Annual report

Period2024-01-01 → 2024-12-31
Filed2025-03-27
StandardJapan GAAP
ConsolidatedYes
Data checks24 of 24 passed
Key figures · 148
MetricValuePeriodScopeSource row
Revenue¥6.1bn2024-01-01 → 2024-12-31Cons.Net sales
Revenue¥3.9bn2023-01-01 → 2023-12-31Cons.Net sales
Revenue¥4.7bn2022-01-01 → 2022-12-31dCons.Net sales (5-year summary)
Revenue¥3.6bn2021-01-01 → 2021-12-31dCons.Net sales (5-year summary)
Revenue¥4.8bn2020-01-01 → 2020-12-31dCons.Net sales (5-year summary)
Operating income¥390m2024-01-01 → 2024-12-31Cons.Operating income
Operating income¥209m2023-01-01 → 2023-12-31Cons.Operating income
Ordinary income¥382m2024-01-01 → 2024-12-31Cons.Ordinary income
Ordinary income¥221m2023-01-01 → 2023-12-31Cons.Ordinary income
Ordinary income¥31m2022-01-01 → 2022-12-31dCons.Ordinary income loss (5-year summary)
Ordinary income¥188m2021-01-01 → 2021-12-31dCons.Ordinary income loss (5-year summary)
Ordinary income¥214m2020-01-01 → 2020-12-31dCons.Ordinary income loss (5-year summary)
Profit before tax¥381m2024-01-01 → 2024-12-31Cons.Income before income taxes
Profit before tax¥225m2023-01-01 → 2023-12-31Cons.Income before income taxes
Net income (owners)¥293m2024-01-01 → 2024-12-31Cons.Profit loss attributable to owners of parent
Net income (owners)¥192m2023-01-01 → 2023-12-31Cons.Profit loss attributable to owners of parent
Net income (owners)−¥43m2022-01-01 → 2022-12-31dCons.Profit loss attributable to owners of parent (5-year summary)
Net income (owners)¥100m2021-01-01 → 2021-12-31dCons.Profit loss attributable to owners of parent (5-year summary)
Net income (owners)¥133m2020-01-01 → 2020-12-31dCons.Profit loss attributable to owners of parent (5-year summary)
Net income¥293m2024-01-01 → 2024-12-31Cons.Profit loss
Net income¥192m2023-01-01 → 2023-12-31Cons.Profit loss
Total assets¥9.9bnat 2024-12-31Cons.Assets
Total assets¥7.7bnat 2023-12-31Cons.Assets
Total assets¥5.4bnat 2022-12-31dCons.Total assets (5-year summary)
Total assets¥6.0bnat 2021-12-31dCons.Total assets (5-year summary)
Total assets¥5.8bnat 2020-12-31dCons.Total assets (5-year summary)
Total liabilities¥5.7bnat 2024-12-31Cons.Liabilities
Total liabilities¥3.7bnat 2023-12-31Cons.Liabilities
Net assets / equity¥4.1bnat 2024-12-31Cons.Net assets
Net assets / equity¥3.9bnat 2023-12-31Cons.Net assets
Net assets / equity¥3.7bnat 2022-12-31dCons.Net assets
Net assets / equity¥3.9bnat 2021-12-31dCons.Net assets (5-year summary)
Net assets / equity¥3.8bnat 2020-12-31dCons.Net assets (5-year summary)
Cash and deposits¥2.5bnat 2024-12-31Cons.Cash and deposits
Cash and deposits¥2.3bnat 2023-12-31Cons.Cash and deposits
Cash & equivalents¥2.5bnat 2024-12-31Cons.Cash and cash equivalents
Cash & equivalents¥2.3bnat 2023-12-31Cons.Cash and cash equivalents
Cash & equivalents¥1.9bnat 2022-12-31dCons.Cash and cash equivalents
Cash & equivalents¥2.1bnat 2021-12-31dCons.Cash and cash equivalents (5-year summary)
Cash & equivalents¥1.9bnat 2020-12-31dCons.Cash and cash equivalents (5-year summary)
Operating cash flow−¥1.1bn2024-01-01 → 2024-12-31Cons.Net cash provided by used in operating activities
Operating cash flow−¥1.1bn2023-01-01 → 2023-12-31Cons.Net cash provided by used in operating activities
Operating cash flow¥375m2022-01-01 → 2022-12-31dCons.Net cash provided by used in operating activities (5-year summary)
Operating cash flow¥132m2021-01-01 → 2021-12-31dCons.Net cash provided by used in operating activities (5-year summary)
Operating cash flow¥33m2020-01-01 → 2020-12-31dCons.Net cash provided by used in operating activities (5-year summary)
Investing cash flow−¥144m2024-01-01 → 2024-12-31Cons.Net cash provided by used in investment activities
Investing cash flow−¥56m2023-01-01 → 2023-12-31Cons.Net cash provided by used in investment activities
Investing cash flow−¥130m2022-01-01 → 2022-12-31dCons.Net cash provided by used in investing activities (5-year summary)
Investing cash flow−¥245m2021-01-01 → 2021-12-31dCons.Net cash provided by used in investing activities (5-year summary)
Investing cash flow−¥30m2020-01-01 → 2020-12-31dCons.Net cash provided by used in investing activities (5-year summary)
Financing cash flow¥1.5bn2024-01-01 → 2024-12-31Cons.Net cash provided by used in financing activities
Financing cash flow¥1.5bn2023-01-01 → 2023-12-31Cons.Net cash provided by used in financing activities
Financing cash flow−¥451m2022-01-01 → 2022-12-31dCons.Net cash provided by used in financing activities (5-year summary)
Financing cash flow¥370m2021-01-01 → 2021-12-31dCons.Net cash provided by used in financing activities (5-year summary)
Financing cash flow−¥1.2bn2020-01-01 → 2020-12-31dCons.Net cash provided by used in financing activities (5-year summary)
EPS (basic)¥92.812024-01-01 → 2024-12-31Cons.Basic earnings loss per share (5-year summary)
EPS (basic)¥60.982023-01-01 → 2023-12-31Cons.Basic earnings loss per share (5-year summary)
EPS (basic)¥-13.62022-01-01 → 2022-12-31dCons.Basic earnings loss per share (5-year summary)
EPS (basic)¥32.032021-01-01 → 2021-12-31dCons.Basic earnings loss per share (5-year summary)
EPS (basic)¥42.772020-01-01 → 2020-12-31dCons.Basic earnings loss per share (5-year summary)
Net assets per share¥1,305.74at 2024-12-31Cons.Net assets per share (5-year summary)
Net assets per share¥1,252.41at 2023-12-31Cons.Net assets per share (5-year summary)
Net assets per share¥1,192.23at 2022-12-31dCons.Net assets per share (5-year summary)
Net assets per share¥1,250.95at 2021-12-31dCons.Net assets per share (5-year summary)
Net assets per share¥1,235.43at 2020-12-31dCons.Net assets per share (5-year summary)
Equity ratio42.0%at 2024-12-31Cons.Equity to asset ratio (5-year summary)
Equity ratio51.4%at 2023-12-31Cons.Equity to asset ratio (5-year summary)
Equity ratio69.0%at 2022-12-31dCons.Equity to asset ratio (5-year summary)
Equity ratio64.8%at 2021-12-31dCons.Equity to asset ratio (5-year summary)
Equity ratio66.7%at 2020-12-31dCons.Equity to asset ratio (5-year summary)
ROE7.3%2024-01-01 → 2024-12-31Cons.Rate of return on equity (5-year summary)
ROE5.0%2023-01-01 → 2023-12-31Cons.Rate of return on equity (5-year summary)
ROE-1.1%2022-01-01 → 2022-12-31dCons.Rate of return on equity (5-year summary)
ROE2.6%2021-01-01 → 2021-12-31dCons.Rate of return on equity (5-year summary)
ROE3.5%2020-01-01 → 2020-12-31dCons.Rate of return on equity (5-year summary)
Employees211at 2024-12-31Cons.Number of employees
Employees185at 2023-12-31Cons.Number of employees
Employees190at 2022-12-31dCons.Number of employees
Employees203at 2021-12-31dCons.Number of employees
Employees206at 2020-12-31dCons.Number of employees
Revenue¥5.4bn2024-01-01 → 2024-12-31StandaloneNet sales
Revenue¥3.5bn2023-01-01 → 2023-12-31StandaloneNet sales
Revenue¥4.3bn2022-01-01 → 2022-12-31dStandaloneNet sales (5-year summary)
Revenue¥3.2bn2021-01-01 → 2021-12-31dStandaloneNet sales (5-year summary)
Revenue¥4.5bn2020-01-01 → 2020-12-31dStandaloneNet sales (5-year summary)
Operating income¥143m2024-01-01 → 2024-12-31StandaloneOperating income
Operating income¥144m2023-01-01 → 2023-12-31StandaloneOperating income
Ordinary income¥160m2024-01-01 → 2024-12-31StandaloneOrdinary income
Ordinary income¥181m2023-01-01 → 2023-12-31StandaloneOrdinary income
Ordinary income−¥21m2022-01-01 → 2022-12-31dStandaloneOrdinary income loss (5-year summary)
Ordinary income¥132m2021-01-01 → 2021-12-31dStandaloneOrdinary income loss (5-year summary)
Ordinary income¥180m2020-01-01 → 2020-12-31dStandaloneOrdinary income loss (5-year summary)
Profit before tax¥159m2024-01-01 → 2024-12-31StandaloneIncome before income taxes
Profit before tax¥185m2023-01-01 → 2023-12-31StandaloneIncome before income taxes
Net income¥100m2024-01-01 → 2024-12-31StandaloneProfit loss
Net income¥171m2023-01-01 → 2023-12-31StandaloneProfit loss
Net income−¥74m2022-01-01 → 2022-12-31dStandaloneNet income loss (5-year summary)
Net income¥66m2021-01-01 → 2021-12-31dStandaloneNet income loss (5-year summary)
Net income¥108m2020-01-01 → 2020-12-31dStandaloneNet income loss (5-year summary)
Total assets¥9.1bnat 2024-12-31StandaloneAssets
Total assets¥7.2bnat 2023-12-31StandaloneAssets
Total assets¥4.9bnat 2022-12-31dStandaloneTotal assets (5-year summary)
Total assets¥5.5bnat 2021-12-31dStandaloneTotal assets (5-year summary)
Total assets¥5.3bnat 2020-12-31dStandaloneTotal assets (5-year summary)
Total liabilities¥5.4bnat 2024-12-31StandaloneLiabilities
Total liabilities¥3.5bnat 2023-12-31StandaloneLiabilities
Net assets / equity¥3.7bnat 2024-12-31StandaloneNet assets
Net assets / equity¥3.7bnat 2023-12-31StandaloneNet assets
Net assets / equity¥3.5bnat 2022-12-31dStandaloneNet assets
Net assets / equity¥3.7bnat 2021-12-31dStandaloneNet assets (5-year summary)
Net assets / equity¥3.7bnat 2020-12-31dStandaloneNet assets (5-year summary)
Cash and deposits¥2.1bnat 2024-12-31StandaloneCash and deposits
Cash and deposits¥1.9bnat 2023-12-31StandaloneCash and deposits
EPS (basic)¥31.762024-01-01 → 2024-12-31StandaloneBasic earnings loss per share (5-year summary)
EPS (basic)¥54.342023-01-01 → 2023-12-31StandaloneBasic earnings loss per share (5-year summary)
EPS (basic)¥-23.742022-01-01 → 2022-12-31dStandaloneBasic earnings loss per share (5-year summary)
EPS (basic)¥21.112021-01-01 → 2021-12-31dStandaloneBasic earnings loss per share (5-year summary)
EPS (basic)¥34.762020-01-01 → 2020-12-31dStandaloneBasic earnings loss per share (5-year summary)
Dividend per share¥282024-01-01 → 2024-12-31StandaloneDividend paid per share (5-year summary)
Dividend per share¥262023-01-01 → 2023-12-31StandaloneDividend paid per share (5-year summary)
Dividend per share¥152022-01-01 → 2022-12-31dStandaloneDividend paid per share (5-year summary)
Dividend per share¥152021-01-01 → 2021-12-31dStandaloneDividend paid per share (5-year summary)
Dividend per share¥152020-01-01 → 2020-12-31dStandaloneDividend paid per share (5-year summary)
Net assets per share¥1,178.3at 2024-12-31StandaloneNet assets per share (5-year summary)
Net assets per share¥1,185.35at 2023-12-31StandaloneNet assets per share (5-year summary)
Net assets per share¥1,131.55at 2022-12-31dStandaloneNet assets per share (5-year summary)
Net assets per share¥1,200.19at 2021-12-31dStandaloneNet assets per share (5-year summary)
Net assets per share¥1,195.44at 2020-12-31dStandaloneNet assets per share (5-year summary)
Equity ratio41.0%at 2024-12-31StandaloneEquity to asset ratio (5-year summary)
Equity ratio51.9%at 2023-12-31StandaloneEquity to asset ratio (5-year summary)
Equity ratio71.8%at 2022-12-31dStandaloneEquity to asset ratio (5-year summary)
Equity ratio68.2%at 2021-12-31dStandaloneEquity to asset ratio (5-year summary)
Equity ratio70.7%at 2020-12-31dStandaloneEquity to asset ratio (5-year summary)
ROE2.7%2024-01-01 → 2024-12-31StandaloneRate of return on equity (5-year summary)
ROE4.6%2023-01-01 → 2023-12-31StandaloneRate of return on equity (5-year summary)
ROE-2.1%2022-01-01 → 2022-12-31dStandaloneRate of return on equity (5-year summary)
ROE1.8%2021-01-01 → 2021-12-31dStandaloneRate of return on equity (5-year summary)
ROE2.9%2020-01-01 → 2020-12-31dStandaloneRate of return on equity (5-year summary)
Shares issued3,171,500at 2024-12-31StandaloneTotal number of issued shares (5-year summary)
Shares issued3,146,700at 2023-12-31StandaloneTotal number of issued shares (5-year summary)
Shares issued3,134,300at 2022-12-31dStandaloneTotal number of issued shares (5-year summary)
Shares issued3,121,600at 2021-12-31dStandaloneTotal number of issued shares (5-year summary)
Shares issued3,110,100at 2020-12-31dStandaloneTotal number of issued shares (5-year summary)
Employees125at 2024-12-31StandaloneNumber of employees
Employees110at 2023-12-31StandaloneNumber of employees
Employees112at 2022-12-31dStandaloneNumber of employees
Employees125at 2021-12-31dStandaloneNumber of employees
Employees134at 2020-12-31dStandaloneNumber of employees

Periods use the dates stated in the filing. d = earlier-year period dated by calendar; v = that date confirmed by the company's own earlier filing.

Segments · 50
SegmentItemPeriodValue
Reconciling Itemsreconcilingrevenue2024-01-01 → 2024-12-31−¥511m
Reconciling Itemsreconcilingrevenue intersegment2024-01-01 → 2024-12-31−¥511m
Reconciling Itemsreconcilingsegment assetsat 2024-12-31−¥80m
Reconciling Itemsreconcilingsegment profit2024-01-01 → 2024-12-31¥72m
Fare Collection Equipment Businessreportable segmentcapex2024-01-01 → 2024-12-31¥141m
Fare Collection Equipment Businessreportable segmentdepreciation2024-01-01 → 2024-12-31¥120m
Fare Collection Equipment Businessreportable segmentemployeesat 2024-12-31148 pure
Fare Collection Equipment Businessreportable segmentrevenue2024-01-01 → 2024-12-31¥5.5bn
Fare Collection Equipment Businessreportable segmentrevenue external2024-01-01 → 2024-12-31¥5.5bn
Fare Collection Equipment Businessreportable segmentsegment assetsat 2024-12-31¥9.4bn
Fare Collection Equipment Businessreportable segmentsegment profit2024-01-01 → 2024-12-31¥223m
System Development Businessreportable segmentcapex2024-01-01 → 2024-12-31¥5m
System Development Businessreportable segmentdepreciation2024-01-01 → 2024-12-31¥4m
System Development Businessreportable segmentemployeesat 2024-12-3163 pure
System Development Businessreportable segmentrevenue2024-01-01 → 2024-12-31¥1.1bn
System Development Businessreportable segmentrevenue external2024-01-01 → 2024-12-31¥561m
System Development Businessreportable segmentrevenue intersegment2024-01-01 → 2024-12-31¥511m
System Development Businessreportable segmentsegment assetsat 2024-12-31¥562m
System Development Businessreportable segmentsegment profit2024-01-01 → 2024-12-31¥95m
—segment totalcapex2024-01-01 → 2024-12-31¥146m
—segment totaldepreciation2024-01-01 → 2024-12-31¥124m
—segment totalrevenue2024-01-01 → 2024-12-31¥6.6bn
—segment totalrevenue external2024-01-01 → 2024-12-31¥6.1bn
—segment totalrevenue intersegment2024-01-01 → 2024-12-31¥511m
—segment totalsegment assetsat 2024-12-31¥9.9bn
—segment totalsegment profit2024-01-01 → 2024-12-31¥318m
Reconciling Itemsreconcilingrevenue2023-01-01 → 2023-12-31−¥507m
Reconciling Itemsreconcilingrevenue intersegment2023-01-01 → 2023-12-31−¥507m
Reconciling Itemsreconcilingsegment assetsat 2023-12-31−¥161m
Reconciling Itemsreconcilingsegment profit2023-01-01 → 2023-12-31−¥55m
Fare Collection Equipment Businessreportable segmentcapex2023-01-01 → 2023-12-31¥56m
Fare Collection Equipment Businessreportable segmentdepreciation2023-01-01 → 2023-12-31¥105m
Fare Collection Equipment Businessreportable segmentrevenue2023-01-01 → 2023-12-31¥3.5bn
Fare Collection Equipment Businessreportable segmentrevenue external2023-01-01 → 2023-12-31¥3.5bn
Fare Collection Equipment Businessreportable segmentsegment assetsat 2023-12-31¥7.4bn
Fare Collection Equipment Businessreportable segmentsegment profit2023-01-01 → 2023-12-31¥190m
System Development Businessreportable segmentcapex2023-01-01 → 2023-12-31¥5m
System Development Businessreportable segmentdepreciation2023-01-01 → 2023-12-31¥2m
System Development Businessreportable segmentrevenue2023-01-01 → 2023-12-31¥934m
System Development Businessreportable segmentrevenue external2023-01-01 → 2023-12-31¥427m
System Development Businessreportable segmentrevenue intersegment2023-01-01 → 2023-12-31¥507m
System Development Businessreportable segmentsegment assetsat 2023-12-31¥470m
System Development Businessreportable segmentsegment profit2023-01-01 → 2023-12-31¥75m
—segment totalcapex2023-01-01 → 2023-12-31¥62m
—segment totaldepreciation2023-01-01 → 2023-12-31¥107m
—segment totalrevenue2023-01-01 → 2023-12-31¥4.4bn
—segment totalrevenue external2023-01-01 → 2023-12-31¥3.9bn
—segment totalrevenue intersegment2023-01-01 → 2023-12-31¥507m
—segment totalsegment assetsat 2023-12-31¥7.8bn
—segment totalsegment profit2023-01-01 → 2023-12-31¥264m

Segment names come from EDINET member IDs; not yet mapped to a common taxonomy.

All source rows · 1,437
ItemContextValueUnit
Income before income taxesCurrentYearDuration381209000JPY
Depreciation and amortization ope cfPrior1YearDuration108433000JPY
Depreciation and amortization ope cfCurrentYearDuration124826000JPY
Amortization of goodwill ope cfPrior1YearDuration6325000JPY
Amortization of goodwill ope cfCurrentYearDuration6325000JPY
Increase decrease in allowance for doubtful accounts ope cfPrior1YearDuration-10530000JPY
Increase decrease in allowance for doubtful accounts ope cfCurrentYearDuration-765000JPY
Increase decrease in provision for bonuses ope cfPrior1YearDuration15881000JPY
Increase decrease in provision for bonuses ope cfCurrentYearDuration9391000JPY
Increase decrease in provision for product warranties ope cfPrior1YearDuration-29572000JPY
Increase decrease in provision for product warranties ope cfCurrentYearDuration75757000JPY
Increase decrease in provision for loss on order received ope cfPrior1YearDuration1721000JPY
Increase decrease in provision for loss on order received ope cfCurrentYearDuration5995000JPY
Increase decrease in net defined benefit liability ope cfPrior1YearDuration-24807000JPY
Increase decrease in net defined benefit liability ope cfCurrentYearDuration-16139000JPY
Increase decrease in provision for directors retirement benefits ope cfPrior1YearDuration1530000JPY
Increase decrease in provision for directors retirement benefits ope cfCurrentYearDuration-573000JPY
Interest and dividends income ope cfPrior1YearDuration-3575000JPY
Interest and dividends income ope cfCurrentYearDuration-4301000JPY
Interest expenses ope cfPrior1YearDuration3726000JPY
Interest expenses ope cfCurrentYearDuration20052000JPY
Decrease increase in notes and accounts receivable trade ope cfPrior1YearDuration-895222000JPY
Decrease increase in notes and accounts receivable trade ope cfCurrentYearDuration347145000JPY
Decrease increase in inventories ope cfPrior1YearDuration-882666000JPY
Decrease increase in inventories ope cfCurrentYearDuration-2225181000JPY
Decrease increase in other assets ope cfPrior1YearDuration-42380000JPY
Decrease increase in other assets ope cfCurrentYearDuration-38999000JPY
Increase decrease in notes and accounts payable trade ope cfPrior1YearDuration402843000JPY
Increase decrease in notes and accounts payable trade ope cfCurrentYearDuration-42149000JPY
Increase decrease in other liabilities ope cfPrior1YearDuration88527000JPY
Increase decrease in other liabilities ope cfCurrentYearDuration302400000JPY
Other net ope cfPrior1YearDuration-3424000JPY
Other net ope cfCurrentYearDuration1223000JPY
Subtotal ope cfPrior1YearDuration-1038309000JPY
Subtotal ope cfCurrentYearDuration-1053782000JPY
Interest and dividends income received ope cf inv cfPrior1YearDuration3575000JPY
Interest and dividends income received ope cf inv cfCurrentYearDuration4301000JPY
Interest expenses paid ope cf fin cfPrior1YearDuration-3763000JPY
Interest expenses paid ope cf fin cfCurrentYearDuration-20741000JPY
Income taxes paid refund ope cfPrior1YearDuration-14077000JPY
Income taxes paid refund ope cfCurrentYearDuration-69931000JPY
Net cash provided by used in operating activitiesPrior1YearDuration-1052575000JPY
Net cash provided by used in operating activitiesCurrentYearDuration-1140154000JPY
Purchase of property plant and equipment inv cfPrior1YearDuration-41382000JPY
Purchase of property plant and equipment inv cfCurrentYearDuration-106695000JPY
Purchase of intangible assets inv cfPrior1YearDuration-4060000JPY
Purchase of intangible assets inv cfCurrentYearDuration-35378000JPY
Purchase of short term and long term investment securities inv cfPrior1YearDuration-1568000JPY
Purchase of short term and long term investment securities inv cfCurrentYearDuration-1938000JPY
Other net inv cfPrior1YearDuration-9307000JPY

Every row of the EDINET CSV. Item names are the XBRL element names; filed text is kept in its original Japanese. Filed text is available on Plus and Pro.

Data checks · 24 of 24 passed
balance sheet identityconsolidated 2023-12-31pass rounding
balance sheet identityconsolidated 2024-12-31pass
balance sheet identitynon_consolidated 2023-12-31pass rounding
balance sheet identitynon_consolidated 2024-12-31pass rounding
dei present pass
period resolution pass
statement vs summary · net assetsconsolidated 2022-12-31pass
statement vs summary · net assetsconsolidated 2023-12-31pass
statement vs summary · net assetsconsolidated 2024-12-31pass
statement vs summary · net assetsnon_consolidated 2022-12-31pass
statement vs summary · net assetsnon_consolidated 2023-12-31pass
statement vs summary · net assetsnon_consolidated 2024-12-31pass
statement vs summary · net income attributable to parentconsolidated 2023-01-01/2023-12-31pass
statement vs summary · net income attributable to parentconsolidated 2024-01-01/2024-12-31pass
statement vs summary · operating cash flowconsolidated 2023-01-01/2023-12-31pass
statement vs summary · operating cash flowconsolidated 2024-01-01/2024-12-31pass
statement vs summary · revenueconsolidated 2023-01-01/2023-12-31pass
statement vs summary · revenueconsolidated 2024-01-01/2024-12-31pass
statement vs summary · revenuenon_consolidated 2023-01-01/2023-12-31pass
statement vs summary · revenuenon_consolidated 2024-01-01/2024-12-31pass
statement vs summary · total assetsconsolidated 2023-12-31pass
statement vs summary · total assetsconsolidated 2024-12-31pass
statement vs summary · total assetsnon_consolidated 2023-12-31pass
statement vs summary · total assetsnon_consolidated 2024-12-31pass