Quarterly report · Q2

Period2023-04-01 → 2023-09-30
Filed2023-11-13
StandardIFRS
ConsolidatedYes
Data checks16 of 16 passed
Key figures · 61
MetricValuePeriodScopeSource row
Revenue¥50.9bn2023-04-01 → 2023-09-30Cons.Revenue IFRS
Revenue¥28.2bn2023-07-01 → 2023-09-30dCons.Revenue IFRS
Revenue¥110.9bn2022-04-01 → 2023-03-31Cons.Revenue IFRS (5-year summary)
Revenue¥54.0bn2022-04-01 → 2022-09-30Cons.Revenue IFRS
Revenue¥27.8bn2022-07-01 → 2022-09-30dCons.Revenue IFRS
Operating income¥2.9bn2023-04-01 → 2023-09-30Cons.Operating profit loss IFRS
Operating income¥3.0bn2023-07-01 → 2023-09-30dCons.Operating profit loss IFRS
Operating income¥5.4bn2022-04-01 → 2022-09-30Cons.Operating profit loss IFRS
Operating income¥2.4bn2022-07-01 → 2022-09-30dCons.Operating profit loss IFRS
Profit before tax¥3.6bn2023-04-01 → 2023-09-30Cons.Profit loss before tax IFRS
Profit before tax¥3.2bn2023-07-01 → 2023-09-30dCons.Profit loss before tax IFRS
Profit before tax¥12.4bn2022-04-01 → 2023-03-31Cons.Profit loss before tax IFRS (5-year summary)
Profit before tax¥6.8bn2022-04-01 → 2022-09-30Cons.Profit loss before tax IFRS
Profit before tax¥2.9bn2022-07-01 → 2022-09-30dCons.Profit loss before tax IFRS
Net income (owners)¥2.8bn2023-04-01 → 2023-09-30Cons.Profit loss attributable to owners of parent IFRS
Net income (owners)¥2.5bn2023-07-01 → 2023-09-30dCons.Profit loss attributable to owners of parent IFRS
Net income (owners)¥9.3bn2022-04-01 → 2023-03-31Cons.Profit loss attributable to owners of parent IFRS (5-year summary)
Net income (owners)¥5.1bn2022-04-01 → 2022-09-30Cons.Profit loss attributable to owners of parent IFRS
Net income (owners)¥2.2bn2022-07-01 → 2022-09-30dCons.Profit loss attributable to owners of parent IFRS
Net income¥2.8bn2023-04-01 → 2023-09-30Cons.Profit loss IFRS
Net income¥2.5bn2023-07-01 → 2023-09-30dCons.Profit loss IFRS
Net income¥5.1bn2022-04-01 → 2022-09-30Cons.Profit loss IFRS
Net income¥2.2bn2022-07-01 → 2022-09-30dCons.Profit loss IFRS
Total assets¥157.4bnat 2023-09-30Cons.Assets IFRS
Total assets¥152.2bnat 2023-03-31Cons.Assets IFRS
Total assets¥155.7bnat 2022-09-30Cons.Total assets IFRS (5-year summary)
Total liabilities¥35.4bnat 2023-09-30Cons.Liabilities IFRS
Total liabilities¥34.7bnat 2023-03-31Cons.Liabilities IFRS
Net assets / equity¥122.0bnat 2023-09-30Cons.Equity IFRS
Net assets / equity¥117.5bnat 2023-03-31Cons.Equity IFRS
Net assets / equity¥116.9bnat 2022-09-30Cons.Equity IFRS
Net assets / equity¥114.4bnat 2022-03-31dCons.Equity IFRS
Equity (owners)¥121.8bnat 2023-09-30Cons.Equity attributable to owners of parent IFRS
Equity (owners)¥117.3bnat 2023-03-31Cons.Equity attributable to owners of parent IFRS
Equity (owners)¥116.7bnat 2022-09-30Cons.Equity attributable to owners of parent IFRS (5-year summary)
Cash & equivalents¥41.4bnat 2023-09-30Cons.Cash and cash equivalents IFRS
Cash & equivalents¥36.8bnat 2023-03-31Cons.Cash and cash equivalents IFRS
Cash & equivalents¥43.0bnat 2022-09-30Cons.Cash and cash equivalents IFRS
Cash & equivalents¥45.7bnat 2022-03-31dCons.Cash and cash equivalents IFRS
Operating cash flow¥7.9bn2023-04-01 → 2023-09-30Cons.Net cash provided by used in operating activities IFRS
Operating cash flow¥6.1bn2022-04-01 → 2023-03-31Cons.Cash flows from used in operating activities IFRS (5-year summary)
Operating cash flow¥6.4bn2022-04-01 → 2022-09-30Cons.Net cash provided by used in operating activities IFRS
Investing cash flow−¥1.9bn2023-04-01 → 2023-09-30Cons.Net cash provided by used in investing activities IFRS
Investing cash flow−¥5.2bn2022-04-01 → 2023-03-31Cons.Cash flows from used in investing activities IFRS (5-year summary)
Investing cash flow−¥3.2bn2022-04-01 → 2022-09-30Cons.Net cash provided by used in investing activities IFRS
Financing cash flow−¥3.3bn2023-04-01 → 2023-09-30Cons.Net cash provided by used in financing activities IFRS
Financing cash flow−¥11.4bn2022-04-01 → 2023-03-31Cons.Cash flows from used in financing activities IFRS (5-year summary)
Financing cash flow−¥8.2bn2022-04-01 → 2022-09-30Cons.Net cash provided by used in financing activities IFRS
EPS (basic)¥21.192023-04-01 → 2023-09-30Cons.Basic earnings loss per share IFRS
EPS (basic)¥19.282023-07-01 → 2023-09-30dCons.Basic earnings loss per share IFRS
EPS (basic)¥69.982022-04-01 → 2023-03-31Cons.Basic earnings loss per share IFRS (5-year summary)
EPS (basic)¥38.292022-04-01 → 2022-09-30Cons.Basic earnings loss per share IFRS
EPS (basic)¥16.552022-07-01 → 2022-09-30dCons.Basic earnings loss per share IFRS
EPS (diluted)¥21.192023-04-01 → 2023-09-30Cons.Diluted earnings loss per share IFRS
EPS (diluted)¥19.282023-07-01 → 2023-09-30dCons.Diluted earnings loss per share IFRS
EPS (diluted)¥69.972022-04-01 → 2023-03-31Cons.Diluted earnings loss per share IFRS (5-year summary)
EPS (diluted)¥38.282022-04-01 → 2022-09-30Cons.Diluted earnings loss per share IFRS
EPS (diluted)¥16.552022-07-01 → 2022-09-30dCons.Diluted earnings loss per share IFRS
Equity ratio77.4%at 2023-09-30Cons.Ratio of owners equity to gross assets IFRS (5-year summary)
Equity ratio77.0%at 2023-03-31Cons.Ratio of owners equity to gross assets IFRS (5-year summary)
Equity ratio74.9%at 2022-09-30Cons.Ratio of owners equity to gross assets IFRS (5-year summary)

Periods use the dates stated in the filing. d = earlier-year period dated by calendar; v = that date confirmed by the company's own earlier filing.

Segments · 104
SegmentItemPeriodValue
Operating Segments Not Included In Reportable Segments And Other Revenue Generating Business Activitiesother segmentsrevenue2023-04-01 → 2023-09-30¥4.2bn
Operating Segments Not Included In Reportable Segments And Other Revenue Generating Business Activitiesother segmentsrevenue2023-07-01 → 2023-09-30¥2.3bn
Operating Segments Not Included In Reportable Segments And Other Revenue Generating Business Activitiesother segmentsrevenue external2023-04-01 → 2023-09-30¥3.0bn
Operating Segments Not Included In Reportable Segments And Other Revenue Generating Business Activitiesother segmentsrevenue external2023-07-01 → 2023-09-30¥1.6bn
Operating Segments Not Included In Reportable Segments And Other Revenue Generating Business Activitiesother segmentsrevenue intersegment2023-04-01 → 2023-09-30¥1.2bn
Operating Segments Not Included In Reportable Segments And Other Revenue Generating Business Activitiesother segmentsrevenue intersegment2023-07-01 → 2023-09-30¥601m
Operating Segments Not Included In Reportable Segments And Other Revenue Generating Business Activitiesother segmentssegment profit2023-04-01 → 2023-09-30¥294m
Operating Segments Not Included In Reportable Segments And Other Revenue Generating Business Activitiesother segmentssegment profit2023-07-01 → 2023-09-30¥226m
Reconciling Itemsreconcilingrevenue2023-04-01 → 2023-09-30−¥1.2bn
Reconciling Itemsreconcilingrevenue2023-07-01 → 2023-09-30−¥606m
Reconciling Itemsreconcilingrevenue intersegment2023-04-01 → 2023-09-30−¥1.2bn
Reconciling Itemsreconcilingrevenue intersegment2023-07-01 → 2023-09-30−¥606m
Reconciling Itemsreconcilingsegment profit2023-04-01 → 2023-09-30−¥547m
Reconciling Itemsreconcilingsegment profit2023-07-01 → 2023-09-30−¥288m
jpcrp040300-q2r_E01774-000Environmental Measurementreportable segmentrevenue2023-04-01 → 2023-09-30¥3.0bn
jpcrp040300-q2r_E01774-000Environmental Measurementreportable segmentrevenue2023-07-01 → 2023-09-30¥2.2bn
jpcrp040300-q2r_E01774-000Environmental Measurementreportable segmentrevenue external2023-04-01 → 2023-09-30¥3.0bn
jpcrp040300-q2r_E01774-000Environmental Measurementreportable segmentrevenue external2023-07-01 → 2023-09-30¥2.2bn
jpcrp040300-q2r_E01774-000Environmental Measurementreportable segmentsegment profit2023-04-01 → 2023-09-30−¥170m
jpcrp040300-q2r_E01774-000Environmental Measurementreportable segmentsegment profit2023-07-01 → 2023-09-30¥140m
jpcrp040300-q2r_E01774-000PQAreportable segmentrevenue2023-04-01 → 2023-09-30¥11.7bn
jpcrp040300-q2r_E01774-000PQAreportable segmentrevenue2023-07-01 → 2023-09-30¥6.4bn
jpcrp040300-q2r_E01774-000PQAreportable segmentrevenue external2023-04-01 → 2023-09-30¥11.7bn
jpcrp040300-q2r_E01774-000PQAreportable segmentrevenue external2023-07-01 → 2023-09-30¥6.4bn
jpcrp040300-q2r_E01774-000PQAreportable segmentrevenue intersegment2023-04-01 → 2023-09-30¥1m
jpcrp040300-q2r_E01774-000PQAreportable segmentrevenue intersegment2023-07-01 → 2023-09-30¥0
jpcrp040300-q2r_E01774-000PQAreportable segmentsegment profit2023-04-01 → 2023-09-30¥242m
jpcrp040300-q2r_E01774-000PQAreportable segmentsegment profit2023-07-01 → 2023-09-30¥222m
jpcrp040300-q2r_E01774-000Test And Measurementreportable segmentrevenue2023-04-01 → 2023-09-30¥33.1bn
jpcrp040300-q2r_E01774-000Test And Measurementreportable segmentrevenue2023-07-01 → 2023-09-30¥17.9bn
jpcrp040300-q2r_E01774-000Test And Measurementreportable segmentrevenue external2023-04-01 → 2023-09-30¥33.1bn
jpcrp040300-q2r_E01774-000Test And Measurementreportable segmentrevenue external2023-07-01 → 2023-09-30¥17.9bn
jpcrp040300-q2r_E01774-000Test And Measurementreportable segmentrevenue intersegment2023-04-01 → 2023-09-30¥9m
jpcrp040300-q2r_E01774-000Test And Measurementreportable segmentrevenue intersegment2023-07-01 → 2023-09-30¥4m
jpcrp040300-q2r_E01774-000Test And Measurementreportable segmentsegment profit2023-04-01 → 2023-09-30¥3.1bn
jpcrp040300-q2r_E01774-000Test And Measurementreportable segmentsegment profit2023-07-01 → 2023-09-30¥2.7bn
—segment totalrevenue2023-04-01 → 2023-09-30¥47.9bn
—segment totalrevenue2023-07-01 → 2023-09-30¥26.5bn
—segment totalrevenue external2023-04-01 → 2023-09-30¥47.9bn
—segment totalrevenue external2023-07-01 → 2023-09-30¥26.5bn
—segment totalrevenue intersegment2023-04-01 → 2023-09-30¥11m
—segment totalrevenue intersegment2023-07-01 → 2023-09-30¥4m
—segment totalsegment profit2023-04-01 → 2023-09-30¥3.2bn
—segment totalsegment profit2023-07-01 → 2023-09-30¥3.1bn
Total Of Reportable Segments And Otherssegment totalrevenue2023-04-01 → 2023-09-30¥52.1bn
Total Of Reportable Segments And Otherssegment totalrevenue2023-07-01 → 2023-09-30¥28.8bn
Total Of Reportable Segments And Otherssegment totalrevenue external2023-04-01 → 2023-09-30¥50.9bn
Total Of Reportable Segments And Otherssegment totalrevenue external2023-07-01 → 2023-09-30¥28.2bn
Total Of Reportable Segments And Otherssegment totalrevenue intersegment2023-04-01 → 2023-09-30¥1.2bn
Total Of Reportable Segments And Otherssegment totalrevenue intersegment2023-07-01 → 2023-09-30¥606m
Total Of Reportable Segments And Otherssegment totalsegment profit2023-04-01 → 2023-09-30¥3.5bn
Total Of Reportable Segments And Otherssegment totalsegment profit2023-07-01 → 2023-09-30¥3.3bn
Operating Segments Not Included In Reportable Segments And Other Revenue Generating Business Activitiesother segmentsrevenue2022-04-01 → 2022-09-30¥4.8bn
Operating Segments Not Included In Reportable Segments And Other Revenue Generating Business Activitiesother segmentsrevenue2022-07-01 → 2022-09-30¥2.5bn
Operating Segments Not Included In Reportable Segments And Other Revenue Generating Business Activitiesother segmentsrevenue external2022-04-01 → 2022-09-30¥3.4bn
Operating Segments Not Included In Reportable Segments And Other Revenue Generating Business Activitiesother segmentsrevenue external2022-07-01 → 2022-09-30¥1.8bn
Operating Segments Not Included In Reportable Segments And Other Revenue Generating Business Activitiesother segmentsrevenue intersegment2022-04-01 → 2022-09-30¥1.4bn
Operating Segments Not Included In Reportable Segments And Other Revenue Generating Business Activitiesother segmentsrevenue intersegment2022-07-01 → 2022-09-30¥702m
Operating Segments Not Included In Reportable Segments And Other Revenue Generating Business Activitiesother segmentssegment profit2022-04-01 → 2022-09-30¥362m
Operating Segments Not Included In Reportable Segments And Other Revenue Generating Business Activitiesother segmentssegment profit2022-07-01 → 2022-09-30¥119m
Reconciling Itemsreconcilingrevenue2022-04-01 → 2022-09-30−¥1.4bn
Reconciling Itemsreconcilingrevenue2022-07-01 → 2022-09-30−¥708m
Reconciling Itemsreconcilingrevenue intersegment2022-04-01 → 2022-09-30−¥1.4bn
Reconciling Itemsreconcilingrevenue intersegment2022-07-01 → 2022-09-30−¥708m
Reconciling Itemsreconcilingsegment profit2022-04-01 → 2022-09-30−¥477m
Reconciling Itemsreconcilingsegment profit2022-07-01 → 2022-09-30−¥257m
jpcrp040300-q2r_E01774-000Environmental Measurementreportable segmentrevenue2022-04-01 → 2022-09-30¥2.3bn
jpcrp040300-q2r_E01774-000Environmental Measurementreportable segmentrevenue2022-07-01 → 2022-09-30¥1.4bn
jpcrp040300-q2r_E01774-000Environmental Measurementreportable segmentrevenue external2022-04-01 → 2022-09-30¥2.3bn
jpcrp040300-q2r_E01774-000Environmental Measurementreportable segmentrevenue external2022-07-01 → 2022-09-30¥1.4bn
jpcrp040300-q2r_E01774-000Environmental Measurementreportable segmentsegment profit2022-04-01 → 2022-09-30−¥430m
jpcrp040300-q2r_E01774-000Environmental Measurementreportable segmentsegment profit2022-07-01 → 2022-09-30−¥102m
jpcrp040300-q2r_E01774-000PQAreportable segmentrevenue2022-04-01 → 2022-09-30¥11.9bn
jpcrp040300-q2r_E01774-000PQAreportable segmentrevenue2022-07-01 → 2022-09-30¥6.8bn
jpcrp040300-q2r_E01774-000PQAreportable segmentrevenue external2022-04-01 → 2022-09-30¥11.9bn
jpcrp040300-q2r_E01774-000PQAreportable segmentrevenue external2022-07-01 → 2022-09-30¥6.8bn
jpcrp040300-q2r_E01774-000PQAreportable segmentrevenue intersegment2022-04-01 → 2022-09-30¥1m
jpcrp040300-q2r_E01774-000PQAreportable segmentrevenue intersegment2022-07-01 → 2022-09-30¥0
jpcrp040300-q2r_E01774-000PQAreportable segmentsegment profit2022-04-01 → 2022-09-30¥521m
jpcrp040300-q2r_E01774-000PQAreportable segmentsegment profit2022-07-01 → 2022-09-30¥598m
jpcrp040300-q2r_E01774-000Test And Measurementreportable segmentrevenue2022-04-01 → 2022-09-30¥36.4bn
jpcrp040300-q2r_E01774-000Test And Measurementreportable segmentrevenue2022-07-01 → 2022-09-30¥17.7bn
jpcrp040300-q2r_E01774-000Test And Measurementreportable segmentrevenue external2022-04-01 → 2022-09-30¥36.3bn
jpcrp040300-q2r_E01774-000Test And Measurementreportable segmentrevenue external2022-07-01 → 2022-09-30¥17.7bn
jpcrp040300-q2r_E01774-000Test And Measurementreportable segmentrevenue intersegment2022-04-01 → 2022-09-30¥9m
jpcrp040300-q2r_E01774-000Test And Measurementreportable segmentrevenue intersegment2022-07-01 → 2022-09-30¥4m
jpcrp040300-q2r_E01774-000Test And Measurementreportable segmentsegment profit2022-04-01 → 2022-09-30¥5.4bn
jpcrp040300-q2r_E01774-000Test And Measurementreportable segmentsegment profit2022-07-01 → 2022-09-30¥2.0bn
—segment totalrevenue2022-04-01 → 2022-09-30¥50.6bn
—segment totalrevenue2022-07-01 → 2022-09-30¥26.0bn
—segment totalrevenue external2022-04-01 → 2022-09-30¥50.5bn
—segment totalrevenue external2022-07-01 → 2022-09-30¥26.0bn
—segment totalrevenue intersegment2022-04-01 → 2022-09-30¥11m
—segment totalrevenue intersegment2022-07-01 → 2022-09-30¥5m
—segment totalsegment profit2022-04-01 → 2022-09-30¥5.5bn
—segment totalsegment profit2022-07-01 → 2022-09-30¥2.5bn
Total Of Reportable Segments And Otherssegment totalrevenue2022-04-01 → 2022-09-30¥55.3bn
Total Of Reportable Segments And Otherssegment totalrevenue2022-07-01 → 2022-09-30¥28.5bn
Total Of Reportable Segments And Otherssegment totalrevenue external2022-04-01 → 2022-09-30¥54.0bn
Total Of Reportable Segments And Otherssegment totalrevenue external2022-07-01 → 2022-09-30¥27.8bn
Total Of Reportable Segments And Otherssegment totalrevenue intersegment2022-04-01 → 2022-09-30¥1.4bn
Total Of Reportable Segments And Otherssegment totalrevenue intersegment2022-07-01 → 2022-09-30¥708m
Total Of Reportable Segments And Otherssegment totalsegment profit2022-04-01 → 2022-09-30¥5.9bn
Total Of Reportable Segments And Otherssegment totalsegment profit2022-07-01 → 2022-09-30¥2.7bn

Segment names come from EDINET member IDs; not yet mapped to a common taxonomy.

All source rows · 996
ItemContextValueUnit
Employee benefits ncl IFRSPrior1YearInstant688000000JPY
Employee benefits ncl IFRSCurrentQuarterInstant699000000JPY
Provisions ncl IFRSPrior1YearInstant104000000JPY
Provisions ncl IFRSCurrentQuarterInstant129000000JPY
Deferred tax liabilities IFRSPrior1YearInstant346000000JPY
Deferred tax liabilities IFRSCurrentQuarterInstant342000000JPY
Other non current liabilities ncl IFRSPrior1YearInstant1183000000JPY
Other non current liabilities ncl IFRSCurrentQuarterInstant1226000000JPY
Non current labilities IFRSPrior1YearInstant7537000000JPY
Non current labilities IFRSCurrentQuarterInstant5279000000JPY
Liabilities IFRSPrior1YearInstant34722000000JPY
Liabilities IFRSCurrentQuarterInstant35389000000JPY
Share capital IFRSPrior1YearInstant19218000000JPY
Share capital IFRSCurrentQuarterInstant19219000000JPY
Capital surplus IFRSPrior1YearInstant28441000000JPY
Capital surplus IFRSCurrentQuarterInstant28470000000JPY
Retained earnings IFRSPrior1YearInstant63074000000JPY
Retained earnings IFRSCurrentQuarterInstant63232000000JPY
Treasury shares IFRSPrior1YearInstant-6177000000JPY
Treasury shares IFRSCurrentQuarterInstant-6177000000JPY
Other components of equity IFRSPrior1YearInstant12729000000JPY
Other components of equity IFRSCurrentQuarterInstant17041000000JPY
Equity attributable to owners of parent IFRSPrior1YearInstant117286000000JPY
Equity attributable to owners of parent IFRSCurrentQuarterInstant121786000000JPY
Non controlling interests IFRSPrior1YearInstant229000000JPY
Non controlling interests IFRSCurrentQuarterInstant226000000JPY
Equity IFRSPrior1YearInstant117516000000JPY
Equity IFRSCurrentQuarterInstant122012000000JPY
Liabilities and equity IFRSPrior1YearInstant152238000000JPY
Liabilities and equity IFRSCurrentQuarterInstant157402000000JPY
Revenue IFRSPrior1YTDDuration53963000000JPY
Revenue IFRSCurrentYTDDuration50895000000JPY
Cost of sales IFRSPrior1YTDDuration26922000000JPY
Cost of sales IFRSCurrentYTDDuration27345000000JPY
Gross profit IFRSPrior1YTDDuration27041000000JPY
Gross profit IFRSCurrentYTDDuration23549000000JPY
Selling general and administrative expenses IFRSPrior1YTDDuration16070000000JPY
Selling general and administrative expenses IFRSCurrentYTDDuration15942000000JPY
Research and development expenditure recognized as expense during period IFRSPrior1YTDDuration5783000000JPY
Research and development expenditure recognized as expense during period IFRSCurrentYTDDuration4639000000JPY
Other income IFRSPrior1YTDDuration246000000JPY
Other income IFRSCurrentYTDDuration103000000JPY
Other expenses IFRSPrior1YTDDuration21000000JPY
Other expenses IFRSCurrentYTDDuration137000000JPY
Operating profit loss IFRSPrior1YTDDuration5412000000JPY
Operating profit loss IFRSCurrentYTDDuration2934000000JPY
Finance income IFRSPrior1YTDDuration1842000000JPY
Finance income IFRSCurrentYTDDuration780000000JPY
Finance costs IFRSPrior1YTDDuration483000000JPY
Finance costs IFRSCurrentYTDDuration110000000JPY

Every row of the EDINET CSV. Item names are the XBRL element names; filed text is kept in its original Japanese. Filed text is available on Plus and Pro.

Data checks · 16 of 16 passed
balance sheet identityconsolidated 2023-03-31pass
balance sheet identityconsolidated 2023-09-30pass rounding
dei present pass
period resolution pass
statement vs summary · net income attributable to parentconsolidated 2022-04-01/2022-09-30pass
statement vs summary · net income attributable to parentconsolidated 2022-07-01/2022-09-30pass
statement vs summary · net income attributable to parentconsolidated 2023-04-01/2023-09-30pass
statement vs summary · net income attributable to parentconsolidated 2023-07-01/2023-09-30pass
statement vs summary · operating cash flowconsolidated 2022-04-01/2022-09-30pass
statement vs summary · operating cash flowconsolidated 2023-04-01/2023-09-30pass
statement vs summary · revenueconsolidated 2022-04-01/2022-09-30pass
statement vs summary · revenueconsolidated 2022-07-01/2022-09-30pass
statement vs summary · revenueconsolidated 2023-04-01/2023-09-30pass
statement vs summary · revenueconsolidated 2023-07-01/2023-09-30pass
statement vs summary · total assetsconsolidated 2023-03-31pass
statement vs summary · total assetsconsolidated 2023-09-30pass