Annual report

Period2023-04-01 → 2024-03-31
Filed2024-06-21
StandardJapan GAAP
ConsolidatedYes
Data checks24 of 24 passed
Key figures · 148
MetricValuePeriodScopeSource row
Revenue¥23.4bn2023-04-01 → 2024-03-31Cons.Net sales
Revenue¥21.6bn2022-04-01 → 2023-03-31Cons.Net sales
Revenue¥22.3bn2021-04-01 → 2022-03-31dCons.Net sales (5-year summary)
Revenue¥19.1bn2020-04-01 → 2021-03-31dCons.Net sales (5-year summary)
Revenue¥22.8bn2019-04-01 → 2020-03-31dCons.Net sales (5-year summary)
Operating income¥1.6bn2023-04-01 → 2024-03-31Cons.Operating income
Operating income¥869m2022-04-01 → 2023-03-31Cons.Operating income
Ordinary income¥1.9bn2023-04-01 → 2024-03-31Cons.Ordinary income
Ordinary income¥1.1bn2022-04-01 → 2023-03-31Cons.Ordinary income
Ordinary income¥1.8bn2021-04-01 → 2022-03-31dCons.Ordinary income loss (5-year summary)
Ordinary income¥828m2020-04-01 → 2021-03-31dCons.Ordinary income loss (5-year summary)
Ordinary income¥669m2019-04-01 → 2020-03-31dCons.Ordinary income loss (5-year summary)
Profit before tax¥1.8bn2023-04-01 → 2024-03-31Cons.Income before income taxes
Profit before tax¥915m2022-04-01 → 2023-03-31Cons.Income before income taxes
Net income (owners)¥1.9bn2023-04-01 → 2024-03-31Cons.Profit loss attributable to owners of parent
Net income (owners)¥595m2022-04-01 → 2023-03-31Cons.Profit loss attributable to owners of parent
Net income (owners)¥985m2021-04-01 → 2022-03-31dCons.Profit loss attributable to owners of parent (5-year summary)
Net income (owners)¥614m2020-04-01 → 2021-03-31dCons.Profit loss attributable to owners of parent (5-year summary)
Net income (owners)¥386m2019-04-01 → 2020-03-31dCons.Profit loss attributable to owners of parent (5-year summary)
Net income¥2.0bn2023-04-01 → 2024-03-31Cons.Profit loss
Net income¥619m2022-04-01 → 2023-03-31Cons.Profit loss
Total assets¥36.5bnat 2024-03-31Cons.Assets
Total assets¥34.2bnat 2023-03-31Cons.Assets
Total assets¥34.7bnat 2022-03-31dCons.Total assets (5-year summary)
Total assets¥36.0bnat 2021-03-31dCons.Total assets (5-year summary)
Total assets¥37.2bnat 2020-03-31dCons.Total assets (5-year summary)
Total liabilities¥6.4bnat 2024-03-31Cons.Liabilities
Total liabilities¥6.4bnat 2023-03-31Cons.Liabilities
Net assets / equity¥30.1bnat 2024-03-31Cons.Net assets
Net assets / equity¥27.9bnat 2023-03-31Cons.Net assets
Net assets / equity¥27.4bnat 2022-03-31dCons.Net assets
Net assets / equity¥25.7bnat 2021-03-31dCons.Net assets (5-year summary)
Net assets / equity¥25.7bnat 2020-03-31dCons.Net assets (5-year summary)
Cash and deposits¥5.8bnat 2024-03-31Cons.Cash and deposits
Cash and deposits¥4.7bnat 2023-03-31Cons.Cash and deposits
Cash & equivalents¥7.1bnat 2024-03-31Cons.Cash and cash equivalents
Cash & equivalents¥5.5bnat 2023-03-31Cons.Cash and cash equivalents
Cash & equivalents¥5.6bnat 2022-03-31dCons.Cash and cash equivalents
Cash & equivalents¥5.4bnat 2021-03-31dCons.Cash and cash equivalents (5-year summary)
Cash & equivalents¥3.1bnat 2020-03-31dCons.Cash and cash equivalents (5-year summary)
Operating cash flow¥4.2bn2023-04-01 → 2024-03-31Cons.Net cash provided by used in operating activities
Operating cash flow¥2.7bn2022-04-01 → 2023-03-31Cons.Net cash provided by used in operating activities
Operating cash flow¥3.9bn2021-04-01 → 2022-03-31dCons.Net cash provided by used in operating activities (5-year summary)
Operating cash flow¥4.1bn2020-04-01 → 2021-03-31dCons.Net cash provided by used in operating activities (5-year summary)
Operating cash flow¥1.8bn2019-04-01 → 2020-03-31dCons.Net cash provided by used in operating activities (5-year summary)
Investing cash flow−¥1.6bn2023-04-01 → 2024-03-31Cons.Net cash provided by used in investment activities
Investing cash flow−¥1.6bn2022-04-01 → 2023-03-31Cons.Net cash provided by used in investment activities
Investing cash flow−¥500m2021-04-01 → 2022-03-31dCons.Net cash provided by used in investing activities (5-year summary)
Investing cash flow−¥657m2020-04-01 → 2021-03-31dCons.Net cash provided by used in investing activities (5-year summary)
Investing cash flow−¥5.0bn2019-04-01 → 2020-03-31dCons.Net cash provided by used in investing activities (5-year summary)
Financing cash flow−¥1.3bn2023-04-01 → 2024-03-31Cons.Net cash provided by used in financing activities
Financing cash flow−¥1.2bn2022-04-01 → 2023-03-31Cons.Net cash provided by used in financing activities
Financing cash flow−¥3.5bn2021-04-01 → 2022-03-31dCons.Net cash provided by used in financing activities (5-year summary)
Financing cash flow−¥1.1bn2020-04-01 → 2021-03-31dCons.Net cash provided by used in financing activities (5-year summary)
Financing cash flow¥3.1bn2019-04-01 → 2020-03-31dCons.Net cash provided by used in financing activities (5-year summary)
EPS (basic)¥188.082023-04-01 → 2024-03-31Cons.Basic earnings loss per share (5-year summary)
EPS (basic)¥57.932022-04-01 → 2023-03-31Cons.Basic earnings loss per share (5-year summary)
EPS (basic)¥95.942021-04-01 → 2022-03-31dCons.Basic earnings loss per share (5-year summary)
EPS (basic)¥59.752020-04-01 → 2021-03-31dCons.Basic earnings loss per share (5-year summary)
EPS (basic)¥37.542019-04-01 → 2020-03-31dCons.Basic earnings loss per share (5-year summary)
Net assets per share¥2,884.89at 2024-03-31Cons.Net assets per share (5-year summary)
Net assets per share¥2,667.22at 2023-03-31Cons.Net assets per share (5-year summary)
Net assets per share¥2,621.3at 2022-03-31dCons.Net assets per share (5-year summary)
Net assets per share¥2,463.21at 2021-03-31dCons.Net assets per share (5-year summary)
Net assets per share¥2,416.74at 2020-03-31dCons.Net assets per share (5-year summary)
Equity ratio81.1%at 2024-03-31Cons.Equity to asset ratio (5-year summary)
Equity ratio80.0%at 2023-03-31Cons.Equity to asset ratio (5-year summary)
Equity ratio77.6%at 2022-03-31dCons.Equity to asset ratio (5-year summary)
Equity ratio70.3%at 2021-03-31dCons.Equity to asset ratio (5-year summary)
Equity ratio66.6%at 2020-03-31dCons.Equity to asset ratio (5-year summary)
ROE6.8%2023-04-01 → 2024-03-31Cons.Rate of return on equity (5-year summary)
ROE2.2%2022-04-01 → 2023-03-31Cons.Rate of return on equity (5-year summary)
ROE3.8%2021-04-01 → 2022-03-31dCons.Rate of return on equity (5-year summary)
ROE2.4%2020-04-01 → 2021-03-31dCons.Rate of return on equity (5-year summary)
ROE1.6%2019-04-01 → 2020-03-31dCons.Rate of return on equity (5-year summary)
Employees1,161at 2024-03-31Cons.Number of employees
Employees1,104at 2023-03-31Cons.Number of employees
Employees1,112at 2022-03-31dCons.Number of employees
Employees1,165at 2021-03-31dCons.Number of employees
Employees1,214at 2020-03-31dCons.Number of employees
Revenue¥20.0bn2023-04-01 → 2024-03-31StandaloneNet sales
Revenue¥18.4bn2022-04-01 → 2023-03-31StandaloneNet sales
Revenue¥17.0bn2021-04-01 → 2022-03-31dStandaloneNet sales (5-year summary)
Revenue¥16.1bn2020-04-01 → 2021-03-31dStandaloneNet sales (5-year summary)
Revenue¥21.5bn2019-04-01 → 2020-03-31dStandaloneNet sales (5-year summary)
Operating income¥1.2bn2023-04-01 → 2024-03-31StandaloneOperating income
Operating income¥244m2022-04-01 → 2023-03-31StandaloneOperating income
Ordinary income¥1.6bn2023-04-01 → 2024-03-31StandaloneOrdinary income
Ordinary income¥838m2022-04-01 → 2023-03-31StandaloneOrdinary income
Ordinary income¥1.2bn2021-04-01 → 2022-03-31dStandaloneOrdinary income loss (5-year summary)
Ordinary income¥351m2020-04-01 → 2021-03-31dStandaloneOrdinary income loss (5-year summary)
Ordinary income¥441m2019-04-01 → 2020-03-31dStandaloneOrdinary income loss (5-year summary)
Profit before tax¥1.4bn2023-04-01 → 2024-03-31StandaloneIncome before income taxes
Profit before tax¥755m2022-04-01 → 2023-03-31StandaloneIncome before income taxes
Net income¥1.1bn2023-04-01 → 2024-03-31StandaloneProfit loss
Net income¥674m2022-04-01 → 2023-03-31StandaloneProfit loss
Net income¥876m2021-04-01 → 2022-03-31dStandaloneNet income loss (5-year summary)
Net income¥320m2020-04-01 → 2021-03-31dStandaloneNet income loss (5-year summary)
Net income¥221m2019-04-01 → 2020-03-31dStandaloneNet income loss (5-year summary)
Total assets¥30.5bnat 2024-03-31StandaloneAssets
Total assets¥29.2bnat 2023-03-31StandaloneAssets
Total assets¥28.9bnat 2022-03-31dStandaloneTotal assets (5-year summary)
Total assets¥30.6bnat 2021-03-31dStandaloneTotal assets (5-year summary)
Total assets¥31.1bnat 2020-03-31dStandaloneTotal assets (5-year summary)
Total liabilities¥4.8bnat 2024-03-31StandaloneLiabilities
Total liabilities¥4.2bnat 2023-03-31StandaloneLiabilities
Net assets / equity¥25.7bnat 2024-03-31StandaloneNet assets
Net assets / equity¥25.0bnat 2023-03-31StandaloneNet assets
Net assets / equity¥24.6bnat 2022-03-31dStandaloneNet assets
Net assets / equity¥24.0bnat 2021-03-31dStandaloneNet assets (5-year summary)
Net assets / equity¥23.8bnat 2020-03-31dStandaloneNet assets (5-year summary)
Cash and deposits¥2.2bnat 2024-03-31StandaloneCash and deposits
Cash and deposits¥1.8bnat 2023-03-31StandaloneCash and deposits
EPS (basic)¥103.222023-04-01 → 2024-03-31StandaloneBasic earnings loss per share (5-year summary)
EPS (basic)¥65.652022-04-01 → 2023-03-31StandaloneBasic earnings loss per share (5-year summary)
EPS (basic)¥85.252021-04-01 → 2022-03-31dStandaloneBasic earnings loss per share (5-year summary)
EPS (basic)¥31.172020-04-01 → 2021-03-31dStandaloneBasic earnings loss per share (5-year summary)
EPS (basic)¥21.532019-04-01 → 2020-03-31dStandaloneBasic earnings loss per share (5-year summary)
Dividend per share¥2502023-04-01 → 2024-03-31StandaloneDividend paid per share (5-year summary)
Dividend per share¥1302022-04-01 → 2023-03-31StandaloneDividend paid per share (5-year summary)
Dividend per share¥1302021-04-01 → 2022-03-31dStandaloneDividend paid per share (5-year summary)
Dividend per share¥652020-04-01 → 2021-03-31dStandaloneDividend paid per share (5-year summary)
Dividend per share¥1102019-04-01 → 2020-03-31dStandaloneDividend paid per share (5-year summary)
Net assets per share¥2,502.8at 2024-03-31StandaloneNet assets per share (5-year summary)
Net assets per share¥2,432.55at 2023-03-31StandaloneNet assets per share (5-year summary)
Net assets per share¥2,392.89at 2022-03-31dStandaloneNet assets per share (5-year summary)
Net assets per share¥2,334.08at 2021-03-31dStandaloneNet assets per share (5-year summary)
Net assets per share¥2,312.87at 2020-03-31dStandaloneNet assets per share (5-year summary)
Equity ratio84.3%at 2024-03-31StandaloneEquity to asset ratio (5-year summary)
Equity ratio85.5%at 2023-03-31StandaloneEquity to asset ratio (5-year summary)
Equity ratio85.1%at 2022-03-31dStandaloneEquity to asset ratio (5-year summary)
Equity ratio78.3%at 2021-03-31dStandaloneEquity to asset ratio (5-year summary)
Equity ratio76.3%at 2020-03-31dStandaloneEquity to asset ratio (5-year summary)
ROE4.2%2023-04-01 → 2024-03-31StandaloneRate of return on equity (5-year summary)
ROE2.7%2022-04-01 → 2023-03-31StandaloneRate of return on equity (5-year summary)
ROE3.6%2021-04-01 → 2022-03-31dStandaloneRate of return on equity (5-year summary)
ROE1.3%2020-04-01 → 2021-03-31dStandaloneRate of return on equity (5-year summary)
ROE0.9%2019-04-01 → 2020-03-31dStandaloneRate of return on equity (5-year summary)
Shares issued2,055,950at 2024-03-31StandaloneTotal number of issued shares (5-year summary)
Shares issued2,055,950at 2023-03-31StandaloneTotal number of issued shares (5-year summary)
Shares issued2,055,950at 2022-03-31dStandaloneTotal number of issued shares (5-year summary)
Shares issued2,055,950at 2021-03-31dStandaloneTotal number of issued shares (5-year summary)
Shares issued2,055,950at 2020-03-31dStandaloneTotal number of issued shares (5-year summary)
Employees546at 2024-03-31StandaloneNumber of employees
Employees562at 2023-03-31StandaloneNumber of employees
Employees555at 2022-03-31dStandaloneNumber of employees
Employees504at 2021-03-31dStandaloneNumber of employees
Employees534at 2020-03-31dStandaloneNumber of employees

Periods use the dates stated in the filing. d = earlier-year period dated by calendar; v = that date confirmed by the company's own earlier filing.

Segments · 34
SegmentItemPeriodValue
Otherother segmentscapex2023-04-01 → 2024-03-31¥60m
Otherother segmentsdepreciation2023-04-01 → 2024-03-31¥19m
Otherother segmentsemployeesat 2024-03-3122 pure
Otherother segmentsrevenue2023-04-01 → 2024-03-31¥270m
Otherother segmentsrevenue external2023-04-01 → 2024-03-31¥270m
Otherother segmentssegment assetsat 2024-03-31¥629m
Otherother segmentssegment profit2023-04-01 → 2024-03-31¥22m
Reconciling Itemsreconcilingsegment assetsat 2024-03-31−¥3m
Automobile Component Manufacturingreportable segmentcapex2023-04-01 → 2024-03-31¥1.3bn
Automobile Component Manufacturingreportable segmentdepreciation2023-04-01 → 2024-03-31¥2.3bn
Automobile Component Manufacturingreportable segmentemployeesat 2024-03-311139 pure
Automobile Component Manufacturingreportable segmentrevenue2023-04-01 → 2024-03-31¥23.1bn
Automobile Component Manufacturingreportable segmentrevenue external2023-04-01 → 2024-03-31¥23.1bn
Automobile Component Manufacturingreportable segmentsegment assetsat 2024-03-31¥35.9bn
Automobile Component Manufacturingreportable segmentsegment profit2023-04-01 → 2024-03-31¥1.6bn
Total Of Reportable Segments And Otherssegment totalcapex2023-04-01 → 2024-03-31¥1.4bn
Total Of Reportable Segments And Otherssegment totaldepreciation2023-04-01 → 2024-03-31¥2.4bn
Total Of Reportable Segments And Otherssegment totalrevenue2023-04-01 → 2024-03-31¥23.4bn
Total Of Reportable Segments And Otherssegment totalrevenue external2023-04-01 → 2024-03-31¥23.4bn
Total Of Reportable Segments And Otherssegment totalsegment assetsat 2024-03-31¥36.5bn
Total Of Reportable Segments And Otherssegment totalsegment profit2023-04-01 → 2024-03-31¥1.6bn
Automobile Component Manufacturingreportable segmentcapex2022-04-01 → 2023-03-31¥1.7bn
Automobile Component Manufacturingreportable segmentdepreciation2022-04-01 → 2023-03-31¥2.3bn
Automobile Component Manufacturingreportable segmentrevenue2022-04-01 → 2023-03-31¥21.6bn
Automobile Component Manufacturingreportable segmentrevenue external2022-04-01 → 2023-03-31¥21.6bn
Automobile Component Manufacturingreportable segmentsegment assetsat 2023-03-31¥34.2bn
Automobile Component Manufacturingreportable segmentsegment profit2022-04-01 → 2023-03-31¥869m
Total Of Reportable Segments And Otherssegment totalcapex2022-04-01 → 2023-03-31¥1.7bn
Total Of Reportable Segments And Otherssegment totaldepreciation2022-04-01 → 2023-03-31¥2.3bn
Total Of Reportable Segments And Otherssegment totalrevenue2022-04-01 → 2023-03-31¥21.6bn
Total Of Reportable Segments And Otherssegment totalrevenue external2022-04-01 → 2023-03-31¥21.6bn
Total Of Reportable Segments And Otherssegment totalsegment assetsat 2023-03-31¥34.2bn
Total Of Reportable Segments And Otherssegment totalsegment profit2022-04-01 → 2023-03-31¥869m
Automobile Component Manufacturingreportable segmentemployeesat 2024-03-31546 pure

Segment names come from EDINET member IDs; not yet mapped to a common taxonomy.

All source rows · 1,447
ItemContextValueUnit
Number of shares issued shares voting rightsCurrentYearInstant_SharesWithRestrictedVotingRightsOtherMember-
Number of voting rights issued shares voting rightsCurrentYearInstant_SharesWithRestrictedVotingRightsOtherMember-
Number of shares issued shares voting rightsCurrentYearInstant_OrdinarySharesTreasurySharesSharesWithFullVotingRightsTreasurySharesEtcMember2100
Number of shares issued shares voting rightsCurrentYearInstant_OrdinarySharesSharesWithFullVotingRightsOtherMember2043200
Number of voting rights issued shares voting rightsCurrentYearInstant_OrdinarySharesSharesWithFullVotingRightsOtherMember20432
Number of shares issued shares voting rightsCurrentYearInstant_OrdinarySharesSharesLessThanOneUnitMember10650
Number of shares issued shares voting rightsCurrentYearInstant2055950
Number of voting rights issued shares voting rightsCurrentYearInstant20432
Number of shares held in own name treasury shares etcCurrentYearInstant_Row1Member2100
Number of shares held in others names treasury shares etcCurrentYearInstant_Row1Member-
Total number of shares held treasury shares etcCurrentYearInstant_Row1Member2100
Shareholding ratio treasury shares etcCurrentYearInstant_Row1Member0.0010
Number of shares held in own name treasury shares etcCurrentYearInstant2100
Number of shares held in others names treasury shares etcCurrentYearInstant-
Total number of shares held treasury shares etcCurrentYearInstant2100
Shareholding ratio treasury shares etcCurrentYearInstant0.0010
Total amount of dividends dividends of surplusFilingDateInstant_Row1Member205387000JPY
Dividend per share dividends of surplusFilingDateInstant_Row1Member100.00
Total amount of dividends dividends of surplusFilingDateInstant_Row2Member308072000JPY
Dividend per share dividends of surplusFilingDateInstant_Row2Member150.00
Number of male directors and other officersFilingDateInstant11
Number of female directors and other officersFilingDateInstant1
Ratio of female directors and other officersFilingDateInstant0.08
Number of shares held ordinary shares information about directors and corporate auditorsFilingDateInstant_jpcrp030000-asr_E02225-000TsujimotoSatoshiMember23000
Number of shares held ordinary shares information about directors and corporate auditorsFilingDateInstant_jpcrp030000-asr_E02225-000IchikawaOsamuMember8000
Number of shares held ordinary shares information about directors and corporate auditorsFilingDateInstant_jpcrp030000-asr_E02225-000FujikawaShinjiMember9500
Number of shares held ordinary shares information about directors and corporate auditorsFilingDateInstant_jpcrp030000-asr_E02225-000HamadaAkihiroMember7500
Number of shares held ordinary shares information about directors and corporate auditorsFilingDateInstant_jpcrp030000-asr_E02225-000FukuokaSatoshiMember5500
Number of shares held ordinary shares information about directors and corporate auditorsFilingDateInstant_jpcrp030000-asr_E02225-000YamashitaToshiakiMember-
Number of shares held ordinary shares information about directors and corporate auditorsFilingDateInstant_jpcrp030000-asr_E02225-000IidukaKatsumiMember-
Number of shares held ordinary shares information about directors and corporate auditorsFilingDateInstant_jpcrp030000-asr_E02225-000ToneKiyotoMember5500
Number of shares held ordinary shares information about directors and corporate auditorsFilingDateInstant_jpcrp030000-asr_E02225-000TaketsuruTakaakiMember-
Number of shares held ordinary shares information about directors and corporate auditorsFilingDateInstant_jpcrp030000-asr_E02225-000YamadaTakekiMember-
Number of shares held ordinary shares information about directors and corporate auditorsFilingDateInstant_jpcrp030000-asr_E02225-000KawasakiKenjiMember-
Number of shares held ordinary shares information about directors and corporate auditorsFilingDateInstant_jpcrp030000-asr_E02225-000HigashijimaKaoriMember-
Number of shares held ordinary shares information about directors and corporate auditorsFilingDateInstant59000
Audit fees reporting companyPrior1YearDuration37000000JPY
Non audit fees reporting companyPrior1YearDuration6180000JPY
Audit fees reporting companyCurrentYearDuration39000000JPY
Non audit fees reporting companyCurrentYearDuration5721000JPY
Audit fees consolidated subsidiariesPrior1YearDuration-JPY
Non audit fees consolidated subsidiariesPrior1YearDuration-JPY
Audit fees consolidated subsidiariesCurrentYearDuration-JPY
Non audit fees consolidated subsidiariesCurrentYearDuration-JPY
Audit fees totalPrior1YearDuration37000000JPY
Non audit fees totalPrior1YearDuration6180000JPY
Audit fees totalCurrentYearDuration39000000JPY
Non audit fees totalCurrentYearDuration5721000JPY
Audit fees reporting company network firmsPrior1YearDuration-JPY
Non audit fees reporting company network firmsPrior1YearDuration3773000JPY

Every row of the EDINET CSV. Item names are the XBRL element names; filed text is kept in its original Japanese. Filed text is available on Plus and Pro.

Data checks · 24 of 24 passed
balance sheet identityconsolidated 2023-03-31pass
balance sheet identityconsolidated 2024-03-31pass
balance sheet identitynon_consolidated 2023-03-31pass
balance sheet identitynon_consolidated 2024-03-31pass
dei present pass
period resolution pass
statement vs summary · net assetsconsolidated 2022-03-31pass
statement vs summary · net assetsconsolidated 2023-03-31pass
statement vs summary · net assetsconsolidated 2024-03-31pass
statement vs summary · net assetsnon_consolidated 2022-03-31pass
statement vs summary · net assetsnon_consolidated 2023-03-31pass
statement vs summary · net assetsnon_consolidated 2024-03-31pass
statement vs summary · net income attributable to parentconsolidated 2022-04-01/2023-03-31pass
statement vs summary · net income attributable to parentconsolidated 2023-04-01/2024-03-31pass
statement vs summary · operating cash flowconsolidated 2022-04-01/2023-03-31pass
statement vs summary · operating cash flowconsolidated 2023-04-01/2024-03-31pass
statement vs summary · revenueconsolidated 2022-04-01/2023-03-31pass
statement vs summary · revenueconsolidated 2023-04-01/2024-03-31pass
statement vs summary · revenuenon_consolidated 2022-04-01/2023-03-31pass
statement vs summary · revenuenon_consolidated 2023-04-01/2024-03-31pass
statement vs summary · total assetsconsolidated 2023-03-31pass
statement vs summary · total assetsconsolidated 2024-03-31pass
statement vs summary · total assetsnon_consolidated 2023-03-31pass
statement vs summary · total assetsnon_consolidated 2024-03-31pass