Annual report

Period2021-04-01 → 2022-03-31
Filed2023-02-14
StandardJapan GAAP
ConsolidatedYes
Data checks24 of 24 passed

Amends S100ODR5. Amended by S100Q8S8 (2023-02-14).

Key figures · 153
MetricValuePeriodScopeSource row
Revenue¥14.3bn2021-04-01 → 2022-03-31Cons.Net sales
Revenue¥3.4bn2020-04-01 → 2021-03-31Cons.Net sales
Revenue¥3.5bn2019-04-01 → 2020-03-31dCons.Net sales (5-year summary)
Revenue¥3.1bn2018-04-01 → 2019-03-31dCons.Net sales (5-year summary)
Revenue¥2.6bn2017-04-01 → 2018-03-31dCons.Net sales (5-year summary)
Operating income¥1.1bn2021-04-01 → 2022-03-31Cons.Operating income
Operating income¥738m2020-04-01 → 2021-03-31Cons.Operating income
Ordinary income¥1.1bn2021-04-01 → 2022-03-31Cons.Ordinary income
Ordinary income¥714m2020-04-01 → 2021-03-31Cons.Ordinary income
Ordinary income¥675m2019-04-01 → 2020-03-31dCons.Ordinary income loss (5-year summary)
Ordinary income¥532m2018-04-01 → 2019-03-31dCons.Ordinary income loss (5-year summary)
Ordinary income¥379m2017-04-01 → 2018-03-31dCons.Ordinary income loss (5-year summary)
Profit before tax¥1.1bn2021-04-01 → 2022-03-31Cons.Income before income taxes
Profit before tax¥714m2020-04-01 → 2021-03-31Cons.Income before income taxes
Net income (owners)¥705m2021-04-01 → 2022-03-31Cons.Profit loss attributable to owners of parent
Net income (owners)¥458m2020-04-01 → 2021-03-31Cons.Profit loss attributable to owners of parent
Net income (owners)¥391m2019-04-01 → 2020-03-31dCons.Profit loss attributable to owners of parent (5-year summary)
Net income (owners)¥412m2018-04-01 → 2019-03-31dCons.Profit loss attributable to owners of parent (5-year summary)
Net income (owners)¥278m2017-04-01 → 2018-03-31dCons.Profit loss attributable to owners of parent (5-year summary)
Net income¥705m2021-04-01 → 2022-03-31Cons.Profit loss
Net income¥458m2020-04-01 → 2021-03-31Cons.Profit loss
Total assets¥5.9bnat 2022-03-31Cons.Assets
Total assets¥6.5bnat 2021-03-31Cons.Assets
Total assets¥4.7bnat 2020-03-31dCons.Total assets (5-year summary)
Total assets¥4.5bnat 2019-03-31dCons.Total assets (5-year summary)
Total assets¥2.8bnat 2018-03-31dCons.Total assets (5-year summary)
Total liabilities¥1.4bnat 2022-03-31Cons.Liabilities
Total liabilities¥2.7bnat 2021-03-31Cons.Liabilities
Net assets / equity¥4.5bnat 2022-03-31Cons.Net assets
Net assets / equity¥3.8bnat 2021-03-31Cons.Net assets
Net assets / equity¥3.4bnat 2020-03-31dCons.Net assets
Net assets / equity¥2.7bnat 2019-03-31dCons.Net assets (5-year summary)
Net assets / equity¥1.0bnat 2018-03-31dCons.Net assets (5-year summary)
Cash and deposits¥3.4bnat 2022-03-31Cons.Cash and deposits
Cash and deposits¥3.1bnat 2021-03-31Cons.Cash and deposits
Cash & equivalents¥3.4bnat 2022-03-31Cons.Cash and cash equivalents
Cash & equivalents¥3.1bnat 2021-03-31Cons.Cash and cash equivalents
Cash & equivalents¥2.6bnat 2020-03-31dCons.Cash and cash equivalents
Cash & equivalents¥2.6bnat 2019-03-31dCons.Cash and cash equivalents (5-year summary)
Cash & equivalents¥1.2bnat 2018-03-31dCons.Cash and cash equivalents (5-year summary)
Operating cash flow¥369m2021-04-01 → 2022-03-31Cons.Net cash provided by used in operating activities
Operating cash flow¥662m2020-04-01 → 2021-03-31Cons.Net cash provided by used in operating activities
Operating cash flow¥40m2019-04-01 → 2020-03-31dCons.Net cash provided by used in operating activities (5-year summary)
Operating cash flow¥191m2018-04-01 → 2019-03-31dCons.Net cash provided by used in operating activities (5-year summary)
Operating cash flow¥457m2017-04-01 → 2018-03-31dCons.Net cash provided by used in operating activities (5-year summary)
Investing cash flow−¥69m2021-04-01 → 2022-03-31Cons.Net cash provided by used in investment activities
Investing cash flow−¥49m2020-04-01 → 2021-03-31Cons.Net cash provided by used in investment activities
Investing cash flow−¥77m2019-04-01 → 2020-03-31dCons.Net cash provided by used in investing activities (5-year summary)
Investing cash flow¥124m2018-04-01 → 2019-03-31dCons.Net cash provided by used in investing activities (5-year summary)
Investing cash flow−¥31m2017-04-01 → 2018-03-31dCons.Net cash provided by used in investing activities (5-year summary)
Financing cash flow−¥91m2021-04-01 → 2022-03-31Cons.Net cash provided by used in financing activities
Financing cash flow−¥23m2020-04-01 → 2021-03-31Cons.Net cash provided by used in financing activities
Financing cash flow−¥20m2019-04-01 → 2020-03-31dCons.Net cash provided by used in financing activities (5-year summary)
Financing cash flow¥1.1bn2018-04-01 → 2019-03-31dCons.Net cash provided by used in financing activities (5-year summary)
Financing cash flow¥43m2017-04-01 → 2018-03-31dCons.Net cash provided by used in financing activities (5-year summary)
EPS (basic)¥67.182021-04-01 → 2022-03-31Cons.Basic earnings loss per share (5-year summary)
EPS (basic)¥43.832020-04-01 → 2021-03-31Cons.Basic earnings loss per share (5-year summary)
EPS (basic)¥37.782019-04-01 → 2020-03-31dCons.Basic earnings loss per share (5-year summary)
EPS (basic)¥47.962018-04-01 → 2019-03-31dCons.Basic earnings loss per share (5-year summary)
EPS (basic)¥33.472017-04-01 → 2018-03-31dCons.Basic earnings loss per share (5-year summary)
EPS (diluted)¥66.172021-04-01 → 2022-03-31Cons.Diluted earnings per share (5-year summary)
EPS (diluted)¥43.062020-04-01 → 2021-03-31Cons.Diluted earnings per share (5-year summary)
EPS (diluted)¥36.742019-04-01 → 2020-03-31dCons.Diluted earnings per share (5-year summary)
EPS (diluted)¥44.662018-04-01 → 2019-03-31dCons.Diluted earnings per share (5-year summary)
Net assets per share¥422.26at 2022-03-31Cons.Net assets per share (5-year summary)
Net assets per share¥365.74at 2021-03-31Cons.Net assets per share (5-year summary)
Net assets per share¥321.99at 2020-03-31dCons.Net assets per share (5-year summary)
Net assets per share¥272.03at 2019-03-31dCons.Net assets per share (5-year summary)
Net assets per share¥125.4at 2018-03-31dCons.Net assets per share (5-year summary)
Equity ratio75.7%at 2022-03-31Cons.Equity to asset ratio (5-year summary)
Equity ratio59.1%at 2021-03-31Cons.Equity to asset ratio (5-year summary)
Equity ratio71.4%at 2020-03-31dCons.Equity to asset ratio (5-year summary)
Equity ratio60.6%at 2019-03-31dCons.Equity to asset ratio (5-year summary)
Equity ratio37.0%at 2018-03-31dCons.Equity to asset ratio (5-year summary)
ROE17.0%2021-04-01 → 2022-03-31Cons.Rate of return on equity (5-year summary)
ROE12.7%2020-04-01 → 2021-03-31Cons.Rate of return on equity (5-year summary)
ROE12.8%2019-04-01 → 2020-03-31dCons.Rate of return on equity (5-year summary)
ROE21.8%2018-04-01 → 2019-03-31dCons.Rate of return on equity (5-year summary)
ROE31.6%2017-04-01 → 2018-03-31dCons.Rate of return on equity (5-year summary)
Employees384at 2022-03-31Cons.Number of employees
Employees357at 2021-03-31Cons.Number of employees
Employees391at 2020-03-31dCons.Number of employees
Employees308at 2019-03-31dCons.Number of employees
Employees269at 2018-03-31dCons.Number of employees
Revenue¥11.1bn2021-04-01 → 2022-03-31StandaloneNet sales
Revenue¥1.7bn2020-04-01 → 2021-03-31StandaloneNet sales
Revenue¥1.5bn2019-04-01 → 2020-03-31dStandaloneNet sales (5-year summary)
Revenue¥1.4bn2018-04-01 → 2019-03-31dStandaloneNet sales (5-year summary)
Revenue¥2.3bn2017-04-01 → 2018-03-31dStandaloneNet sales (5-year summary)
Operating income¥545m2021-04-01 → 2022-03-31StandaloneOperating income
Operating income¥460m2020-04-01 → 2021-03-31StandaloneOperating income
Ordinary income¥577m2021-04-01 → 2022-03-31StandaloneOrdinary income
Ordinary income¥469m2020-04-01 → 2021-03-31StandaloneOrdinary income
Ordinary income¥353m2019-04-01 → 2020-03-31dStandaloneOrdinary income loss (5-year summary)
Ordinary income¥204m2018-04-01 → 2019-03-31dStandaloneOrdinary income loss (5-year summary)
Ordinary income¥343m2017-04-01 → 2018-03-31dStandaloneOrdinary income loss (5-year summary)
Profit before tax¥547m2021-04-01 → 2022-03-31StandaloneIncome before income taxes
Profit before tax¥469m2020-04-01 → 2021-03-31StandaloneIncome before income taxes
Net income¥364m2021-04-01 → 2022-03-31StandaloneProfit loss
Net income¥326m2020-04-01 → 2021-03-31StandaloneProfit loss
Net income¥208m2019-04-01 → 2020-03-31dStandaloneNet income loss (5-year summary)
Net income¥297m2018-04-01 → 2019-03-31dStandaloneNet income loss (5-year summary)
Net income¥251m2017-04-01 → 2018-03-31dStandaloneNet income loss (5-year summary)
Total assets¥4.9bnat 2022-03-31StandaloneAssets
Total assets¥4.5bnat 2021-03-31StandaloneAssets
Total assets¥4.0bnat 2020-03-31dStandaloneTotal assets (5-year summary)
Total assets¥3.8bnat 2019-03-31dStandaloneTotal assets (5-year summary)
Total assets¥2.6bnat 2018-03-31dStandaloneTotal assets (5-year summary)
Total liabilities¥1.3bnat 2022-03-31StandaloneLiabilities
Total liabilities¥1.2bnat 2021-03-31StandaloneLiabilities
Net assets / equity¥3.6bnat 2022-03-31StandaloneNet assets
Net assets / equity¥3.3bnat 2021-03-31StandaloneNet assets
Net assets / equity¥3.0bnat 2020-03-31dStandaloneNet assets
Net assets / equity¥2.5bnat 2019-03-31dStandaloneNet assets (5-year summary)
Net assets / equity¥946mat 2018-03-31dStandaloneNet assets (5-year summary)
Cash and deposits¥2.5bnat 2022-03-31StandaloneCash and deposits
Cash and deposits¥2.4bnat 2021-03-31StandaloneCash and deposits
EPS (basic)¥34.682021-04-01 → 2022-03-31StandaloneBasic earnings loss per share (5-year summary)
EPS (basic)¥31.182020-04-01 → 2021-03-31StandaloneBasic earnings loss per share (5-year summary)
EPS (basic)¥20.12019-04-01 → 2020-03-31dStandaloneBasic earnings loss per share (5-year summary)
EPS (basic)¥34.642018-04-01 → 2019-03-31dStandaloneBasic earnings loss per share (5-year summary)
EPS (basic)¥30.222017-04-01 → 2018-03-31dStandaloneBasic earnings loss per share (5-year summary)
EPS (diluted)¥34.162021-04-01 → 2022-03-31StandaloneDiluted earnings per share (5-year summary)
EPS (diluted)¥30.632020-04-01 → 2021-03-31StandaloneDiluted earnings per share (5-year summary)
EPS (diluted)¥19.552019-04-01 → 2020-03-31dStandaloneDiluted earnings per share (5-year summary)
EPS (diluted)¥32.262018-04-01 → 2019-03-31dStandaloneDiluted earnings per share (5-year summary)
Dividend per share¥102021-04-01 → 2022-03-31StandaloneDividend paid per share (5-year summary)
Dividend per share¥102020-04-01 → 2021-03-31StandaloneDividend paid per share (5-year summary)
Net assets per share¥339.92at 2022-03-31StandaloneNet assets per share (5-year summary)
Net assets per share¥315.44at 2021-03-31StandaloneNet assets per share (5-year summary)
Net assets per share¥284.17at 2020-03-31dStandaloneNet assets per share (5-year summary)
Net assets per share¥250.09at 2019-03-31dStandaloneNet assets per share (5-year summary)
Net assets per share¥113.64at 2018-03-31dStandaloneNet assets per share (5-year summary)
Equity ratio73.7%at 2022-03-31StandaloneEquity to asset ratio (5-year summary)
Equity ratio73.6%at 2021-03-31StandaloneEquity to asset ratio (5-year summary)
Equity ratio74.1%at 2020-03-31dStandaloneEquity to asset ratio (5-year summary)
Equity ratio67.1%at 2019-03-31dStandaloneEquity to asset ratio (5-year summary)
Equity ratio35.7%at 2018-03-31dStandaloneEquity to asset ratio (5-year summary)
ROE10.6%2021-04-01 → 2022-03-31StandaloneRate of return on equity (5-year summary)
ROE10.4%2020-04-01 → 2021-03-31StandaloneRate of return on equity (5-year summary)
ROE7.6%2019-04-01 → 2020-03-31dStandaloneRate of return on equity (5-year summary)
ROE17.1%2018-04-01 → 2019-03-31dStandaloneRate of return on equity (5-year summary)
ROE31.5%2017-04-01 → 2018-03-31dStandaloneRate of return on equity (5-year summary)
Shares issued10,564,840at 2022-03-31StandaloneTotal number of issued shares (5-year summary)
Shares issued10,513,440at 2021-03-31StandaloneTotal number of issued shares (5-year summary)
Shares issued10,462,960at 2020-03-31dStandaloneTotal number of issued shares (5-year summary)
Shares issued5,050,920at 2019-03-31dStandaloneTotal number of issued shares (5-year summary)
Shares issued208,146at 2018-03-31dStandaloneTotal number of issued shares (5-year summary)
Employees124at 2022-03-31StandaloneNumber of employees
Employees106at 2021-03-31StandaloneNumber of employees
Employees96at 2020-03-31dStandaloneNumber of employees
Employees84at 2019-03-31dStandaloneNumber of employees
Employees200at 2018-03-31dStandaloneNumber of employees

Periods use the dates stated in the filing. d = earlier-year period dated by calendar; v = that date confirmed by the company's own earlier filing.

Segments · 42
SegmentItemPeriodValue
Reconciling Itemsreconcilingsegment profit2021-04-01 → 2022-03-31−¥435m
Game Businessreportable segmentemployeesat 2022-03-31220 pure
Game Businessreportable segmentrevenue2021-04-01 → 2022-03-31¥3.2bn
Game Businessreportable segmentrevenue external2021-04-01 → 2022-03-31¥3.2bn
Game Businessreportable segmentsegment profit2021-04-01 → 2022-03-31¥584m
IT Job Matching Businessreportable segmentemployeesat 2022-03-3185 pure
IT Job Matching Businessreportable segmentrevenue2021-04-01 → 2022-03-31¥10.8bn
IT Job Matching Businessreportable segmentrevenue external2021-04-01 → 2022-03-31¥10.8bn
IT Job Matching Businessreportable segmentsegment profit2021-04-01 → 2022-03-31¥997m
Seed Techbusinessreportable segmentemployeesat 2022-03-3140 pure
Seed Techbusinessreportable segmentrevenue2021-04-01 → 2022-03-31¥116m
Seed Techbusinessreportable segmentrevenue external2021-04-01 → 2022-03-31¥116m
Seed Techbusinessreportable segmentsegment profit2021-04-01 → 2022-03-31−¥27m
X Tech Businessreportable segmentemployeesat 2022-03-3120 pure
X Tech Businessreportable segmentrevenue2021-04-01 → 2022-03-31¥304m
X Tech Businessreportable segmentrevenue external2021-04-01 → 2022-03-31¥304m
X Tech Businessreportable segmentsegment profit2021-04-01 → 2022-03-31¥15m
Total Of Reportable Segments And Otherssegment totalrevenue2021-04-01 → 2022-03-31¥14.3bn
Total Of Reportable Segments And Otherssegment totalrevenue external2021-04-01 → 2022-03-31¥14.3bn
Total Of Reportable Segments And Otherssegment totalsegment profit2021-04-01 → 2022-03-31¥1.6bn
Reconciling Itemsreconcilingrevenue2020-04-01 → 2021-03-31−¥3m
Reconciling Itemsreconcilingrevenue intersegment2020-04-01 → 2021-03-31−¥3m
Reconciling Itemsreconcilingsegment profit2020-04-01 → 2021-03-31−¥327m
Game Businessreportable segmentrevenue2020-04-01 → 2021-03-31¥1.6bn
Game Businessreportable segmentrevenue external2020-04-01 → 2021-03-31¥1.6bn
Game Businessreportable segmentsegment profit2020-04-01 → 2021-03-31¥270m
IT Job Matching Businessreportable segmentrevenue2020-04-01 → 2021-03-31¥1.4bn
IT Job Matching Businessreportable segmentrevenue external2020-04-01 → 2021-03-31¥1.4bn
IT Job Matching Businessreportable segmentsegment profit2020-04-01 → 2021-03-31¥823m
Seed Techbusinessreportable segmentrevenue2020-04-01 → 2021-03-31¥104m
Seed Techbusinessreportable segmentrevenue external2020-04-01 → 2021-03-31¥101m
Seed Techbusinessreportable segmentrevenue intersegment2020-04-01 → 2021-03-31¥3m
Seed Techbusinessreportable segmentsegment profit2020-04-01 → 2021-03-31−¥16m
X Tech Businessreportable segmentrevenue2020-04-01 → 2021-03-31¥266m
X Tech Businessreportable segmentrevenue external2020-04-01 → 2021-03-31¥266m
X Tech Businessreportable segmentsegment profit2020-04-01 → 2021-03-31−¥12m
Total Of Reportable Segments And Otherssegment totalrevenue2020-04-01 → 2021-03-31¥3.4bn
Total Of Reportable Segments And Otherssegment totalrevenue external2020-04-01 → 2021-03-31¥3.4bn
Total Of Reportable Segments And Otherssegment totalrevenue intersegment2020-04-01 → 2021-03-31¥3m
Total Of Reportable Segments And Otherssegment totalsegment profit2020-04-01 → 2021-03-31¥1.1bn
IT Job Matching Businessreportable segmentemployeesat 2022-03-3185 pure
X Tech Businessreportable segmentemployeesat 2022-03-3120 pure

Segment names come from EDINET member IDs; not yet mapped to a common taxonomy.

All source rows · 1,317
ItemContextValueUnit
Net assets (5-year summary)Prior1YearInstant3830496000JPY
Net assets (5-year summary)CurrentYearInstant4470860000JPY
Total assets (5-year summary)Prior4YearInstant2819849000JPY
Total assets (5-year summary)Prior3YearInstant4515127000JPY
Total assets (5-year summary)Prior2YearInstant4700309000JPY
Total assets (5-year summary)Prior1YearInstant6486303000JPY
Total assets (5-year summary)CurrentYearInstant5874294000JPY
Net assets per share (5-year summary)Prior4YearInstant125.40
Net assets per share (5-year summary)Prior3YearInstant272.03
Net assets per share (5-year summary)Prior2YearInstant321.99
Net assets per share (5-year summary)Prior1YearInstant365.74
Net assets per share (5-year summary)CurrentYearInstant422.26
Basic earnings loss per share (5-year summary)Prior4YearDuration33.47
Basic earnings loss per share (5-year summary)Prior3YearDuration47.96
Basic earnings loss per share (5-year summary)Prior2YearDuration37.78
Basic earnings loss per share (5-year summary)Prior1YearDuration43.83
Basic earnings loss per share (5-year summary)CurrentYearDuration67.18
Diluted earnings per share (5-year summary)Prior4YearDuration-
Diluted earnings per share (5-year summary)Prior3YearDuration44.66
Diluted earnings per share (5-year summary)Prior2YearDuration36.74
Diluted earnings per share (5-year summary)Prior1YearDuration43.06
Diluted earnings per share (5-year summary)CurrentYearDuration66.17
Equity to asset ratio (5-year summary)Prior4YearInstant0.370
Equity to asset ratio (5-year summary)Prior3YearInstant0.606
Equity to asset ratio (5-year summary)Prior2YearInstant0.714
Equity to asset ratio (5-year summary)Prior1YearInstant0.591
Equity to asset ratio (5-year summary)CurrentYearInstant0.757
Rate of return on equity (5-year summary)Prior4YearDuration0.316
Rate of return on equity (5-year summary)Prior3YearDuration0.218
Rate of return on equity (5-year summary)Prior2YearDuration0.128
Rate of return on equity (5-year summary)Prior1YearDuration0.127
Rate of return on equity (5-year summary)CurrentYearDuration0.170
Price earnings ratio (5-year summary)Prior4YearDuration-
Price earnings ratio (5-year summary)Prior3YearDuration46.1
Price earnings ratio (5-year summary)Prior2YearDuration43.7
Price earnings ratio (5-year summary)Prior1YearDuration29.6
Price earnings ratio (5-year summary)CurrentYearDuration24.0
Net cash provided by used in operating activities (5-year summary)Prior4YearDuration457454000JPY
Net cash provided by used in operating activities (5-year summary)Prior3YearDuration191429000JPY
Net cash provided by used in operating activities (5-year summary)Prior2YearDuration39949000JPY
Net cash provided by used in operating activities (5-year summary)Prior1YearDuration661718000JPY
Net cash provided by used in operating activities (5-year summary)CurrentYearDuration369207000JPY
Net cash provided by used in investing activities (5-year summary)Prior4YearDuration-31118000JPY
Net cash provided by used in investing activities (5-year summary)Prior3YearDuration124085000JPY
Net cash provided by used in investing activities (5-year summary)Prior2YearDuration-77131000JPY
Net cash provided by used in investing activities (5-year summary)Prior1YearDuration-48908000JPY
Net cash provided by used in investing activities (5-year summary)CurrentYearDuration-68653000JPY
Net cash provided by used in financing activities (5-year summary)Prior4YearDuration42768000JPY
Net cash provided by used in financing activities (5-year summary)Prior3YearDuration1058611000JPY
Net cash provided by used in financing activities (5-year summary)Prior2YearDuration-20049000JPY

Every row of the EDINET CSV. Item names are the XBRL element names; filed text is kept in its original Japanese. Filed text is available on Plus and Pro.

Data checks · 24 of 24 passed
balance sheet identityconsolidated 2021-03-31pass
balance sheet identityconsolidated 2022-03-31pass rounding
balance sheet identitynon_consolidated 2021-03-31pass rounding
balance sheet identitynon_consolidated 2022-03-31pass rounding
dei present pass
period resolution pass
statement vs summary · net assetsconsolidated 2020-03-31pass
statement vs summary · net assetsconsolidated 2021-03-31pass
statement vs summary · net assetsconsolidated 2022-03-31pass
statement vs summary · net assetsnon_consolidated 2020-03-31pass
statement vs summary · net assetsnon_consolidated 2021-03-31pass
statement vs summary · net assetsnon_consolidated 2022-03-31pass
statement vs summary · net income attributable to parentconsolidated 2020-04-01/2021-03-31pass
statement vs summary · net income attributable to parentconsolidated 2021-04-01/2022-03-31pass
statement vs summary · operating cash flowconsolidated 2020-04-01/2021-03-31pass
statement vs summary · operating cash flowconsolidated 2021-04-01/2022-03-31pass
statement vs summary · revenueconsolidated 2020-04-01/2021-03-31pass
statement vs summary · revenueconsolidated 2021-04-01/2022-03-31pass
statement vs summary · revenuenon_consolidated 2020-04-01/2021-03-31pass
statement vs summary · revenuenon_consolidated 2021-04-01/2022-03-31pass
statement vs summary · total assetsconsolidated 2021-03-31pass
statement vs summary · total assetsconsolidated 2022-03-31pass
statement vs summary · total assetsnon_consolidated 2021-03-31pass
statement vs summary · total assetsnon_consolidated 2022-03-31pass