summary · net assetsnon_consolidated 2023-03-31pass
statement vs summary · net assetsnon_consolidated 2024-03-31pass
statement vs summary · net income attributable to parentconsolidated 2022-04-01/2023-03-31pass
statement vs summary · net income attributable to parentconsolidated 2023-04-01/2024-03-31pass
statement vs summary · operating cash flowconsolidated 2022-04-01/2023-03-31pass
statement vs summary · operating cash flowconsolidated 2023-04-01/2024-03-31pass
statement vs summary · revenueconsolidated 2022-04-01/2023-03-31pass
statement vs summary · revenueconsolidated 2023-04-01/2024-03-31pass
statement vs summary · revenuenon_consolidated 2022-04-01/2023-03-31pass
statement vs summary · revenuenon_consolidated 2023-04-01/2024-03-31pass
statement vs summary · total assetsconsolidated 2023-03-31pass
statement vs summary · total assetsconsolidated 2024-03-31pass
statement vs summary · total assetsnon_consolidated 2023-03-31pass
statement vs summary · total assetsnon_consolidated 2024-03-31pass