Annual report

Period2021-04-01 → 2022-03-31
Filed2022-06-23
StandardJapan GAAP
ConsolidatedYes
Data checks24 of 24 passed
Key figures · 148
MetricValuePeriodScopeSource row
Revenue¥7.1bn2021-04-01 → 2022-03-31Cons.Net sales
Revenue¥6.3bn2020-04-01 → 2021-03-31Cons.Net sales
Revenue¥7.0bn2019-04-01 → 2020-03-31dCons.Net sales (5-year summary)
Revenue¥7.0bn2018-04-01 → 2019-03-31dCons.Net sales (5-year summary)
Revenue¥6.8bn2017-04-01 → 2018-03-31dCons.Net sales (5-year summary)
Operating income¥910m2021-04-01 → 2022-03-31Cons.Operating income
Operating income¥457m2020-04-01 → 2021-03-31Cons.Operating income
Ordinary income¥1.4bn2021-04-01 → 2022-03-31Cons.Ordinary income
Ordinary income¥778m2020-04-01 → 2021-03-31Cons.Ordinary income
Ordinary income¥908m2019-04-01 → 2020-03-31dCons.Ordinary income loss (5-year summary)
Ordinary income¥823m2018-04-01 → 2019-03-31dCons.Ordinary income loss (5-year summary)
Ordinary income¥847m2017-04-01 → 2018-03-31dCons.Ordinary income loss (5-year summary)
Profit before tax¥1.4bn2021-04-01 → 2022-03-31Cons.Income before income taxes
Profit before tax¥776m2020-04-01 → 2021-03-31Cons.Income before income taxes
Net income (owners)¥967m2021-04-01 → 2022-03-31Cons.Profit loss attributable to owners of parent
Net income (owners)¥589m2020-04-01 → 2021-03-31Cons.Profit loss attributable to owners of parent
Net income (owners)¥722m2019-04-01 → 2020-03-31dCons.Profit loss attributable to owners of parent (5-year summary)
Net income (owners)¥722m2018-04-01 → 2019-03-31dCons.Profit loss attributable to owners of parent (5-year summary)
Net income (owners)¥647m2017-04-01 → 2018-03-31dCons.Profit loss attributable to owners of parent (5-year summary)
Net income¥982m2021-04-01 → 2022-03-31Cons.Profit loss
Net income¥598m2020-04-01 → 2021-03-31Cons.Profit loss
Total assets¥15.3bnat 2022-03-31Cons.Assets
Total assets¥14.1bnat 2021-03-31Cons.Assets
Total assets¥13.6bnat 2020-03-31dCons.Total assets (5-year summary)
Total assets¥13.3bnat 2019-03-31dCons.Total assets (5-year summary)
Total assets¥12.7bnat 2018-03-31dCons.Total assets (5-year summary)
Total liabilities¥2.1bnat 2022-03-31Cons.Liabilities
Total liabilities¥1.9bnat 2021-03-31Cons.Liabilities
Net assets / equity¥13.2bnat 2022-03-31Cons.Net assets
Net assets / equity¥12.3bnat 2021-03-31Cons.Net assets
Net assets / equity¥11.6bnat 2020-03-31dCons.Net assets
Net assets / equity¥11.3bnat 2019-03-31dCons.Net assets (5-year summary)
Net assets / equity¥10.7bnat 2018-03-31dCons.Net assets (5-year summary)
Cash and deposits¥2.9bnat 2022-03-31Cons.Cash and deposits
Cash and deposits¥2.6bnat 2021-03-31Cons.Cash and deposits
Cash & equivalents¥2.8bnat 2022-03-31Cons.Cash and cash equivalents
Cash & equivalents¥2.5bnat 2021-03-31Cons.Cash and cash equivalents
Cash & equivalents¥2.3bnat 2020-03-31dCons.Cash and cash equivalents
Cash & equivalents¥1.5bnat 2019-03-31dCons.Cash and cash equivalents (5-year summary)
Cash & equivalents¥1.3bnat 2018-03-31dCons.Cash and cash equivalents (5-year summary)
Operating cash flow¥1.3bn2021-04-01 → 2022-03-31Cons.Net cash provided by used in operating activities
Operating cash flow¥1.3bn2020-04-01 → 2021-03-31Cons.Net cash provided by used in operating activities
Operating cash flow¥1.4bn2019-04-01 → 2020-03-31dCons.Net cash provided by used in operating activities (5-year summary)
Operating cash flow¥523m2018-04-01 → 2019-03-31dCons.Net cash provided by used in operating activities (5-year summary)
Operating cash flow¥491m2017-04-01 → 2018-03-31dCons.Net cash provided by used in operating activities (5-year summary)
Investing cash flow−¥802m2021-04-01 → 2022-03-31Cons.Net cash provided by used in investment activities
Investing cash flow−¥851m2020-04-01 → 2021-03-31Cons.Net cash provided by used in investment activities
Investing cash flow−¥305m2019-04-01 → 2020-03-31dCons.Net cash provided by used in investing activities (5-year summary)
Investing cash flow¥5m2018-04-01 → 2019-03-31dCons.Net cash provided by used in investing activities (5-year summary)
Investing cash flow−¥559m2017-04-01 → 2018-03-31dCons.Net cash provided by used in investing activities (5-year summary)
Financing cash flow−¥227m2021-04-01 → 2022-03-31Cons.Net cash provided by used in financing activities
Financing cash flow−¥255m2020-04-01 → 2021-03-31Cons.Net cash provided by used in financing activities
Financing cash flow−¥289m2019-04-01 → 2020-03-31dCons.Net cash provided by used in financing activities (5-year summary)
Financing cash flow−¥274m2018-04-01 → 2019-03-31dCons.Net cash provided by used in financing activities (5-year summary)
Financing cash flow−¥262m2017-04-01 → 2018-03-31dCons.Net cash provided by used in financing activities (5-year summary)
EPS (basic)¥75.782021-04-01 → 2022-03-31Cons.Basic earnings loss per share (5-year summary)
EPS (basic)¥46.152020-04-01 → 2021-03-31Cons.Basic earnings loss per share (5-year summary)
EPS (basic)¥56.542019-04-01 → 2020-03-31dCons.Basic earnings loss per share (5-year summary)
EPS (basic)¥56.552018-04-01 → 2019-03-31dCons.Basic earnings loss per share (5-year summary)
EPS (basic)¥50.712017-04-01 → 2018-03-31dCons.Basic earnings loss per share (5-year summary)
Net assets per share¥1,027.14at 2022-03-31Cons.Net assets per share (5-year summary)
Net assets per share¥955.08at 2021-03-31Cons.Net assets per share (5-year summary)
Net assets per share¥903.68at 2020-03-31dCons.Net assets per share (5-year summary)
Net assets per share¥881.03at 2019-03-31dCons.Net assets per share (5-year summary)
Net assets per share¥835.29at 2018-03-31dCons.Net assets per share (5-year summary)
Equity ratio85.6%at 2022-03-31Cons.Equity to asset ratio (5-year summary)
Equity ratio86.3%at 2021-03-31Cons.Equity to asset ratio (5-year summary)
Equity ratio85.1%at 2020-03-31dCons.Equity to asset ratio (5-year summary)
Equity ratio84.7%at 2019-03-31dCons.Equity to asset ratio (5-year summary)
Equity ratio83.8%at 2018-03-31dCons.Equity to asset ratio (5-year summary)
ROE7.6%2021-04-01 → 2022-03-31Cons.Rate of return on equity (5-year summary)
ROE5.0%2020-04-01 → 2021-03-31Cons.Rate of return on equity (5-year summary)
ROE6.3%2019-04-01 → 2020-03-31dCons.Rate of return on equity (5-year summary)
ROE6.6%2018-04-01 → 2019-03-31dCons.Rate of return on equity (5-year summary)
ROE6.3%2017-04-01 → 2018-03-31dCons.Rate of return on equity (5-year summary)
Employees466at 2022-03-31Cons.Number of employees
Employees469at 2021-03-31Cons.Number of employees
Employees480at 2020-03-31dCons.Number of employees
Employees488at 2019-03-31dCons.Number of employees
Employees475at 2018-03-31dCons.Number of employees
Revenue¥6.2bn2021-04-01 → 2022-03-31StandaloneNet sales
Revenue¥5.4bn2020-04-01 → 2021-03-31StandaloneNet sales
Revenue¥6.0bn2019-04-01 → 2020-03-31dStandaloneNet sales (5-year summary)
Revenue¥5.9bn2018-04-01 → 2019-03-31dStandaloneNet sales (5-year summary)
Revenue¥5.7bn2017-04-01 → 2018-03-31dStandaloneNet sales (5-year summary)
Operating income¥545m2021-04-01 → 2022-03-31StandaloneOperating income
Operating income¥212m2020-04-01 → 2021-03-31StandaloneOperating income
Ordinary income¥931m2021-04-01 → 2022-03-31StandaloneOrdinary income
Ordinary income¥552m2020-04-01 → 2021-03-31StandaloneOrdinary income
Ordinary income¥521m2019-04-01 → 2020-03-31dStandaloneOrdinary income loss (5-year summary)
Ordinary income¥409m2018-04-01 → 2019-03-31dStandaloneOrdinary income loss (5-year summary)
Ordinary income¥476m2017-04-01 → 2018-03-31dStandaloneOrdinary income loss (5-year summary)
Profit before tax¥941m2021-04-01 → 2022-03-31StandaloneIncome before income taxes
Profit before tax¥550m2020-04-01 → 2021-03-31StandaloneIncome before income taxes
Net income¥699m2021-04-01 → 2022-03-31StandaloneProfit loss
Net income¥422m2020-04-01 → 2021-03-31StandaloneProfit loss
Net income¥437m2019-04-01 → 2020-03-31dStandaloneNet income loss (5-year summary)
Net income¥443m2018-04-01 → 2019-03-31dStandaloneNet income loss (5-year summary)
Net income¥405m2017-04-01 → 2018-03-31dStandaloneNet income loss (5-year summary)
Total assets¥12.4bnat 2022-03-31StandaloneAssets
Total assets¥11.7bnat 2021-03-31StandaloneAssets
Total assets¥11.4bnat 2020-03-31dStandaloneTotal assets (5-year summary)
Total assets¥11.2bnat 2019-03-31dStandaloneTotal assets (5-year summary)
Total assets¥11.0bnat 2018-03-31dStandaloneTotal assets (5-year summary)
Total liabilities¥2.0bnat 2022-03-31StandaloneLiabilities
Total liabilities¥1.7bnat 2021-03-31StandaloneLiabilities
Net assets / equity¥10.4bnat 2022-03-31StandaloneNet assets
Net assets / equity¥10.0bnat 2021-03-31StandaloneNet assets
Net assets / equity¥9.7bnat 2020-03-31dStandaloneNet assets
Net assets / equity¥9.5bnat 2019-03-31dStandaloneNet assets (5-year summary)
Net assets / equity¥9.3bnat 2018-03-31dStandaloneNet assets (5-year summary)
Cash and deposits¥1.4bnat 2022-03-31StandaloneCash and deposits
Cash and deposits¥1.4bnat 2021-03-31StandaloneCash and deposits
EPS (basic)¥54.762021-04-01 → 2022-03-31StandaloneBasic earnings loss per share (5-year summary)
EPS (basic)¥33.052020-04-01 → 2021-03-31StandaloneBasic earnings loss per share (5-year summary)
EPS (basic)¥34.222019-04-01 → 2020-03-31dStandaloneBasic earnings loss per share (5-year summary)
EPS (basic)¥34.682018-04-01 → 2019-03-31dStandaloneBasic earnings loss per share (5-year summary)
EPS (basic)¥31.752017-04-01 → 2018-03-31dStandaloneBasic earnings loss per share (5-year summary)
Dividend per share¥252021-04-01 → 2022-03-31StandaloneDividend paid per share (5-year summary)
Dividend per share¥302020-04-01 → 2021-03-31StandaloneDividend paid per share (5-year summary)
Dividend per share¥342019-04-01 → 2020-03-31dStandaloneDividend paid per share (5-year summary)
Dividend per share¥342018-04-01 → 2019-03-31dStandaloneDividend paid per share (5-year summary)
Dividend per share¥322017-04-01 → 2018-03-31dStandaloneDividend paid per share (5-year summary)
Net assets per share¥815.05at 2022-03-31StandaloneNet assets per share (5-year summary)
Net assets per share¥779.84at 2021-03-31StandaloneNet assets per share (5-year summary)
Net assets per share¥758.4at 2020-03-31dStandaloneNet assets per share (5-year summary)
Net assets per share¥742.87at 2019-03-31dStandaloneNet assets per share (5-year summary)
Net assets per share¥726.04at 2018-03-31dStandaloneNet assets per share (5-year summary)
Equity ratio84.1%at 2022-03-31StandaloneEquity to asset ratio (5-year summary)
Equity ratio85.3%at 2021-03-31StandaloneEquity to asset ratio (5-year summary)
Equity ratio84.8%at 2020-03-31dStandaloneEquity to asset ratio (5-year summary)
Equity ratio84.4%at 2019-03-31dStandaloneEquity to asset ratio (5-year summary)
Equity ratio84.1%at 2018-03-31dStandaloneEquity to asset ratio (5-year summary)
ROE6.9%2021-04-01 → 2022-03-31StandaloneRate of return on equity (5-year summary)
ROE4.3%2020-04-01 → 2021-03-31StandaloneRate of return on equity (5-year summary)
ROE4.6%2019-04-01 → 2020-03-31dStandaloneRate of return on equity (5-year summary)
ROE4.7%2018-04-01 → 2019-03-31dStandaloneRate of return on equity (5-year summary)
ROE4.4%2017-04-01 → 2018-03-31dStandaloneRate of return on equity (5-year summary)
Shares issued13,934,946at 2022-03-31StandaloneTotal number of issued shares (5-year summary)
Shares issued6,967,473at 2021-03-31StandaloneTotal number of issued shares (5-year summary)
Shares issued6,967,473at 2020-03-31dStandaloneTotal number of issued shares (5-year summary)
Shares issued6,967,473at 2019-03-31dStandaloneTotal number of issued shares (5-year summary)
Shares issued6,967,473at 2018-03-31dStandaloneTotal number of issued shares (5-year summary)
Employees186at 2022-03-31StandaloneNumber of employees
Employees191at 2021-03-31StandaloneNumber of employees
Employees189at 2020-03-31dStandaloneNumber of employees
Employees205at 2019-03-31dStandaloneNumber of employees
Employees203at 2018-03-31dStandaloneNumber of employees

Periods use the dates stated in the filing. d = earlier-year period dated by calendar; v = that date confirmed by the company's own earlier filing.

Segments · 44
SegmentItemPeriodValue
Japanreportable segmentcapex2021-04-01 → 2022-03-31¥889m
Japanreportable segmentdepreciation2021-04-01 → 2022-03-31¥143m
Japanreportable segmentemployeesat 2022-03-31205 pure
Japanreportable segmentrevenue2021-04-01 → 2022-03-31¥6.7bn
Japanreportable segmentrevenue external2021-04-01 → 2022-03-31¥6.7bn
Japanreportable segmentrevenue intersegment2021-04-01 → 2022-03-31¥73m
Japanreportable segmentsegment assetsat 2022-03-31¥8.2bn
Japanreportable segmentsegment profit2021-04-01 → 2022-03-31¥699m
Southeast Asiareportable segmentcapex2021-04-01 → 2022-03-31¥115m
Southeast Asiareportable segmentdepreciation2021-04-01 → 2022-03-31¥274m
Southeast Asiareportable segmentemployeesat 2022-03-31261 pure
Southeast Asiareportable segmentrevenue2021-04-01 → 2022-03-31¥2.2bn
Southeast Asiareportable segmentrevenue external2021-04-01 → 2022-03-31¥436m
Southeast Asiareportable segmentrevenue intersegment2021-04-01 → 2022-03-31¥1.8bn
Southeast Asiareportable segmentsegment assetsat 2022-03-31¥4.5bn
Southeast Asiareportable segmentsegment profit2021-04-01 → 2022-03-31¥199m
Total Of Reportable Segments And Otherssegment totalcapex2021-04-01 → 2022-03-31¥1.0bn
Total Of Reportable Segments And Otherssegment totaldepreciation2021-04-01 → 2022-03-31¥417m
Total Of Reportable Segments And Otherssegment totalrevenue2021-04-01 → 2022-03-31¥8.9bn
Total Of Reportable Segments And Otherssegment totalrevenue external2021-04-01 → 2022-03-31¥7.1bn
Total Of Reportable Segments And Otherssegment totalrevenue intersegment2021-04-01 → 2022-03-31¥1.8bn
Total Of Reportable Segments And Otherssegment totalsegment assetsat 2022-03-31¥12.7bn
Total Of Reportable Segments And Otherssegment totalsegment profit2021-04-01 → 2022-03-31¥898m
Japanreportable segmentcapex2020-04-01 → 2021-03-31¥165m
Japanreportable segmentdepreciation2020-04-01 → 2021-03-31¥157m
Japanreportable segmentrevenue2020-04-01 → 2021-03-31¥5.9bn
Japanreportable segmentrevenue external2020-04-01 → 2021-03-31¥5.8bn
Japanreportable segmentrevenue intersegment2020-04-01 → 2021-03-31¥75m
Japanreportable segmentsegment assetsat 2021-03-31¥7.6bn
Japanreportable segmentsegment profit2020-04-01 → 2021-03-31¥328m
Southeast Asiareportable segmentcapex2020-04-01 → 2021-03-31¥59m
Southeast Asiareportable segmentdepreciation2020-04-01 → 2021-03-31¥270m
Southeast Asiareportable segmentrevenue2020-04-01 → 2021-03-31¥1.8bn
Southeast Asiareportable segmentrevenue external2020-04-01 → 2021-03-31¥462m
Southeast Asiareportable segmentrevenue intersegment2020-04-01 → 2021-03-31¥1.4bn
Southeast Asiareportable segmentsegment assetsat 2021-03-31¥4.2bn
Southeast Asiareportable segmentsegment profit2020-04-01 → 2021-03-31¥123m
Total Of Reportable Segments And Otherssegment totalcapex2020-04-01 → 2021-03-31¥224m
Total Of Reportable Segments And Otherssegment totaldepreciation2020-04-01 → 2021-03-31¥428m
Total Of Reportable Segments And Otherssegment totalrevenue2020-04-01 → 2021-03-31¥7.7bn
Total Of Reportable Segments And Otherssegment totalrevenue external2020-04-01 → 2021-03-31¥6.3bn
Total Of Reportable Segments And Otherssegment totalrevenue intersegment2020-04-01 → 2021-03-31¥1.4bn
Total Of Reportable Segments And Otherssegment totalsegment assetsat 2021-03-31¥11.8bn
Total Of Reportable Segments And Otherssegment totalsegment profit2020-04-01 → 2021-03-31¥452m

Segment names come from EDINET member IDs; not yet mapped to a common taxonomy.

All source rows · 1,405
ItemContextValueUnit
Percentage of shareholdings financial service providersCurrentYearInstant_OrdinaryShareMember0.002
Percentage of shareholdings other corporationsCurrentYearInstant_OrdinaryShareMember0.434
Percentage of shareholdings foreigners other than individualsCurrentYearInstant_OrdinaryShareMember0.123
Percentage of shareholdings foreign individualsCurrentYearInstant_OrdinaryShareMember0.000
Percentage of shareholdings individuals and othersCurrentYearInstant_OrdinaryShareMember0.413
Number of shares heldCurrentYearInstant_No1MajorShareholdersMember4501000
Shareholding ratioCurrentYearInstant_No1MajorShareholdersMember0.3526
Number of shares heldCurrentYearInstant_No2MajorShareholdersMember1395000
Shareholding ratioCurrentYearInstant_No2MajorShareholdersMember0.1093
Number of shares heldCurrentYearInstant_No3MajorShareholdersMember784000
Shareholding ratioCurrentYearInstant_No3MajorShareholdersMember0.0614
Number of shares heldCurrentYearInstant_No4MajorShareholdersMember228000
Shareholding ratioCurrentYearInstant_No4MajorShareholdersMember0.0179
Number of shares heldCurrentYearInstant_No5MajorShareholdersMember206000
Shareholding ratioCurrentYearInstant_No5MajorShareholdersMember0.0161
Number of shares heldCurrentYearInstant_No6MajorShareholdersMember189000
Shareholding ratioCurrentYearInstant_No6MajorShareholdersMember0.0148
Number of shares heldCurrentYearInstant_No7MajorShareholdersMember183000
Shareholding ratioCurrentYearInstant_No7MajorShareholdersMember0.0143
Number of shares heldCurrentYearInstant_No8MajorShareholdersMember175000
Shareholding ratioCurrentYearInstant_No8MajorShareholdersMember0.0137
Number of shares heldCurrentYearInstant_No9MajorShareholdersMember175000
Shareholding ratioCurrentYearInstant_No9MajorShareholdersMember0.0137
Number of shares heldCurrentYearInstant_No10MajorShareholdersMember169000
Shareholding ratioCurrentYearInstant_No10MajorShareholdersMember0.0132
Number of shares heldCurrentYearInstant8010000
Shareholding ratioCurrentYearInstant0.6275
Number of shares issued shares voting rightsCurrentYearInstant_SharesWithNoVotingRightsMember-
Number of shares issued shares voting rightsCurrentYearInstant_SharesWithRestrictedVotingRightsTreasurySharesEtcMember-
Number of shares issued shares voting rightsCurrentYearInstant_SharesWithRestrictedVotingRightsOtherMember-
Number of voting rights issued shares voting rightsCurrentYearInstant_SharesWithRestrictedVotingRightsOtherMember-
Number of shares issued shares voting rightsCurrentYearInstant_OrdinarySharesSharesWithFullVotingRightsTreasurySharesEtcMember1170200
Number of shares issued shares voting rightsCurrentYearInstant_OrdinarySharesSharesWithFullVotingRightsOtherMember12762500
Number of voting rights issued shares voting rightsCurrentYearInstant_OrdinarySharesSharesWithFullVotingRightsOtherMember127625
Number of shares issued shares voting rightsCurrentYearInstant_OrdinarySharesSharesLessThanOneUnitMember2246
Number of shares issued shares voting rightsCurrentYearInstant13934946
Number of voting rights issued shares voting rightsCurrentYearInstant127625
Number of shares held in own name treasury shares etcCurrentYearInstant_Row1Member1170200
Number of shares held in others names treasury shares etcCurrentYearInstant_Row1Member-
Total number of shares held treasury shares etcCurrentYearInstant_Row1Member1170200
Shareholding ratio treasury shares etcCurrentYearInstant_Row1Member0.0840
Number of shares held in own name treasury shares etcCurrentYearInstant1170200
Number of shares held in others names treasury shares etcCurrentYearInstant-
Total number of shares held treasury shares etcCurrentYearInstant1170200
Shareholding ratio treasury shares etcCurrentYearInstant0.0840
Total amount of dividends dividends of surplusFilingDateInstant_Row1Member319000000JPY
Dividend per share dividends of surplusFilingDateInstant_Row1Member25
Number of male directors and other officersFilingDateInstant10
Number of female directors and other officersFilingDateInstant-
Ratio of female directors and other officersFilingDateInstant-

Every row of the EDINET CSV. Item names are the XBRL element names; filed text is kept in its original Japanese. Filed text is available on Plus and Pro.

Data checks · 24 of 24 passed
balance sheet identityconsolidated 2021-03-31pass
balance sheet identityconsolidated 2022-03-31pass
balance sheet identitynon_consolidated 2021-03-31pass
balance sheet identitynon_consolidated 2022-03-31pass
dei present pass
period resolution pass
statement vs summary · net assetsconsolidated 2020-03-31pass
statement vs summary · net assetsconsolidated 2021-03-31pass
statement vs summary · net assetsconsolidated 2022-03-31pass
statement vs summary · net assetsnon_consolidated 2020-03-31pass
statement vs summary · net assetsnon_consolidated 2021-03-31pass
statement vs summary · net assetsnon_consolidated 2022-03-31pass
statement vs summary · net income attributable to parentconsolidated 2020-04-01/2021-03-31pass
statement vs summary · net income attributable to parentconsolidated 2021-04-01/2022-03-31pass
statement vs summary · operating cash flowconsolidated 2020-04-01/2021-03-31pass
statement vs summary · operating cash flowconsolidated 2021-04-01/2022-03-31pass
statement vs summary · revenueconsolidated 2020-04-01/2021-03-31pass
statement vs summary · revenueconsolidated 2021-04-01/2022-03-31pass
statement vs summary · revenuenon_consolidated 2020-04-01/2021-03-31pass
statement vs summary · revenuenon_consolidated 2021-04-01/2022-03-31pass
statement vs summary · total assetsconsolidated 2021-03-31pass
statement vs summary · total assetsconsolidated 2022-03-31pass
statement vs summary · total assetsnon_consolidated 2021-03-31pass
statement vs summary · total assetsnon_consolidated 2022-03-31pass