Annual report

Period2025-04-01 → 2026-03-31
Filed2026-06-25
StandardJapan GAAP
ConsolidatedYes
Data checks24 of 24 passed
Key figures · 148
MetricValuePeriodScopeSource row
Revenue¥9.3bn2025-04-01 → 2026-03-31Cons.Net sales
Revenue¥8.5bn2024-04-01 → 2025-03-31Cons.Net sales
Revenue¥7.5bn2023-04-01 → 2024-03-31vCons.Net sales (5-year summary)
Revenue¥10.1bn2022-04-01 → 2023-03-31vCons.Net sales (5-year summary)
Revenue¥12.0bn2021-04-01 → 2022-03-31vCons.Net sales (5-year summary)
Operating income¥1.1bn2025-04-01 → 2026-03-31Cons.Operating income
Operating income¥792m2024-04-01 → 2025-03-31Cons.Operating income
Ordinary income¥1.2bn2025-04-01 → 2026-03-31Cons.Ordinary income
Ordinary income¥838m2024-04-01 → 2025-03-31Cons.Ordinary income
Ordinary income¥244m2023-04-01 → 2024-03-31vCons.Ordinary income loss (5-year summary)
Ordinary income¥1.1bn2022-04-01 → 2023-03-31vCons.Ordinary income loss (5-year summary)
Ordinary income¥1.7bn2021-04-01 → 2022-03-31vCons.Ordinary income loss (5-year summary)
Profit before tax¥1.2bn2025-04-01 → 2026-03-31Cons.Income before income taxes
Profit before tax¥836m2024-04-01 → 2025-03-31Cons.Income before income taxes
Net income (owners)¥867m2025-04-01 → 2026-03-31Cons.Profit loss attributable to owners of parent
Net income (owners)¥562m2024-04-01 → 2025-03-31Cons.Profit loss attributable to owners of parent
Net income (owners)¥164m2023-04-01 → 2024-03-31vCons.Profit loss attributable to owners of parent (5-year summary)
Net income (owners)¥780m2022-04-01 → 2023-03-31vCons.Profit loss attributable to owners of parent (5-year summary)
Net income (owners)¥1.2bn2021-04-01 → 2022-03-31vCons.Profit loss attributable to owners of parent (5-year summary)
Net income¥867m2025-04-01 → 2026-03-31Cons.Profit loss
Net income¥562m2024-04-01 → 2025-03-31Cons.Profit loss
Total assets¥15.2bnat 2026-03-31Cons.Assets
Total assets¥15.5bnat 2025-03-31Cons.Assets
Total assets¥14.3bnat 2024-03-31vCons.Total assets (5-year summary)
Total assets¥15.5bnat 2023-03-31vCons.Total assets (5-year summary)
Total assets¥17.4bnat 2022-03-31vCons.Total assets (5-year summary)
Total liabilities¥3.0bnat 2026-03-31Cons.Liabilities
Total liabilities¥3.9bnat 2025-03-31Cons.Liabilities
Net assets / equity¥12.2bnat 2026-03-31Cons.Net assets
Net assets / equity¥11.6bnat 2025-03-31Cons.Net assets
Net assets / equity¥11.4bnat 2024-03-31vCons.Net assets
Net assets / equity¥11.5bnat 2023-03-31vCons.Net assets (5-year summary)
Net assets / equity¥11.1bnat 2022-03-31vCons.Net assets (5-year summary)
Cash and deposits¥6.5bnat 2026-03-31Cons.Cash and deposits
Cash and deposits¥5.0bnat 2025-03-31Cons.Cash and deposits
Cash & equivalents¥6.0bnat 2026-03-31Cons.Cash and cash equivalents
Cash & equivalents¥4.8bnat 2025-03-31Cons.Cash and cash equivalents
Cash & equivalents¥5.3bnat 2024-03-31vCons.Cash and cash equivalents
Cash & equivalents¥4.7bnat 2023-03-31vCons.Cash and cash equivalents (5-year summary)
Cash & equivalents¥5.0bnat 2022-03-31vCons.Cash and cash equivalents (5-year summary)
Operating cash flow¥2.1bn2025-04-01 → 2026-03-31Cons.Net cash provided by used in operating activities
Operating cash flow¥179m2024-04-01 → 2025-03-31Cons.Net cash provided by used in operating activities
Operating cash flow¥1.1bn2023-04-01 → 2024-03-31vCons.Net cash provided by used in operating activities (5-year summary)
Operating cash flow¥211m2022-04-01 → 2023-03-31vCons.Net cash provided by used in operating activities (5-year summary)
Operating cash flow¥113m2021-04-01 → 2022-03-31vCons.Net cash provided by used in operating activities (5-year summary)
Investing cash flow−¥466m2025-04-01 → 2026-03-31Cons.Net cash provided by used in investment activities
Investing cash flow−¥332m2024-04-01 → 2025-03-31Cons.Net cash provided by used in investment activities
Investing cash flow−¥105m2023-04-01 → 2024-03-31vCons.Net cash provided by used in investing activities (5-year summary)
Investing cash flow−¥169m2022-04-01 → 2023-03-31vCons.Net cash provided by used in investing activities (5-year summary)
Investing cash flow−¥201m2021-04-01 → 2022-03-31vCons.Net cash provided by used in investing activities (5-year summary)
Financing cash flow−¥444m2025-04-01 → 2026-03-31Cons.Net cash provided by used in financing activities
Financing cash flow−¥444m2024-04-01 → 2025-03-31Cons.Net cash provided by used in financing activities
Financing cash flow−¥494m2023-04-01 → 2024-03-31vCons.Net cash provided by used in financing activities (5-year summary)
Financing cash flow−¥383m2022-04-01 → 2023-03-31vCons.Net cash provided by used in financing activities (5-year summary)
Financing cash flow−¥347m2021-04-01 → 2022-03-31vCons.Net cash provided by used in financing activities (5-year summary)
EPS (basic)¥140.512025-04-01 → 2026-03-31Cons.Basic earnings loss per share (5-year summary)
EPS (basic)¥91.172024-04-01 → 2025-03-31Cons.Basic earnings loss per share (5-year summary)
EPS (basic)¥26.672023-04-01 → 2024-03-31vCons.Basic earnings loss per share (5-year summary)
EPS (basic)¥126.612022-04-01 → 2023-03-31vCons.Basic earnings loss per share (5-year summary)
EPS (basic)¥201.352021-04-01 → 2022-03-31vCons.Basic earnings loss per share (5-year summary)
Net assets per share¥1,970.93at 2026-03-31Cons.Net assets per share (5-year summary)
Net assets per share¥1,879.99at 2025-03-31Cons.Net assets per share (5-year summary)
Net assets per share¥1,849.71at 2024-03-31vCons.Net assets per share (5-year summary)
Net assets per share¥1,870.14at 2023-03-31vCons.Net assets per share (5-year summary)
Net assets per share¥1,795.4at 2022-03-31vCons.Net assets per share (5-year summary)
Equity ratio80.2%at 2026-03-31Cons.Equity to asset ratio (5-year summary)
Equity ratio75.0%at 2025-03-31Cons.Equity to asset ratio (5-year summary)
Equity ratio79.5%at 2024-03-31vCons.Equity to asset ratio (5-year summary)
Equity ratio74.5%at 2023-03-31vCons.Equity to asset ratio (5-year summary)
Equity ratio63.6%at 2022-03-31vCons.Equity to asset ratio (5-year summary)
ROE7.3%2025-04-01 → 2026-03-31Cons.Rate of return on equity (5-year summary)
ROE4.9%2024-04-01 → 2025-03-31Cons.Rate of return on equity (5-year summary)
ROE1.4%2023-04-01 → 2024-03-31vCons.Rate of return on equity (5-year summary)
ROE6.9%2022-04-01 → 2023-03-31vCons.Rate of return on equity (5-year summary)
ROE11.8%2021-04-01 → 2022-03-31vCons.Rate of return on equity (5-year summary)
Employees215at 2026-03-31Cons.Number of employees
Employees236at 2025-03-31Cons.Number of employees
Employees243at 2024-03-31vCons.Number of employees
Employees240at 2023-03-31vCons.Number of employees
Employees244at 2022-03-31vCons.Number of employees
Revenue¥9.3bn2025-04-01 → 2026-03-31StandaloneNet sales
Revenue¥8.2bn2024-04-01 → 2025-03-31StandaloneNet sales
Revenue¥7.2bn2023-04-01 → 2024-03-31vStandaloneNet sales (5-year summary)
Revenue¥9.7bn2022-04-01 → 2023-03-31vStandaloneNet sales (5-year summary)
Revenue¥11.6bn2021-04-01 → 2022-03-31vStandaloneNet sales (5-year summary)
Operating income¥1.1bn2025-04-01 → 2026-03-31StandaloneOperating income
Operating income¥736m2024-04-01 → 2025-03-31StandaloneOperating income
Ordinary income¥1.1bn2025-04-01 → 2026-03-31StandaloneOrdinary income
Ordinary income¥792m2024-04-01 → 2025-03-31StandaloneOrdinary income
Ordinary income¥281m2023-04-01 → 2024-03-31vStandaloneOrdinary income loss (5-year summary)
Ordinary income¥948m2022-04-01 → 2023-03-31vStandaloneOrdinary income loss (5-year summary)
Ordinary income¥1.6bn2021-04-01 → 2022-03-31vStandaloneOrdinary income loss (5-year summary)
Profit before tax¥1.1bn2025-04-01 → 2026-03-31StandaloneIncome before income taxes
Profit before tax¥791m2024-04-01 → 2025-03-31StandaloneIncome before income taxes
Net income¥823m2025-04-01 → 2026-03-31StandaloneProfit loss
Net income¥533m2024-04-01 → 2025-03-31StandaloneProfit loss
Net income¥202m2023-04-01 → 2024-03-31vStandaloneNet income loss (5-year summary)
Net income¥687m2022-04-01 → 2023-03-31vStandaloneNet income loss (5-year summary)
Net income¥1.1bn2021-04-01 → 2022-03-31vStandaloneNet income loss (5-year summary)
Total assets¥14.0bnat 2026-03-31StandaloneAssets
Total assets¥14.3bnat 2025-03-31StandaloneAssets
Total assets¥13.4bnat 2024-03-31vStandaloneTotal assets (5-year summary)
Total assets¥14.4bnat 2023-03-31vStandaloneTotal assets (5-year summary)
Total assets¥16.4bnat 2022-03-31vStandaloneTotal assets (5-year summary)
Total liabilities¥3.0bnat 2026-03-31StandaloneLiabilities
Total liabilities¥3.8bnat 2025-03-31StandaloneLiabilities
Net assets / equity¥11.0bnat 2026-03-31StandaloneNet assets
Net assets / equity¥10.5bnat 2025-03-31StandaloneNet assets
Net assets / equity¥10.5bnat 2024-03-31vStandaloneNet assets
Net assets / equity¥10.7bnat 2023-03-31vStandaloneNet assets (5-year summary)
Net assets / equity¥10.4bnat 2022-03-31vStandaloneNet assets (5-year summary)
Cash and deposits¥4.7bnat 2026-03-31StandaloneCash and deposits
Cash and deposits¥3.7bnat 2025-03-31StandaloneCash and deposits
EPS (basic)¥133.362025-04-01 → 2026-03-31StandaloneBasic earnings loss per share (5-year summary)
EPS (basic)¥86.542024-04-01 → 2025-03-31StandaloneBasic earnings loss per share (5-year summary)
EPS (basic)¥32.782023-04-01 → 2024-03-31vStandaloneBasic earnings loss per share (5-year summary)
EPS (basic)¥111.542022-04-01 → 2023-03-31vStandaloneBasic earnings loss per share (5-year summary)
EPS (basic)¥185.262021-04-01 → 2022-03-31vStandaloneBasic earnings loss per share (5-year summary)
Dividend per share¥702025-04-01 → 2026-03-31StandaloneDividend paid per share (5-year summary)
Dividend per share¥702024-04-01 → 2025-03-31StandaloneDividend paid per share (5-year summary)
Dividend per share¥702023-04-01 → 2024-03-31vStandaloneDividend paid per share (5-year summary)
Dividend per share¥702022-04-01 → 2023-03-31vStandaloneDividend paid per share (5-year summary)
Dividend per share¥602021-04-01 → 2022-03-31vStandaloneDividend paid per share (5-year summary)
Net assets per share¥1,781.24at 2026-03-31StandaloneNet assets per share (5-year summary)
Net assets per share¥1,709.68at 2025-03-31StandaloneNet assets per share (5-year summary)
Net assets per share¥1,711.08at 2024-03-31vStandaloneNet assets per share (5-year summary)
Net assets per share¥1,735.11at 2023-03-31vStandaloneNet assets per share (5-year summary)
Net assets per share¥1,686.37at 2022-03-31vStandaloneNet assets per share (5-year summary)
Equity ratio78.4%at 2026-03-31StandaloneEquity to asset ratio (5-year summary)
Equity ratio73.6%at 2025-03-31StandaloneEquity to asset ratio (5-year summary)
Equity ratio78.6%at 2024-03-31vStandaloneEquity to asset ratio (5-year summary)
Equity ratio74.0%at 2023-03-31vStandaloneEquity to asset ratio (5-year summary)
Equity ratio63.2%at 2022-03-31vStandaloneEquity to asset ratio (5-year summary)
ROE7.6%2025-04-01 → 2026-03-31StandaloneRate of return on equity (5-year summary)
ROE5.1%2024-04-01 → 2025-03-31StandaloneRate of return on equity (5-year summary)
ROE1.9%2023-04-01 → 2024-03-31vStandaloneRate of return on equity (5-year summary)
ROE6.5%2022-04-01 → 2023-03-31vStandaloneRate of return on equity (5-year summary)
ROE11.4%2021-04-01 → 2022-03-31vStandaloneRate of return on equity (5-year summary)
Shares issued6,499,000at 2026-03-31StandaloneTotal number of issued shares (5-year summary)
Shares issued6,499,000at 2025-03-31StandaloneTotal number of issued shares (5-year summary)
Shares issued6,499,000at 2024-03-31vStandaloneTotal number of issued shares (5-year summary)
Shares issued6,499,000at 2023-03-31vStandaloneTotal number of issued shares (5-year summary)
Shares issued6,499,000at 2022-03-31vStandaloneTotal number of issued shares (5-year summary)
Employees175at 2026-03-31StandaloneNumber of employees
Employees191at 2025-03-31StandaloneNumber of employees
Employees197at 2024-03-31vStandaloneNumber of employees
Employees192at 2023-03-31vStandaloneNumber of employees
Employees197at 2022-03-31vStandaloneNumber of employees

Periods use the dates stated in the filing. d = earlier-year period dated by calendar; v = that date confirmed by the company's own earlier filing.

Segments · 48
SegmentItemPeriodValue
Servicereportable segmentcapex2025-04-01 → 2026-03-31¥2m
Servicereportable segmentdepreciation2025-04-01 → 2026-03-31¥8m
Servicereportable segmentemployeesat 2026-03-3146 pure
Servicereportable segmentrevenue2025-04-01 → 2026-03-31¥2.3bn
Servicereportable segmentrevenue external2025-04-01 → 2026-03-31¥2.3bn
Servicereportable segmentrevenue intersegment2025-04-01 → 2026-03-31¥13m
Servicereportable segmentsegment assetsat 2026-03-31¥1.7bn
Servicereportable segmentsegment profit2025-04-01 → 2026-03-31¥529m
Vacuum Technology Applicationreportable segmentcapex2025-04-01 → 2026-03-31¥341m
Vacuum Technology Applicationreportable segmentdepreciation2025-04-01 → 2026-03-31¥229m
Vacuum Technology Applicationreportable segmentemployeesat 2026-03-31155 pure
Vacuum Technology Applicationreportable segmentrevenue2025-04-01 → 2026-03-31¥7.1bn
Vacuum Technology Applicationreportable segmentrevenue external2025-04-01 → 2026-03-31¥7.0bn
Vacuum Technology Applicationreportable segmentrevenue intersegment2025-04-01 → 2026-03-31¥21m
Vacuum Technology Applicationreportable segmentsegment assetsat 2026-03-31¥7.3bn
Vacuum Technology Applicationreportable segmentsegment profit2025-04-01 → 2026-03-31¥1.7bn
—segment totalcapex2025-04-01 → 2026-03-31¥343m
—segment totaldepreciation2025-04-01 → 2026-03-31¥236m
—segment totalemployeesat 2026-03-31201 pure
—segment totalrevenue2025-04-01 → 2026-03-31¥9.4bn
—segment totalrevenue external2025-04-01 → 2026-03-31¥9.3bn
—segment totalrevenue intersegment2025-04-01 → 2026-03-31¥34m
—segment totalsegment assetsat 2026-03-31¥9.0bn
—segment totalsegment profit2025-04-01 → 2026-03-31¥2.2bn
Servicereportable segmentcapex2024-04-01 → 2025-03-31¥6m
Servicereportable segmentdepreciation2024-04-01 → 2025-03-31¥9m
Servicereportable segmentrevenue2024-04-01 → 2025-03-31¥2.7bn
Servicereportable segmentrevenue external2024-04-01 → 2025-03-31¥2.7bn
Servicereportable segmentrevenue intersegment2024-04-01 → 2025-03-31¥8m
Servicereportable segmentsegment assetsat 2025-03-31¥1.9bn
Servicereportable segmentsegment profit2024-04-01 → 2025-03-31¥754m
Vacuum Technology Applicationreportable segmentcapex2024-04-01 → 2025-03-31¥256m
Vacuum Technology Applicationreportable segmentdepreciation2024-04-01 → 2025-03-31¥166m
Vacuum Technology Applicationreportable segmentrevenue2024-04-01 → 2025-03-31¥5.8bn
Vacuum Technology Applicationreportable segmentrevenue external2024-04-01 → 2025-03-31¥5.7bn
Vacuum Technology Applicationreportable segmentrevenue intersegment2024-04-01 → 2025-03-31¥21m
Vacuum Technology Applicationreportable segmentsegment assetsat 2025-03-31¥8.0bn
Vacuum Technology Applicationreportable segmentsegment profit2024-04-01 → 2025-03-31¥995m
—segment totalcapex2024-04-01 → 2025-03-31¥262m
—segment totaldepreciation2024-04-01 → 2025-03-31¥175m
—segment totalrevenue2024-04-01 → 2025-03-31¥8.5bn
—segment totalrevenue external2024-04-01 → 2025-03-31¥8.5bn
—segment totalrevenue intersegment2024-04-01 → 2025-03-31¥29m
—segment totalsegment assetsat 2025-03-31¥9.9bn
—segment totalsegment profit2024-04-01 → 2025-03-31¥1.7bn
Servicereportable segmentemployeesat 2026-03-3117 pure
Vacuum Technology Applicationreportable segmentemployeesat 2026-03-31144 pure
—segment totalemployeesat 2026-03-31161 pure

Segment names come from EDINET member IDs; not yet mapped to a common taxonomy.

All source rows · 1,570
ItemContextValueUnit
Net cash provided by used in financing activities (5-year summary)Prior1YearDuration-444384000JPY
Net cash provided by used in financing activities (5-year summary)CurrentYearDuration-443999000JPY
Cash and cash equivalents (5-year summary)Prior4YearInstant5012172000JPY
Cash and cash equivalents (5-year summary)Prior3YearInstant4748205000JPY
Cash and cash equivalents (5-year summary)Prior2YearInstant5294560000JPY
Cash and cash equivalents (5-year summary)Prior1YearInstant4813428000JPY
Cash and cash equivalents (5-year summary)CurrentYearInstant6037983000JPY
Number of employeesPrior4YearInstant244
Number of employeesPrior3YearInstant240
Number of employeesPrior2YearInstant243
Number of employeesPrior1YearInstant236
Number of employeesCurrentYearInstant215
Average number of temporary workersPrior4YearInstant14
Average number of temporary workersPrior3YearInstant14
Average number of temporary workersPrior2YearInstant9
Average number of temporary workersPrior1YearInstant7
Average number of temporary workersCurrentYearInstant18
Net sales (5-year summary)Prior4YearDuration_NonConsolidatedMember11608238000JPY
Net sales (5-year summary)Prior3YearDuration_NonConsolidatedMember9695230000JPY
Net sales (5-year summary)Prior2YearDuration_NonConsolidatedMember7228258000JPY
Net sales (5-year summary)Prior1YearDuration_NonConsolidatedMember8164261000JPY
Net sales (5-year summary)CurrentYearDuration_NonConsolidatedMember9274985000JPY
Ordinary income loss (5-year summary)Prior4YearDuration_NonConsolidatedMember1553181000JPY
Ordinary income loss (5-year summary)Prior3YearDuration_NonConsolidatedMember947700000JPY
Ordinary income loss (5-year summary)Prior2YearDuration_NonConsolidatedMember281178000JPY
Ordinary income loss (5-year summary)Prior1YearDuration_NonConsolidatedMember791745000JPY
Ordinary income loss (5-year summary)CurrentYearDuration_NonConsolidatedMember1118491000JPY
Net income loss (5-year summary)Prior4YearDuration_NonConsolidatedMember1140897000JPY
Net income loss (5-year summary)Prior3YearDuration_NonConsolidatedMember686974000JPY
Net income loss (5-year summary)Prior2YearDuration_NonConsolidatedMember201932000JPY
Net income loss (5-year summary)Prior1YearDuration_NonConsolidatedMember533395000JPY
Net income loss (5-year summary)CurrentYearDuration_NonConsolidatedMember823205000JPY
Capital stock (5-year summary)Prior4YearInstant_NonConsolidatedMember2177105000JPY
Capital stock (5-year summary)Prior3YearInstant_NonConsolidatedMember2177105000JPY
Capital stock (5-year summary)Prior2YearInstant_NonConsolidatedMember2177105000JPY
Capital stock (5-year summary)Prior1YearInstant_NonConsolidatedMember2177105000JPY
Capital stock (5-year summary)CurrentYearInstant_NonConsolidatedMember2177105000JPY
Total number of issued shares (5-year summary)Prior4YearInstant_NonConsolidatedMember6499000
Total number of issued shares (5-year summary)Prior3YearInstant_NonConsolidatedMember6499000
Total number of issued shares (5-year summary)Prior2YearInstant_NonConsolidatedMember6499000
Total number of issued shares (5-year summary)Prior1YearInstant_NonConsolidatedMember6499000
Total number of issued shares (5-year summary)CurrentYearInstant_NonConsolidatedMember6499000
Net assets (5-year summary)Prior4YearInstant_NonConsolidatedMember10385576000JPY
Net assets (5-year summary)Prior3YearInstant_NonConsolidatedMember10687474000JPY
Net assets (5-year summary)Prior2YearInstant_NonConsolidatedMember10543790000JPY
Net assets (5-year summary)Prior1YearInstant_NonConsolidatedMember10540267000JPY
Net assets (5-year summary)CurrentYearInstant_NonConsolidatedMember11002458000JPY
Total assets (5-year summary)Prior4YearInstant_NonConsolidatedMember16438984000JPY
Total assets (5-year summary)Prior3YearInstant_NonConsolidatedMember14439036000JPY
Total assets (5-year summary)Prior2YearInstant_NonConsolidatedMember13418414000JPY

Every row of the EDINET CSV. Item names are the XBRL element names; filed text is kept in its original Japanese. Filed text is available on Plus and Pro.

Data checks · 24 of 24 passed
balance sheet identityconsolidated 2025-03-31pass
balance sheet identityconsolidated 2026-03-31pass rounding
balance sheet identitynon_consolidated 2025-03-31pass
balance sheet identitynon_consolidated 2026-03-31pass
dei present pass
period resolution pass
statement vs summary · net assetsconsolidated 2024-03-31pass
statement vs summary · net assetsconsolidated 2025-03-31pass
statement vs summary · net assetsconsolidated 2026-03-31pass
statement vs summary · net assetsnon_consolidated 2024-03-31pass
statement vs summary · net assetsnon_consolidated 2025-03-31pass
statement vs summary · net assetsnon_consolidated 2026-03-31pass
statement vs summary · net income attributable to parentconsolidated 2024-04-01/2025-03-31pass
statement vs summary · net income attributable to parentconsolidated 2025-04-01/2026-03-31pass
statement vs summary · operating cash flowconsolidated 2024-04-01/2025-03-31pass
statement vs summary · operating cash flowconsolidated 2025-04-01/2026-03-31pass
statement vs summary · revenueconsolidated 2024-04-01/2025-03-31pass
statement vs summary · revenueconsolidated 2025-04-01/2026-03-31pass
statement vs summary · revenuenon_consolidated 2024-04-01/2025-03-31pass
statement vs summary · revenuenon_consolidated 2025-04-01/2026-03-31pass
statement vs summary · total assetsconsolidated 2025-03-31pass
statement vs summary · total assetsconsolidated 2026-03-31pass
statement vs summary · total assetsnon_consolidated 2025-03-31pass
statement vs summary · total assetsnon_consolidated 2026-03-31pass