Annual report

Period2022-01-01 → 2022-12-31
Filed2023-03-31
StandardJapan GAAP
ConsolidatedYes
Data checks24 of 24 passed
Key figures · 136
MetricValuePeriodScopeSource row
Revenue¥15.7bn2022-01-01 → 2022-12-31Cons.Net sales
Revenue¥14.6bn2021-01-01 → 2021-12-31Cons.Net sales
Revenue¥11.2bn2020-01-01 → 2020-12-31dCons.Net sales (5-year summary)
Revenue¥10.0bn2019-01-01 → 2019-12-31dCons.Net sales (5-year summary)
Operating income¥3.9bn2022-01-01 → 2022-12-31Cons.Operating income
Operating income¥4.1bn2021-01-01 → 2021-12-31Cons.Operating income
Ordinary income¥4.4bn2022-01-01 → 2022-12-31Cons.Ordinary income
Ordinary income¥4.4bn2021-01-01 → 2021-12-31Cons.Ordinary income
Ordinary income¥2.4bn2020-01-01 → 2020-12-31dCons.Ordinary income loss (5-year summary)
Ordinary income¥1.4bn2019-01-01 → 2019-12-31dCons.Ordinary income loss (5-year summary)
Profit before tax¥4.4bn2022-01-01 → 2022-12-31Cons.Income before income taxes
Profit before tax¥4.4bn2021-01-01 → 2021-12-31Cons.Income before income taxes
Net income (owners)¥3.1bn2022-01-01 → 2022-12-31Cons.Profit loss attributable to owners of parent
Net income (owners)¥3.0bn2021-01-01 → 2021-12-31Cons.Profit loss attributable to owners of parent
Net income (owners)¥1.6bn2020-01-01 → 2020-12-31dCons.Profit loss attributable to owners of parent (5-year summary)
Net income (owners)¥525m2019-01-01 → 2019-12-31dCons.Profit loss attributable to owners of parent (5-year summary)
Net income¥3.1bn2022-01-01 → 2022-12-31Cons.Profit loss
Net income¥3.0bn2021-01-01 → 2021-12-31Cons.Profit loss
Total assets¥24.3bnat 2022-12-31Cons.Assets
Total assets¥22.5bnat 2021-12-31Cons.Assets
Total assets¥13.3bnat 2020-12-31dCons.Total assets (5-year summary)
Total assets¥12.6bnat 2019-12-31dCons.Total assets (5-year summary)
Total liabilities¥6.0bnat 2022-12-31Cons.Liabilities
Total liabilities¥7.4bnat 2021-12-31Cons.Liabilities
Net assets / equity¥18.3bnat 2022-12-31Cons.Net assets
Net assets / equity¥15.1bnat 2021-12-31Cons.Net assets
Net assets / equity¥5.8bnat 2020-12-31dCons.Net assets
Net assets / equity¥4.3bnat 2019-12-31dCons.Net assets (5-year summary)
Cash and deposits¥10.4bnat 2022-12-31Cons.Cash and deposits
Cash and deposits¥11.0bnat 2021-12-31Cons.Cash and deposits
Cash & equivalents¥9.4bnat 2022-12-31Cons.Cash and cash equivalents
Cash & equivalents¥11.0bnat 2021-12-31Cons.Cash and cash equivalents
Cash & equivalents¥3.5bnat 2020-12-31dCons.Cash and cash equivalents
Cash & equivalents¥3.1bnat 2019-12-31dCons.Cash and cash equivalents (5-year summary)
Operating cash flow¥2.8bn2022-01-01 → 2022-12-31Cons.Net cash provided by used in operating activities
Operating cash flow¥3.0bn2021-01-01 → 2021-12-31Cons.Net cash provided by used in operating activities
Operating cash flow¥2.0bn2020-01-01 → 2020-12-31dCons.Net cash provided by used in operating activities (5-year summary)
Operating cash flow¥1.6bn2019-01-01 → 2019-12-31dCons.Net cash provided by used in operating activities (5-year summary)
Investing cash flow−¥1.9bn2022-01-01 → 2022-12-31Cons.Net cash provided by used in investment activities
Investing cash flow−¥406m2021-01-01 → 2021-12-31Cons.Net cash provided by used in investment activities
Investing cash flow−¥524m2020-01-01 → 2020-12-31dCons.Net cash provided by used in investing activities (5-year summary)
Investing cash flow−¥806m2019-01-01 → 2019-12-31dCons.Net cash provided by used in investing activities (5-year summary)
Financing cash flow−¥2.6bn2022-01-01 → 2022-12-31Cons.Net cash provided by used in financing activities
Financing cash flow¥4.6bn2021-01-01 → 2021-12-31Cons.Net cash provided by used in financing activities
Financing cash flow−¥1.0bn2020-01-01 → 2020-12-31dCons.Net cash provided by used in financing activities (5-year summary)
Financing cash flow¥75m2019-01-01 → 2019-12-31dCons.Net cash provided by used in financing activities (5-year summary)
EPS (basic)¥346.142022-01-01 → 2022-12-31Cons.Basic earnings loss per share (5-year summary)
EPS (basic)¥406.722021-01-01 → 2021-12-31Cons.Basic earnings loss per share (5-year summary)
EPS (basic)¥216.12020-01-01 → 2020-12-31dCons.Basic earnings loss per share (5-year summary)
EPS (basic)¥72.572019-01-01 → 2019-12-31dCons.Basic earnings loss per share (5-year summary)
EPS (diluted)¥398.12021-01-01 → 2021-12-31Cons.Diluted earnings per share (5-year summary)
Net assets per share¥2,033.69at 2022-12-31Cons.Net assets per share (5-year summary)
Net assets per share¥1,715.73at 2021-12-31Cons.Net assets per share (5-year summary)
Net assets per share¥797.61at 2020-12-31dCons.Net assets per share (5-year summary)
Net assets per share¥594.38at 2019-12-31dCons.Net assets per share (5-year summary)
Equity ratio75.3%at 2022-12-31Cons.Equity to asset ratio (5-year summary)
Equity ratio67.2%at 2021-12-31Cons.Equity to asset ratio (5-year summary)
Equity ratio43.5%at 2020-12-31dCons.Equity to asset ratio (5-year summary)
Equity ratio34.0%at 2019-12-31dCons.Equity to asset ratio (5-year summary)
ROE18.3%2022-01-01 → 2022-12-31Cons.Rate of return on equity (5-year summary)
ROE28.3%2021-01-01 → 2021-12-31Cons.Rate of return on equity (5-year summary)
ROE31.1%2020-01-01 → 2020-12-31dCons.Rate of return on equity (5-year summary)
ROE12.9%2019-01-01 → 2019-12-31dCons.Rate of return on equity (5-year summary)
Employees1,659at 2022-12-31Cons.Number of employees
Employees1,639at 2021-12-31Cons.Number of employees
Employees1,551at 2020-12-31dCons.Number of employees
Employees1,563at 2019-12-31dCons.Number of employees
Revenue¥10.6bn2022-01-01 → 2022-12-31StandaloneNet sales
Revenue¥10.2bn2021-01-01 → 2021-12-31StandaloneNet sales
Revenue¥7.8bn2020-01-01 → 2020-12-31dStandaloneNet sales (5-year summary)
Revenue¥6.6bn2019-01-01 → 2019-12-31dStandaloneNet sales (5-year summary)
Revenue¥6.0bn2018-01-01 → 2018-12-31dStandaloneNet sales (5-year summary)
Operating income¥3.2bn2022-01-01 → 2022-12-31StandaloneOperating income
Operating income¥3.5bn2021-01-01 → 2021-12-31StandaloneOperating income
Ordinary income¥3.8bn2022-01-01 → 2022-12-31StandaloneOrdinary income
Ordinary income¥4.0bn2021-01-01 → 2021-12-31StandaloneOrdinary income
Ordinary income¥1.9bn2020-01-01 → 2020-12-31dStandaloneOrdinary income loss (5-year summary)
Ordinary income¥1.2bn2019-01-01 → 2019-12-31dStandaloneOrdinary income loss (5-year summary)
Ordinary income¥465m2018-01-01 → 2018-12-31dStandaloneOrdinary income loss (5-year summary)
Profit before tax¥3.8bn2022-01-01 → 2022-12-31StandaloneIncome before income taxes
Profit before tax¥4.0bn2021-01-01 → 2021-12-31StandaloneIncome before income taxes
Net income¥2.6bn2022-01-01 → 2022-12-31StandaloneProfit loss
Net income¥2.7bn2021-01-01 → 2021-12-31StandaloneProfit loss
Net income¥1.2bn2020-01-01 → 2020-12-31dStandaloneNet income loss (5-year summary)
Net income¥597m2019-01-01 → 2019-12-31dStandaloneNet income loss (5-year summary)
Net income¥358m2018-01-01 → 2018-12-31dStandaloneNet income loss (5-year summary)
Total assets¥19.4bnat 2022-12-31StandaloneAssets
Total assets¥19.1bnat 2021-12-31StandaloneAssets
Total assets¥10.8bnat 2020-12-31dStandaloneTotal assets (5-year summary)
Total assets¥10.6bnat 2019-12-31dStandaloneTotal assets (5-year summary)
Total assets¥9.6bnat 2018-12-31dStandaloneTotal assets (5-year summary)
Total liabilities¥3.6bnat 2022-12-31StandaloneLiabilities
Total liabilities¥5.4bnat 2021-12-31StandaloneLiabilities
Net assets / equity¥15.9bnat 2022-12-31StandaloneNet assets
Net assets / equity¥13.7bnat 2021-12-31StandaloneNet assets
Net assets / equity¥5.2bnat 2020-12-31dStandaloneNet assets
Net assets / equity¥3.9bnat 2019-12-31dStandaloneNet assets (5-year summary)
Net assets / equity¥3.3bnat 2018-12-31dStandaloneNet assets (5-year summary)
Cash and deposits¥8.0bnat 2022-12-31StandaloneCash and deposits
Cash and deposits¥8.7bnat 2021-12-31StandaloneCash and deposits
EPS (basic)¥294.332022-01-01 → 2022-12-31StandaloneBasic earnings loss per share (5-year summary)
EPS (basic)¥368.712021-01-01 → 2021-12-31StandaloneBasic earnings loss per share (5-year summary)
EPS (basic)¥168.772020-01-01 → 2020-12-31dStandaloneBasic earnings loss per share (5-year summary)
EPS (basic)¥82.642019-01-01 → 2019-12-31dStandaloneBasic earnings loss per share (5-year summary)
EPS (basic)¥4,956.052018-01-01 → 2018-12-31dStandaloneBasic earnings loss per share (5-year summary)
EPS (diluted)¥360.92021-01-01 → 2021-12-31StandaloneDiluted earnings per share (5-year summary)
Dividend per share¥552022-01-01 → 2022-12-31StandaloneDividend paid per share (5-year summary)
Dividend per share¥552021-01-01 → 2021-12-31StandaloneDividend paid per share (5-year summary)
Dividend per share¥8.012020-01-01 → 2020-12-31dStandaloneDividend paid per share (5-year summary)
Dividend per share¥4.092019-01-01 → 2019-12-31dStandaloneDividend paid per share (5-year summary)
Dividend per share¥1922018-01-01 → 2018-12-31dStandaloneDividend paid per share (5-year summary)
Net assets per share¥1,763.67at 2022-12-31StandaloneNet assets per share (5-year summary)
Net assets per share¥1,550.22at 2021-12-31StandaloneNet assets per share (5-year summary)
Net assets per share¥713.17at 2020-12-31dStandaloneNet assets per share (5-year summary)
Net assets per share¥545.42at 2019-12-31dStandaloneNet assets per share (5-year summary)
Net assets per share¥45,836.1at 2018-12-31dStandaloneNet assets per share (5-year summary)
Equity ratio81.6%at 2022-12-31StandaloneEquity to asset ratio (5-year summary)
Equity ratio71.8%at 2021-12-31StandaloneEquity to asset ratio (5-year summary)
Equity ratio47.9%at 2020-12-31dStandaloneEquity to asset ratio (5-year summary)
Equity ratio37.1%at 2019-12-31dStandaloneEquity to asset ratio (5-year summary)
Equity ratio34.4%at 2018-12-31dStandaloneEquity to asset ratio (5-year summary)
ROE17.6%2022-01-01 → 2022-12-31StandaloneRate of return on equity (5-year summary)
ROE28.5%2021-01-01 → 2021-12-31StandaloneRate of return on equity (5-year summary)
ROE26.8%2020-01-01 → 2020-12-31dStandaloneRate of return on equity (5-year summary)
ROE16.5%2019-01-01 → 2019-12-31dStandaloneRate of return on equity (5-year summary)
ROE11.3%2018-01-01 → 2018-12-31dStandaloneRate of return on equity (5-year summary)
Shares issued9,000,000at 2022-12-31StandaloneTotal number of issued shares (5-year summary)
Shares issued9,000,000at 2021-12-31StandaloneTotal number of issued shares (5-year summary)
Shares issued10,000,000at 2020-12-31dStandaloneTotal number of issued shares (5-year summary)
Shares issued10,000,000at 2019-12-31dStandaloneTotal number of issued shares (5-year summary)
Shares issued100,000at 2018-12-31dStandaloneTotal number of issued shares (5-year summary)
Employees160at 2022-12-31StandaloneNumber of employees
Employees158at 2021-12-31StandaloneNumber of employees
Employees146at 2020-12-31dStandaloneNumber of employees
Employees141at 2019-12-31dStandaloneNumber of employees
Employees137at 2018-12-31dStandaloneNumber of employees

Periods use the dates stated in the filing. d = earlier-year period dated by calendar; v = that date confirmed by the company's own earlier filing.

Segments · 44
SegmentItemPeriodValue
Reconciling Itemsreconcilingcapex2022-01-01 → 2022-12-31¥1.4bn
Reconciling Itemsreconcilingsegment assetsat 2022-12-31¥11.8bn
Lead Terminals Businessreportable segmentcapex2022-01-01 → 2022-12-31¥544m
Lead Terminals Businessreportable segmentdepreciation2022-01-01 → 2022-12-31¥388m
Lead Terminals Businessreportable segmentemployeesat 2022-12-31645 pure
Lead Terminals Businessreportable segmentrevenue2022-01-01 → 2022-12-31¥8.4bn
Lead Terminals Businessreportable segmentrevenue external2022-01-01 → 2022-12-31¥8.4bn
Lead Terminals Businessreportable segmentsegment assetsat 2022-12-31¥7.6bn
Lead Terminals Businessreportable segmentsegment profit2022-01-01 → 2022-12-31¥233m
Optical Communication Parts And Devices Businessreportable segmentcapex2022-01-01 → 2022-12-31¥363m
Optical Communication Parts And Devices Businessreportable segmentdepreciation2022-01-01 → 2022-12-31¥304m
Optical Communication Parts And Devices Businessreportable segmentemployeesat 2022-12-31873 pure
Optical Communication Parts And Devices Businessreportable segmentrevenue2022-01-01 → 2022-12-31¥7.3bn
Optical Communication Parts And Devices Businessreportable segmentrevenue external2022-01-01 → 2022-12-31¥7.3bn
Optical Communication Parts And Devices Businessreportable segmentsegment assetsat 2022-12-31¥4.9bn
Optical Communication Parts And Devices Businessreportable segmentsegment profit2022-01-01 → 2022-12-31¥3.7bn
Total Of Reportable Segments And Otherssegment totalcapex2022-01-01 → 2022-12-31¥907m
Total Of Reportable Segments And Otherssegment totaldepreciation2022-01-01 → 2022-12-31¥692m
Total Of Reportable Segments And Otherssegment totalrevenue2022-01-01 → 2022-12-31¥15.7bn
Total Of Reportable Segments And Otherssegment totalrevenue external2022-01-01 → 2022-12-31¥15.7bn
Total Of Reportable Segments And Otherssegment totalsegment assetsat 2022-12-31¥12.5bn
Total Of Reportable Segments And Otherssegment totalsegment profit2022-01-01 → 2022-12-31¥3.9bn
Reconciling Itemsreconcilingcapex2021-01-01 → 2021-12-31¥32m
Reconciling Itemsreconcilingsegment assetsat 2021-12-31¥11.1bn
Lead Terminals Businessreportable segmentcapex2021-01-01 → 2021-12-31¥303m
Lead Terminals Businessreportable segmentdepreciation2021-01-01 → 2021-12-31¥321m
Lead Terminals Businessreportable segmentrevenue2021-01-01 → 2021-12-31¥7.6bn
Lead Terminals Businessreportable segmentrevenue external2021-01-01 → 2021-12-31¥7.6bn
Lead Terminals Businessreportable segmentsegment assetsat 2021-12-31¥6.8bn
Lead Terminals Businessreportable segmentsegment profit2021-01-01 → 2021-12-31¥570m
Optical Communication Parts And Devices Businessreportable segmentcapex2021-01-01 → 2021-12-31¥283m
Optical Communication Parts And Devices Businessreportable segmentdepreciation2021-01-01 → 2021-12-31¥262m
Optical Communication Parts And Devices Businessreportable segmentrevenue2021-01-01 → 2021-12-31¥7.0bn
Optical Communication Parts And Devices Businessreportable segmentrevenue external2021-01-01 → 2021-12-31¥7.0bn
Optical Communication Parts And Devices Businessreportable segmentsegment assetsat 2021-12-31¥4.6bn
Optical Communication Parts And Devices Businessreportable segmentsegment profit2021-01-01 → 2021-12-31¥3.6bn
Total Of Reportable Segments And Otherssegment totalcapex2021-01-01 → 2021-12-31¥586m
Total Of Reportable Segments And Otherssegment totaldepreciation2021-01-01 → 2021-12-31¥583m
Total Of Reportable Segments And Otherssegment totalrevenue2021-01-01 → 2021-12-31¥14.6bn
Total Of Reportable Segments And Otherssegment totalrevenue external2021-01-01 → 2021-12-31¥14.6bn
Total Of Reportable Segments And Otherssegment totalsegment assetsat 2021-12-31¥11.5bn
Total Of Reportable Segments And Otherssegment totalsegment profit2021-01-01 → 2021-12-31¥4.1bn
Lead Terminals Businessreportable segmentemployeesat 2022-12-3172 pure
Optical Communication Parts And Devices Businessreportable segmentemployeesat 2022-12-3160 pure

Segment names come from EDINET member IDs; not yet mapped to a common taxonomy.

All source rows · 1,441
ItemContextValueUnit
Ordinary income loss (5-year summary)Prior3YearDuration_NonConsolidatedMember1222995000JPY
Ordinary income loss (5-year summary)Prior2YearDuration_NonConsolidatedMember1878551000JPY
Ordinary income loss (5-year summary)Prior1YearDuration_NonConsolidatedMember3968533000JPY
Ordinary income loss (5-year summary)CurrentYearDuration_NonConsolidatedMember3801305000JPY
Net income loss (5-year summary)Prior4YearDuration_NonConsolidatedMember358322000JPY
Net income loss (5-year summary)Prior3YearDuration_NonConsolidatedMember597481000JPY
Net income loss (5-year summary)Prior2YearDuration_NonConsolidatedMember1220227000JPY
Net income loss (5-year summary)Prior1YearDuration_NonConsolidatedMember2683534000JPY
Net income loss (5-year summary)CurrentYearDuration_NonConsolidatedMember2607774000JPY
Capital stock (5-year summary)Prior4YearInstant_NonConsolidatedMember350000000JPY
Capital stock (5-year summary)Prior3YearInstant_NonConsolidatedMember350000000JPY
Capital stock (5-year summary)Prior2YearInstant_NonConsolidatedMember350000000JPY
Capital stock (5-year summary)Prior1YearInstant_NonConsolidatedMember350000000JPY
Capital stock (5-year summary)CurrentYearInstant_NonConsolidatedMember350000000JPY
Total number of issued shares (5-year summary)Prior4YearInstant_NonConsolidatedMember100000
Total number of issued shares (5-year summary)Prior3YearInstant_NonConsolidatedMember10000000
Total number of issued shares (5-year summary)Prior2YearInstant_NonConsolidatedMember10000000
Total number of issued shares (5-year summary)Prior1YearInstant_NonConsolidatedMember9000000
Total number of issued shares (5-year summary)CurrentYearInstant_NonConsolidatedMember9000000
Net assets (5-year summary)Prior4YearInstant_NonConsolidatedMember3313950000JPY
Net assets (5-year summary)Prior3YearInstant_NonConsolidatedMember3943356000JPY
Net assets (5-year summary)Prior2YearInstant_NonConsolidatedMember5156224000JPY
Net assets (5-year summary)Prior1YearInstant_NonConsolidatedMember13688470000JPY
Net assets (5-year summary)CurrentYearInstant_NonConsolidatedMember15867096000JPY
Total assets (5-year summary)Prior4YearInstant_NonConsolidatedMember9628623000JPY
Total assets (5-year summary)Prior3YearInstant_NonConsolidatedMember10614805000JPY
Total assets (5-year summary)Prior2YearInstant_NonConsolidatedMember10766083000JPY
Total assets (5-year summary)Prior1YearInstant_NonConsolidatedMember19063791000JPY
Total assets (5-year summary)CurrentYearInstant_NonConsolidatedMember19439820000JPY
Net assets per share (5-year summary)Prior4YearInstant_NonConsolidatedMember45836.10
Net assets per share (5-year summary)Prior3YearInstant_NonConsolidatedMember545.42
Net assets per share (5-year summary)Prior2YearInstant_NonConsolidatedMember713.17
Net assets per share (5-year summary)Prior1YearInstant_NonConsolidatedMember1550.22
Net assets per share (5-year summary)CurrentYearInstant_NonConsolidatedMember1763.67
Dividend paid per share (5-year summary)Prior4YearDuration_NonConsolidatedMember192.00
Dividend paid per share (5-year summary)Prior3YearDuration_NonConsolidatedMember4.09
Dividend paid per share (5-year summary)Prior2YearDuration_NonConsolidatedMember8.01
Dividend paid per share (5-year summary)Prior1YearDuration_NonConsolidatedMember55.00
Dividend paid per share (5-year summary)CurrentYearDuration_NonConsolidatedMember55.00
Interim dividend paid per share (5-year summary)Prior4YearDuration_NonConsolidatedMember-
Interim dividend paid per share (5-year summary)Prior3YearDuration_NonConsolidatedMember-
Interim dividend paid per share (5-year summary)Prior2YearDuration_NonConsolidatedMember-
Interim dividend paid per share (5-year summary)Prior1YearDuration_NonConsolidatedMember-
Interim dividend paid per share (5-year summary)CurrentYearDuration_NonConsolidatedMember-
Basic earnings loss per share (5-year summary)Prior4YearDuration_NonConsolidatedMember4956.05
Basic earnings loss per share (5-year summary)Prior3YearDuration_NonConsolidatedMember82.64
Basic earnings loss per share (5-year summary)Prior2YearDuration_NonConsolidatedMember168.77
Basic earnings loss per share (5-year summary)Prior1YearDuration_NonConsolidatedMember368.71
Basic earnings loss per share (5-year summary)CurrentYearDuration_NonConsolidatedMember294.33
Diluted earnings per share (5-year summary)Prior4YearDuration_NonConsolidatedMember-

Every row of the EDINET CSV. Item names are the XBRL element names; filed text is kept in its original Japanese. Filed text is available on Plus and Pro.

Data checks · 24 of 24 passed
balance sheet identityconsolidated 2021-12-31pass
balance sheet identityconsolidated 2022-12-31pass rounding
balance sheet identitynon_consolidated 2021-12-31pass rounding
balance sheet identitynon_consolidated 2022-12-31pass
dei present pass
period resolution pass
statement vs summary · net assetsconsolidated 2020-12-31pass
statement vs summary · net assetsconsolidated 2021-12-31pass
statement vs summary · net assetsconsolidated 2022-12-31pass
statement vs summary · net assetsnon_consolidated 2020-12-31pass
statement vs summary · net assetsnon_consolidated 2021-12-31pass
statement vs summary · net assetsnon_consolidated 2022-12-31pass
statement vs summary · net income attributable to parentconsolidated 2021-01-01/2021-12-31pass
statement vs summary · net income attributable to parentconsolidated 2022-01-01/2022-12-31pass
statement vs summary · operating cash flowconsolidated 2021-01-01/2021-12-31pass
statement vs summary · operating cash flowconsolidated 2022-01-01/2022-12-31pass
statement vs summary · revenueconsolidated 2021-01-01/2021-12-31pass
statement vs summary · revenueconsolidated 2022-01-01/2022-12-31pass
statement vs summary · revenuenon_consolidated 2021-01-01/2021-12-31pass
statement vs summary · revenuenon_consolidated 2022-01-01/2022-12-31pass
statement vs summary · total assetsconsolidated 2021-12-31pass
statement vs summary · total assetsconsolidated 2022-12-31pass
statement vs summary · total assetsnon_consolidated 2021-12-31pass
statement vs summary · total assetsnon_consolidated 2022-12-31pass