Annual report

Period2022-04-01 → 2023-03-31
Filed2023-06-29
StandardJapan GAAP
ConsolidatedYes
Data checks24 of 24 passed
Key figures · 148
MetricValuePeriodScopeSource row
Revenue¥28.5bn2022-04-01 → 2023-03-31Cons.Net sales
Revenue¥22.2bn2021-04-01 → 2022-03-31Cons.Net sales
Revenue¥19.9bn2020-04-01 → 2021-03-31dCons.Net sales (5-year summary)
Revenue¥23.6bn2019-04-01 → 2020-03-31dCons.Net sales (5-year summary)
Revenue¥22.3bn2018-04-01 → 2019-03-31dCons.Net sales (5-year summary)
Operating income¥5.0bn2022-04-01 → 2023-03-31Cons.Operating income
Operating income¥2.5bn2021-04-01 → 2022-03-31Cons.Operating income
Ordinary income¥5.5bn2022-04-01 → 2023-03-31Cons.Ordinary income
Ordinary income¥3.0bn2021-04-01 → 2022-03-31Cons.Ordinary income
Ordinary income¥2.5bn2020-04-01 → 2021-03-31dCons.Ordinary income loss (5-year summary)
Ordinary income¥3.8bn2019-04-01 → 2020-03-31dCons.Ordinary income loss (5-year summary)
Ordinary income¥2.2bn2018-04-01 → 2019-03-31dCons.Ordinary income loss (5-year summary)
Profit before tax¥5.7bn2022-04-01 → 2023-03-31Cons.Income before income taxes
Profit before tax¥2.9bn2021-04-01 → 2022-03-31Cons.Income before income taxes
Net income (owners)¥4.0bn2022-04-01 → 2023-03-31Cons.Profit loss attributable to owners of parent
Net income (owners)¥2.0bn2021-04-01 → 2022-03-31Cons.Profit loss attributable to owners of parent
Net income (owners)¥2.3bn2020-04-01 → 2021-03-31dCons.Profit loss attributable to owners of parent (5-year summary)
Net income (owners)¥3.2bn2019-04-01 → 2020-03-31dCons.Profit loss attributable to owners of parent (5-year summary)
Net income (owners)¥1.0bn2018-04-01 → 2019-03-31dCons.Profit loss attributable to owners of parent (5-year summary)
Net income¥4.1bn2022-04-01 → 2023-03-31Cons.Profit loss
Net income¥2.1bn2021-04-01 → 2022-03-31Cons.Profit loss
Total assets¥41.6bnat 2023-03-31Cons.Assets
Total assets¥39.0bnat 2022-03-31Cons.Assets
Total assets¥35.6bnat 2021-03-31dCons.Total assets (5-year summary)
Total assets¥34.8bnat 2020-03-31dCons.Total assets (5-year summary)
Total assets¥34.3bnat 2019-03-31dCons.Total assets (5-year summary)
Total liabilities¥10.1bnat 2023-03-31Cons.Liabilities
Total liabilities¥8.7bnat 2022-03-31Cons.Liabilities
Net assets / equity¥31.5bnat 2023-03-31Cons.Net assets
Net assets / equity¥30.3bnat 2022-03-31Cons.Net assets
Net assets / equity¥28.8bnat 2021-03-31dCons.Net assets
Net assets / equity¥27.1bnat 2020-03-31dCons.Net assets (5-year summary)
Net assets / equity¥24.8bnat 2019-03-31dCons.Net assets (5-year summary)
Cash and deposits¥16.1bnat 2023-03-31Cons.Cash and deposits
Cash and deposits¥14.4bnat 2022-03-31Cons.Cash and deposits
Cash & equivalents¥14.9bnat 2023-03-31Cons.Cash and cash equivalents
Cash & equivalents¥13.0bnat 2022-03-31Cons.Cash and cash equivalents
Cash & equivalents¥11.8bnat 2021-03-31dCons.Cash and cash equivalents
Cash & equivalents¥9.6bnat 2020-03-31dCons.Cash and cash equivalents (5-year summary)
Cash & equivalents¥8.2bnat 2019-03-31dCons.Cash and cash equivalents (5-year summary)
Operating cash flow¥4.9bn2022-04-01 → 2023-03-31Cons.Net cash provided by used in operating activities
Operating cash flow¥3.8bn2021-04-01 → 2022-03-31Cons.Net cash provided by used in operating activities
Operating cash flow¥3.6bn2020-04-01 → 2021-03-31dCons.Net cash provided by used in operating activities (5-year summary)
Operating cash flow¥3.5bn2019-04-01 → 2020-03-31dCons.Net cash provided by used in operating activities (5-year summary)
Operating cash flow¥1.4bn2018-04-01 → 2019-03-31dCons.Net cash provided by used in operating activities (5-year summary)
Investing cash flow¥282m2022-04-01 → 2023-03-31Cons.Net cash provided by used in investment activities
Investing cash flow−¥1.5bn2021-04-01 → 2022-03-31Cons.Net cash provided by used in investment activities
Investing cash flow−¥275m2020-04-01 → 2021-03-31dCons.Net cash provided by used in investing activities (5-year summary)
Investing cash flow−¥1.3bn2019-04-01 → 2020-03-31dCons.Net cash provided by used in investing activities (5-year summary)
Investing cash flow−¥831m2018-04-01 → 2019-03-31dCons.Net cash provided by used in investing activities (5-year summary)
Financing cash flow−¥3.7bn2022-04-01 → 2023-03-31Cons.Net cash provided by used in financing activities
Financing cash flow−¥1.7bn2021-04-01 → 2022-03-31Cons.Net cash provided by used in financing activities
Financing cash flow−¥1.1bn2020-04-01 → 2021-03-31dCons.Net cash provided by used in financing activities (5-year summary)
Financing cash flow−¥690m2019-04-01 → 2020-03-31dCons.Net cash provided by used in financing activities (5-year summary)
Financing cash flow−¥787m2018-04-01 → 2019-03-31dCons.Net cash provided by used in financing activities (5-year summary)
EPS (basic)¥214.952022-04-01 → 2023-03-31Cons.Basic earnings loss per share (5-year summary)
EPS (basic)¥103.292021-04-01 → 2022-03-31Cons.Basic earnings loss per share (5-year summary)
EPS (basic)¥118.082020-04-01 → 2021-03-31dCons.Basic earnings loss per share (5-year summary)
EPS (basic)¥159.852019-04-01 → 2020-03-31dCons.Basic earnings loss per share (5-year summary)
EPS (basic)¥51.442018-04-01 → 2019-03-31dCons.Basic earnings loss per share (5-year summary)
Net assets per share¥1,716.1at 2023-03-31Cons.Net assets per share (5-year summary)
Net assets per share¥1,579.6at 2022-03-31Cons.Net assets per share (5-year summary)
Net assets per share¥1,459.79at 2021-03-31dCons.Net assets per share (5-year summary)
Net assets per share¥1,367.8at 2020-03-31dCons.Net assets per share (5-year summary)
Net assets per share¥1,249.86at 2019-03-31dCons.Net assets per share (5-year summary)
Equity ratio74.7%at 2023-03-31Cons.Equity to asset ratio (5-year summary)
Equity ratio77.0%at 2022-03-31Cons.Equity to asset ratio (5-year summary)
Equity ratio80.5%at 2021-03-31dCons.Equity to asset ratio (5-year summary)
Equity ratio77.4%at 2020-03-31dCons.Equity to asset ratio (5-year summary)
Equity ratio72.0%at 2019-03-31dCons.Equity to asset ratio (5-year summary)
ROE13.1%2022-04-01 → 2023-03-31Cons.Rate of return on equity (5-year summary)
ROE6.8%2021-04-01 → 2022-03-31Cons.Rate of return on equity (5-year summary)
ROE8.4%2020-04-01 → 2021-03-31dCons.Rate of return on equity (5-year summary)
ROE12.2%2019-04-01 → 2020-03-31dCons.Rate of return on equity (5-year summary)
ROE4.1%2018-04-01 → 2019-03-31dCons.Rate of return on equity (5-year summary)
Employees1,269at 2023-03-31Cons.Number of employees
Employees1,273at 2022-03-31Cons.Number of employees
Employees1,267at 2021-03-31dCons.Number of employees
Employees1,296at 2020-03-31dCons.Number of employees
Employees1,291at 2019-03-31dCons.Number of employees
Revenue¥11.7bn2022-04-01 → 2023-03-31StandaloneNet sales
Revenue¥10.1bn2021-04-01 → 2022-03-31StandaloneNet sales
Revenue¥9.6bn2020-04-01 → 2021-03-31dStandaloneNet sales (5-year summary)
Revenue¥11.3bn2019-04-01 → 2020-03-31dStandaloneNet sales (5-year summary)
Revenue¥10.7bn2018-04-01 → 2019-03-31dStandaloneNet sales (5-year summary)
Operating income¥1.3bn2022-04-01 → 2023-03-31StandaloneOperating income
Operating income¥723m2021-04-01 → 2022-03-31StandaloneOperating income
Ordinary income¥2.1bn2022-04-01 → 2023-03-31StandaloneOrdinary income
Ordinary income¥1.4bn2021-04-01 → 2022-03-31StandaloneOrdinary income
Ordinary income¥1.4bn2020-04-01 → 2021-03-31dStandaloneOrdinary income loss (5-year summary)
Ordinary income¥1.9bn2019-04-01 → 2020-03-31dStandaloneOrdinary income loss (5-year summary)
Ordinary income¥1.6bn2018-04-01 → 2019-03-31dStandaloneOrdinary income loss (5-year summary)
Profit before tax¥2.3bn2022-04-01 → 2023-03-31StandaloneIncome before income taxes
Profit before tax¥1.4bn2021-04-01 → 2022-03-31StandaloneIncome before income taxes
Net income¥1.8bn2022-04-01 → 2023-03-31StandaloneProfit loss
Net income¥1.1bn2021-04-01 → 2022-03-31StandaloneProfit loss
Net income¥1.1bn2020-04-01 → 2021-03-31dStandaloneNet income loss (5-year summary)
Net income¥1.5bn2019-04-01 → 2020-03-31dStandaloneNet income loss (5-year summary)
Net income¥1.3bn2018-04-01 → 2019-03-31dStandaloneNet income loss (5-year summary)
Total assets¥22.1bnat 2023-03-31StandaloneAssets
Total assets¥23.8bnat 2022-03-31StandaloneAssets
Total assets¥23.8bnat 2021-03-31dStandaloneTotal assets (5-year summary)
Total assets¥23.7bnat 2020-03-31dStandaloneTotal assets (5-year summary)
Total assets¥23.5bnat 2019-03-31dStandaloneTotal assets (5-year summary)
Total liabilities¥2.9bnat 2023-03-31StandaloneLiabilities
Total liabilities¥2.7bnat 2022-03-31StandaloneLiabilities
Net assets / equity¥19.3bnat 2023-03-31StandaloneNet assets
Net assets / equity¥21.1bnat 2022-03-31StandaloneNet assets
Net assets / equity¥21.6bnat 2021-03-31dStandaloneNet assets
Net assets / equity¥21.1bnat 2020-03-31dStandaloneNet assets (5-year summary)
Net assets / equity¥20.4bnat 2019-03-31dStandaloneNet assets (5-year summary)
Cash and deposits¥5.3bnat 2023-03-31StandaloneCash and deposits
Cash and deposits¥6.3bnat 2022-03-31StandaloneCash and deposits
EPS (basic)¥94.22022-04-01 → 2023-03-31StandaloneBasic earnings loss per share (5-year summary)
EPS (basic)¥56.882021-04-01 → 2022-03-31StandaloneBasic earnings loss per share (5-year summary)
EPS (basic)¥54.022020-04-01 → 2021-03-31dStandaloneBasic earnings loss per share (5-year summary)
EPS (basic)¥74.22019-04-01 → 2020-03-31dStandaloneBasic earnings loss per share (5-year summary)
EPS (basic)¥65.092018-04-01 → 2019-03-31dStandaloneBasic earnings loss per share (5-year summary)
Dividend per share¥1162022-04-01 → 2023-03-31StandaloneDividend paid per share (5-year summary)
Dividend per share¥502021-04-01 → 2022-03-31StandaloneDividend paid per share (5-year summary)
Dividend per share¥362020-04-01 → 2021-03-31dStandaloneDividend paid per share (5-year summary)
Dividend per share¥362019-04-01 → 2020-03-31dStandaloneDividend paid per share (5-year summary)
Dividend per share¥242018-04-01 → 2019-03-31dStandaloneDividend paid per share (5-year summary)
Net assets per share¥1,062.87at 2023-03-31StandaloneNet assets per share (5-year summary)
Net assets per share¥1,110.86at 2022-03-31StandaloneNet assets per share (5-year summary)
Net assets per share¥1,098.52at 2021-03-31dStandaloneNet assets per share (5-year summary)
Net assets per share¥1,072.99at 2020-03-31dStandaloneNet assets per share (5-year summary)
Net assets per share¥1,032.68at 2019-03-31dStandaloneNet assets per share (5-year summary)
Equity ratio87.0%at 2023-03-31StandaloneEquity to asset ratio (5-year summary)
Equity ratio88.8%at 2022-03-31StandaloneEquity to asset ratio (5-year summary)
Equity ratio90.8%at 2021-03-31dStandaloneEquity to asset ratio (5-year summary)
Equity ratio89.0%at 2020-03-31dStandaloneEquity to asset ratio (5-year summary)
Equity ratio86.8%at 2019-03-31dStandaloneEquity to asset ratio (5-year summary)
ROE8.7%2022-04-01 → 2023-03-31StandaloneRate of return on equity (5-year summary)
ROE5.1%2021-04-01 → 2022-03-31StandaloneRate of return on equity (5-year summary)
ROE5.0%2020-04-01 → 2021-03-31dStandaloneRate of return on equity (5-year summary)
ROE7.1%2019-04-01 → 2020-03-31dStandaloneRate of return on equity (5-year summary)
ROE6.4%2018-04-01 → 2019-03-31dStandaloneRate of return on equity (5-year summary)
Shares issued18,990,038at 2023-03-31StandaloneTotal number of issued shares (5-year summary)
Shares issued20,440,038at 2022-03-31StandaloneTotal number of issued shares (5-year summary)
Shares issued20,423,438at 2021-03-31dStandaloneTotal number of issued shares (5-year summary)
Shares issued20,408,138at 2020-03-31dStandaloneTotal number of issued shares (5-year summary)
Shares issued20,408,138at 2019-03-31dStandaloneTotal number of issued shares (5-year summary)
Employees314at 2023-03-31StandaloneNumber of employees
Employees321at 2022-03-31StandaloneNumber of employees
Employees318at 2021-03-31dStandaloneNumber of employees
Employees319at 2020-03-31dStandaloneNumber of employees
Employees311at 2019-03-31dStandaloneNumber of employees

Periods use the dates stated in the filing. d = earlier-year period dated by calendar; v = that date confirmed by the company's own earlier filing.

Segments · 39
SegmentItemPeriodValue
Operating Segments Not Included In Reportable Segments And Other Revenue Generating Business Activitiesother segmentscapex2022-04-01 → 2023-03-31¥4m
Operating Segments Not Included In Reportable Segments And Other Revenue Generating Business Activitiesother segmentsdepreciation2022-04-01 → 2023-03-31¥4m
Operating Segments Not Included In Reportable Segments And Other Revenue Generating Business Activitiesother segmentsemployeesat 2023-03-318 pure
Operating Segments Not Included In Reportable Segments And Other Revenue Generating Business Activitiesother segmentsrevenue2022-04-01 → 2023-03-31¥243m
Operating Segments Not Included In Reportable Segments And Other Revenue Generating Business Activitiesother segmentsrevenue external2022-04-01 → 2023-03-31¥243m
Operating Segments Not Included In Reportable Segments And Other Revenue Generating Business Activitiesother segmentssegment assetsat 2023-03-31¥255m
Operating Segments Not Included In Reportable Segments And Other Revenue Generating Business Activitiesother segmentssegment profit2022-04-01 → 2023-03-31¥23m
—segment totalcapex2022-04-01 → 2023-03-31¥617m
—segment totaldepreciation2022-04-01 → 2023-03-31¥989m
—segment totalemployeesat 2023-03-311170 pure
—segment totalrevenue2022-04-01 → 2023-03-31¥28.2bn
—segment totalrevenue external2022-04-01 → 2023-03-31¥28.2bn
—segment totalsegment assetsat 2023-03-31¥41.3bn
—segment totalsegment profit2022-04-01 → 2023-03-31¥5.0bn
Total Of Reportable Segments And Otherssegment totalcapex2022-04-01 → 2023-03-31¥621m
Total Of Reportable Segments And Otherssegment totaldepreciation2022-04-01 → 2023-03-31¥993m
Total Of Reportable Segments And Otherssegment totalrevenue2022-04-01 → 2023-03-31¥28.5bn
Total Of Reportable Segments And Otherssegment totalrevenue external2022-04-01 → 2023-03-31¥28.5bn
Total Of Reportable Segments And Otherssegment totalsegment assetsat 2023-03-31¥41.6bn
Total Of Reportable Segments And Otherssegment totalsegment profit2022-04-01 → 2023-03-31¥5.0bn
Operating Segments Not Included In Reportable Segments And Other Revenue Generating Business Activitiesother segmentscapex2021-04-01 → 2022-03-31¥5m
Operating Segments Not Included In Reportable Segments And Other Revenue Generating Business Activitiesother segmentsdepreciation2021-04-01 → 2022-03-31¥7m
Operating Segments Not Included In Reportable Segments And Other Revenue Generating Business Activitiesother segmentsrevenue2021-04-01 → 2022-03-31¥350m
Operating Segments Not Included In Reportable Segments And Other Revenue Generating Business Activitiesother segmentsrevenue external2021-04-01 → 2022-03-31¥350m
Operating Segments Not Included In Reportable Segments And Other Revenue Generating Business Activitiesother segmentssegment assetsat 2022-03-31¥400m
Operating Segments Not Included In Reportable Segments And Other Revenue Generating Business Activitiesother segmentssegment profit2021-04-01 → 2022-03-31¥32m
—segment totalcapex2021-04-01 → 2022-03-31¥1.1bn
—segment totaldepreciation2021-04-01 → 2022-03-31¥915m
—segment totalrevenue2021-04-01 → 2022-03-31¥21.9bn
—segment totalrevenue external2021-04-01 → 2022-03-31¥21.9bn
—segment totalsegment assetsat 2022-03-31¥38.6bn
—segment totalsegment profit2021-04-01 → 2022-03-31¥2.5bn
Total Of Reportable Segments And Otherssegment totalcapex2021-04-01 → 2022-03-31¥1.1bn
Total Of Reportable Segments And Otherssegment totaldepreciation2021-04-01 → 2022-03-31¥922m
Total Of Reportable Segments And Otherssegment totalrevenue2021-04-01 → 2022-03-31¥22.2bn
Total Of Reportable Segments And Otherssegment totalrevenue external2021-04-01 → 2022-03-31¥22.2bn
Total Of Reportable Segments And Otherssegment totalsegment assetsat 2022-03-31¥39.0bn
Total Of Reportable Segments And Otherssegment totalsegment profit2021-04-01 → 2022-03-31¥2.5bn
—segment totalemployeesat 2023-03-31286 pure

Segment names come from EDINET member IDs; not yet mapped to a common taxonomy.

All source rows · 1,756
ItemContextValueUnit
Total assets (5-year summary)Prior1YearInstant39001124000JPY
Total assets (5-year summary)CurrentYearInstant41596930000JPY
Net assets per share (5-year summary)Prior4YearInstant1249.86
Net assets per share (5-year summary)Prior3YearInstant1367.80
Net assets per share (5-year summary)Prior2YearInstant1459.79
Net assets per share (5-year summary)Prior1YearInstant1579.60
Net assets per share (5-year summary)CurrentYearInstant1716.10
Basic earnings loss per share (5-year summary)Prior4YearDuration51.44
Basic earnings loss per share (5-year summary)Prior3YearDuration159.85
Basic earnings loss per share (5-year summary)Prior2YearDuration118.08
Basic earnings loss per share (5-year summary)Prior1YearDuration103.29
Basic earnings loss per share (5-year summary)CurrentYearDuration214.95
Diluted earnings per share (5-year summary)Prior4YearDuration-
Diluted earnings per share (5-year summary)Prior3YearDuration-
Diluted earnings per share (5-year summary)Prior2YearDuration-
Diluted earnings per share (5-year summary)Prior1YearDuration-
Diluted earnings per share (5-year summary)CurrentYearDuration-
Equity to asset ratio (5-year summary)Prior4YearInstant0.720
Equity to asset ratio (5-year summary)Prior3YearInstant0.774
Equity to asset ratio (5-year summary)Prior2YearInstant0.805
Equity to asset ratio (5-year summary)Prior1YearInstant0.770
Equity to asset ratio (5-year summary)CurrentYearInstant0.747
Rate of return on equity (5-year summary)Prior4YearDuration0.041
Rate of return on equity (5-year summary)Prior3YearDuration0.122
Rate of return on equity (5-year summary)Prior2YearDuration0.084
Rate of return on equity (5-year summary)Prior1YearDuration0.068
Rate of return on equity (5-year summary)CurrentYearDuration0.131
Price earnings ratio (5-year summary)Prior4YearDuration21.85
Price earnings ratio (5-year summary)Prior3YearDuration8.21
Price earnings ratio (5-year summary)Prior2YearDuration11.20
Price earnings ratio (5-year summary)Prior1YearDuration15.24
Price earnings ratio (5-year summary)CurrentYearDuration11.41
Net cash provided by used in operating activities (5-year summary)Prior4YearDuration1395139000JPY
Net cash provided by used in operating activities (5-year summary)Prior3YearDuration3472331000JPY
Net cash provided by used in operating activities (5-year summary)Prior2YearDuration3589583000JPY
Net cash provided by used in operating activities (5-year summary)Prior1YearDuration3766624000JPY
Net cash provided by used in operating activities (5-year summary)CurrentYearDuration4853199000JPY
Net cash provided by used in investing activities (5-year summary)Prior4YearDuration-830751000JPY
Net cash provided by used in investing activities (5-year summary)Prior3YearDuration-1260187000JPY
Net cash provided by used in investing activities (5-year summary)Prior2YearDuration-275407000JPY
Net cash provided by used in investing activities (5-year summary)Prior1YearDuration-1474924000JPY
Net cash provided by used in investing activities (5-year summary)CurrentYearDuration281920000JPY
Net cash provided by used in financing activities (5-year summary)Prior4YearDuration-786530000JPY
Net cash provided by used in financing activities (5-year summary)Prior3YearDuration-690037000JPY
Net cash provided by used in financing activities (5-year summary)Prior2YearDuration-1106277000JPY
Net cash provided by used in financing activities (5-year summary)Prior1YearDuration-1651878000JPY
Net cash provided by used in financing activities (5-year summary)CurrentYearDuration-3713623000JPY
Cash and cash equivalents (5-year summary)Prior4YearInstant8158575000JPY
Cash and cash equivalents (5-year summary)Prior3YearInstant9569763000JPY
Cash and cash equivalents (5-year summary)Prior2YearInstant11810351000JPY

Every row of the EDINET CSV. Item names are the XBRL element names; filed text is kept in its original Japanese. Filed text is available on Plus and Pro.

Data checks · 24 of 24 passed
balance sheet identityconsolidated 2022-03-31pass
balance sheet identityconsolidated 2023-03-31pass rounding
balance sheet identitynon_consolidated 2022-03-31pass rounding
balance sheet identitynon_consolidated 2023-03-31pass rounding
dei present pass
period resolution pass
statement vs summary · net assetsconsolidated 2021-03-31pass
statement vs summary · net assetsconsolidated 2022-03-31pass
statement vs summary · net assetsconsolidated 2023-03-31pass
statement vs summary · net assetsnon_consolidated 2021-03-31pass
statement vs summary · net assetsnon_consolidated 2022-03-31pass
statement vs summary · net assetsnon_consolidated 2023-03-31pass
statement vs summary · net income attributable to parentconsolidated 2021-04-01/2022-03-31pass
statement vs summary · net income attributable to parentconsolidated 2022-04-01/2023-03-31pass
statement vs summary · operating cash flowconsolidated 2021-04-01/2022-03-31pass
statement vs summary · operating cash flowconsolidated 2022-04-01/2023-03-31pass
statement vs summary · revenueconsolidated 2021-04-01/2022-03-31pass
statement vs summary · revenueconsolidated 2022-04-01/2023-03-31pass
statement vs summary · revenuenon_consolidated 2021-04-01/2022-03-31pass
statement vs summary · revenuenon_consolidated 2022-04-01/2023-03-31pass
statement vs summary · total assetsconsolidated 2022-03-31pass
statement vs summary · total assetsconsolidated 2023-03-31pass
statement vs summary · total assetsnon_consolidated 2022-03-31pass
statement vs summary · total assetsnon_consolidated 2023-03-31pass