Annual report

Period2023-03-01 → 2024-02-29
Filed2024-05-24
StandardIFRS
ConsolidatedYes
Data checks21 of 21 passed
Key figures · 157
MetricValuePeriodScopeSource row
Revenue¥148.7bn2023-03-01 → 2024-02-29Cons.Revenue IFRS
Revenue¥156.1bn2022-03-01 → 2023-02-28Cons.Revenue IFRS
Revenue¥146.5bn2021-03-01 → 2022-02-28dCons.Revenue IFRS (5-year summary)
Revenue¥135.7bn2020-03-01 → 2021-02-28dCons.Revenue IFRS (5-year summary)
Revenue¥126.7bn2019-03-01 → 2020-02-29dCons.Revenue IFRS (5-year summary)
Operating income¥11.5bn2023-03-01 → 2024-02-29Cons.Operating profit loss IFRS
Operating income¥14.9bn2022-03-01 → 2023-02-28Cons.Operating profit loss IFRS
Profit before tax¥11.2bn2023-03-01 → 2024-02-29Cons.Profit loss before tax IFRS
Profit before tax¥14.2bn2022-03-01 → 2023-02-28Cons.Profit loss before tax IFRS
Profit before tax¥13.5bn2021-03-01 → 2022-02-28dCons.Profit loss before tax IFRS (5-year summary)
Profit before tax¥11.3bn2020-03-01 → 2021-02-28dCons.Profit loss before tax IFRS (5-year summary)
Profit before tax¥10.5bn2019-03-01 → 2020-02-29dCons.Profit loss before tax IFRS (5-year summary)
Net income (owners)¥7.5bn2023-03-01 → 2024-02-29Cons.Profit loss attributable to owners of parent IFRS
Net income (owners)¥9.3bn2022-03-01 → 2023-02-28Cons.Profit loss attributable to owners of parent IFRS
Net income (owners)¥8.9bn2021-03-01 → 2022-02-28dCons.Profit loss attributable to owners of parent IFRS (5-year summary)
Net income (owners)¥7.3bn2020-03-01 → 2021-02-28dCons.Profit loss attributable to owners of parent IFRS (5-year summary)
Net income (owners)¥7.0bn2019-03-01 → 2020-02-29dCons.Profit loss attributable to owners of parent IFRS (5-year summary)
Net income¥7.9bn2023-03-01 → 2024-02-29Cons.Profit loss IFRS
Net income¥9.6bn2022-03-01 → 2023-02-28Cons.Profit loss IFRS
Total assets¥175.5bnat 2024-02-29Cons.Assets IFRS
Total assets¥176.3bnat 2023-02-28Cons.Assets IFRS
Total assets¥178.3bnat 2022-02-28dCons.Total assets IFRS (5-year summary)
Total assets¥172.9bnat 2021-02-28dCons.Total assets IFRS (5-year summary)
Total assets¥168.5bnat 2020-02-29dCons.Total assets IFRS (5-year summary)
Total liabilities¥107.7bnat 2024-02-29Cons.Liabilities IFRS
Total liabilities¥111.3bnat 2023-02-28Cons.Liabilities IFRS
Net assets / equity¥67.7bnat 2024-02-29Cons.Equity IFRS
Net assets / equity¥64.9bnat 2023-02-28Cons.Equity IFRS
Net assets / equity¥59.5bnat 2022-02-28dCons.Equity IFRS
Equity (owners)¥66.7bnat 2024-02-29Cons.Equity attributable to owners of parent IFRS
Equity (owners)¥64.2bnat 2023-02-28Cons.Equity attributable to owners of parent IFRS
Equity (owners)¥59.0bnat 2022-02-28dCons.Equity attributable to owners of parent IFRS (5-year summary)
Equity (owners)¥53.1bnat 2021-02-28dCons.Equity attributable to owners of parent IFRS (5-year summary)
Equity (owners)¥49.2bnat 2020-02-29dCons.Equity attributable to owners of parent IFRS (5-year summary)
Cash & equivalents¥7.2bnat 2024-02-29Cons.Cash and cash equivalents IFRS
Cash & equivalents¥7.0bnat 2023-02-28Cons.Cash and cash equivalents IFRS
Cash & equivalents¥6.2bnat 2022-02-28dCons.Cash and cash equivalents IFRS
Cash & equivalents¥5.5bnat 2021-02-28dCons.Cash and cash equivalents IFRS (5-year summary)
Cash & equivalents¥7.8bnat 2020-02-29dCons.Cash and cash equivalents IFRS (5-year summary)
Operating cash flow¥13.6bn2023-03-01 → 2024-02-29Cons.Net cash provided by used in operating activities IFRS
Operating cash flow¥18.2bn2022-03-01 → 2023-02-28Cons.Net cash provided by used in operating activities IFRS
Operating cash flow¥16.3bn2021-03-01 → 2022-02-28dCons.Cash flows from used in operating activities IFRS (5-year summary)
Operating cash flow¥14.9bn2020-03-01 → 2021-02-28dCons.Cash flows from used in operating activities IFRS (5-year summary)
Operating cash flow¥16.7bn2019-03-01 → 2020-02-29dCons.Cash flows from used in operating activities IFRS (5-year summary)
Investing cash flow−¥3.1bn2023-03-01 → 2024-02-29Cons.Net cash provided by used in investing activities IFRS
Investing cash flow−¥1.8bn2022-03-01 → 2023-02-28Cons.Net cash provided by used in investing activities IFRS
Investing cash flow−¥2.4bn2021-03-01 → 2022-02-28dCons.Cash flows from used in investing activities IFRS (5-year summary)
Investing cash flow−¥3.2bn2020-03-01 → 2021-02-28dCons.Cash flows from used in investing activities IFRS (5-year summary)
Investing cash flow−¥3.2bn2019-03-01 → 2020-02-29dCons.Cash flows from used in investing activities IFRS (5-year summary)
Financing cash flow−¥10.3bn2023-03-01 → 2024-02-29Cons.Net cash provided by used in financing activities IFRS
Financing cash flow−¥15.6bn2022-03-01 → 2023-02-28Cons.Net cash provided by used in financing activities IFRS
Financing cash flow−¥13.2bn2021-03-01 → 2022-02-28dCons.Cash flows from used in financing activities IFRS (5-year summary)
Financing cash flow−¥14.0bn2020-03-01 → 2021-02-28dCons.Cash flows from used in financing activities IFRS (5-year summary)
Financing cash flow−¥11.8bn2019-03-01 → 2020-02-29dCons.Cash flows from used in financing activities IFRS (5-year summary)
EPS (basic)¥102.612023-03-01 → 2024-02-29Cons.Basic earnings loss per share IFRS
EPS (basic)¥126.822022-03-01 → 2023-02-28Cons.Basic earnings loss per share IFRS
EPS (basic)¥121.652021-03-01 → 2022-02-28dCons.Basic earnings loss per share IFRS (5-year summary)
EPS (basic)¥98.642020-03-01 → 2021-02-28dCons.Basic earnings loss per share IFRS (5-year summary)
EPS (basic)¥95.292019-03-01 → 2020-02-29dCons.Basic earnings loss per share IFRS (5-year summary)
EPS (diluted)¥102.052023-03-01 → 2024-02-29Cons.Diluted earnings loss per share IFRS
EPS (diluted)¥1262022-03-01 → 2023-02-28Cons.Diluted earnings loss per share IFRS
EPS (diluted)¥120.772021-03-01 → 2022-02-28dCons.Diluted earnings loss per share IFRS (5-year summary)
EPS (diluted)¥97.922020-03-01 → 2021-02-28dCons.Diluted earnings loss per share IFRS (5-year summary)
EPS (diluted)¥94.572019-03-01 → 2020-02-29dCons.Diluted earnings loss per share IFRS (5-year summary)
Net assets per share¥907.54at 2024-02-29Cons.Equity to asset ratio IFRS (5-year summary)
Net assets per share¥873.05at 2023-02-28Cons.Equity to asset ratio IFRS (5-year summary)
Net assets per share¥801.91at 2022-02-28dCons.Equity to asset ratio IFRS (5-year summary)
Net assets per share¥722.69at 2021-02-28dCons.Equity to asset ratio IFRS (5-year summary)
Net assets per share¥668.77at 2020-02-29dCons.Equity to asset ratio IFRS (5-year summary)
Equity ratio38.0%at 2024-02-29Cons.Ratio of owners equity to gross assets IFRS (5-year summary)
Equity ratio36.4%at 2023-02-28Cons.Ratio of owners equity to gross assets IFRS (5-year summary)
Equity ratio33.1%at 2022-02-28dCons.Ratio of owners equity to gross assets IFRS (5-year summary)
Equity ratio30.7%at 2021-02-28dCons.Ratio of owners equity to gross assets IFRS (5-year summary)
Equity ratio29.2%at 2020-02-29dCons.Ratio of owners equity to gross assets IFRS (5-year summary)
ROE11.5%2023-03-01 → 2024-02-29Cons.Rate of return on equity IFRS (5-year summary)
ROE15.1%2022-03-01 → 2023-02-28Cons.Rate of return on equity IFRS (5-year summary)
ROE16.0%2021-03-01 → 2022-02-28dCons.Rate of return on equity IFRS (5-year summary)
ROE14.2%2020-03-01 → 2021-02-28dCons.Rate of return on equity IFRS (5-year summary)
ROE14.8%2019-03-01 → 2020-02-29dCons.Rate of return on equity IFRS (5-year summary)
Employees2,965at 2024-02-29Cons.Number of employees
Employees10,920at 2023-02-28Cons.Number of employees
Employees10,461at 2022-02-28dCons.Number of employees
Employees9,791at 2021-02-28dCons.Number of employees
Employees9,010at 2020-02-29dCons.Number of employees
Revenue¥18.0bn2023-03-01 → 2024-02-29StandaloneOperating revenue1
Revenue¥16.4bn2022-03-01 → 2023-02-28StandaloneOperating revenue1
Revenue¥19.4bn2021-03-01 → 2022-02-28dStandaloneOperating revenue1 (5-year summary)
Revenue¥20.7bn2020-03-01 → 2021-02-28dStandaloneOperating revenue1 (5-year summary)
Revenue¥19.3bn2019-03-01 → 2020-02-29dStandaloneOperating revenue1 (5-year summary)
Operating income¥3.9bn2023-03-01 → 2024-02-29StandaloneOperating income
Operating income¥2.2bn2022-03-01 → 2023-02-28StandaloneOperating income
Ordinary income¥3.8bn2023-03-01 → 2024-02-29StandaloneOrdinary income
Ordinary income¥2.3bn2022-03-01 → 2023-02-28StandaloneOrdinary income
Ordinary income¥5.0bn2021-03-01 → 2022-02-28dStandaloneOrdinary income loss (5-year summary)
Ordinary income¥6.6bn2020-03-01 → 2021-02-28dStandaloneOrdinary income loss (5-year summary)
Ordinary income¥6.2bn2019-03-01 → 2020-02-29dStandaloneOrdinary income loss (5-year summary)
Profit before tax¥3.6bn2023-03-01 → 2024-02-29StandaloneIncome before income taxes
Profit before tax¥2.2bn2022-03-01 → 2023-02-28StandaloneIncome before income taxes
Net income¥2.1bn2023-03-01 → 2024-02-29StandaloneProfit loss
Net income¥174m2022-03-01 → 2023-02-28StandaloneProfit loss
Net income¥2.9bn2021-03-01 → 2022-02-28dStandaloneNet income loss (5-year summary)
Net income¥884m2020-03-01 → 2021-02-28dStandaloneNet income loss (5-year summary)
Net income¥4.1bn2019-03-01 → 2020-02-29dStandaloneNet income loss (5-year summary)
Total assets¥115.4bnat 2024-02-29StandaloneAssets
Total assets¥121.1bnat 2023-02-28StandaloneAssets
Total assets¥126.2bnat 2022-02-28dStandaloneTotal assets (5-year summary)
Total assets¥131.2bnat 2021-02-28dStandaloneTotal assets (5-year summary)
Total assets¥142.4bnat 2020-02-29dStandaloneTotal assets (5-year summary)
Total liabilities¥63.7bnat 2024-02-29StandaloneLiabilities
Total liabilities¥67.0bnat 2023-02-28StandaloneLiabilities
Net assets / equity¥51.7bnat 2024-02-29StandaloneNet assets
Net assets / equity¥54.1bnat 2023-02-28StandaloneNet assets
Net assets / equity¥58.4bnat 2022-02-28dStandaloneNet assets
Net assets / equity¥58.7bnat 2021-02-28dStandaloneNet assets (5-year summary)
Net assets / equity¥61.0bnat 2020-02-29dStandaloneNet assets (5-year summary)
Cash and deposits¥5.2bnat 2024-02-29StandaloneCash and deposits
Cash and deposits¥5.4bnat 2023-02-28StandaloneCash and deposits
EPS (basic)¥28.482023-03-01 → 2024-02-29StandaloneBasic earnings loss per share (5-year summary)
EPS (basic)¥2.362022-03-01 → 2023-02-28StandaloneBasic earnings loss per share (5-year summary)
EPS (basic)¥40.12021-03-01 → 2022-02-28dStandaloneBasic earnings loss per share (5-year summary)
EPS (basic)¥12.042020-03-01 → 2021-02-28dStandaloneBasic earnings loss per share (5-year summary)
EPS (basic)¥56.422019-03-01 → 2020-02-29dStandaloneBasic earnings loss per share (5-year summary)
EPS (diluted)¥28.322023-03-01 → 2024-02-29StandaloneDiluted earnings per share (5-year summary)
EPS (diluted)¥2.342022-03-01 → 2023-02-28StandaloneDiluted earnings per share (5-year summary)
EPS (diluted)¥39.812021-03-01 → 2022-02-28dStandaloneDiluted earnings per share (5-year summary)
EPS (diluted)¥11.952020-03-01 → 2021-02-28dStandaloneDiluted earnings per share (5-year summary)
EPS (diluted)¥55.992019-03-01 → 2020-02-29dStandaloneDiluted earnings per share (5-year summary)
Dividend per share¥602023-03-01 → 2024-02-29StandaloneDividend paid per share (5-year summary)
Dividend per share¥602022-03-01 → 2023-02-28StandaloneDividend paid per share (5-year summary)
Dividend per share¥542021-03-01 → 2022-02-28dStandaloneDividend paid per share (5-year summary)
Dividend per share¥422020-03-01 → 2021-02-28dStandaloneDividend paid per share (5-year summary)
Dividend per share¥422019-03-01 → 2020-02-29dStandaloneDividend paid per share (5-year summary)
Net assets per share¥703.05at 2024-02-29StandaloneNet assets per share (5-year summary)
Net assets per share¥735.32at 2023-02-28StandaloneNet assets per share (5-year summary)
Net assets per share¥792.98at 2022-02-28dStandaloneNet assets per share (5-year summary)
Net assets per share¥798.02at 2021-02-28dStandaloneNet assets per share (5-year summary)
Net assets per share¥828.71at 2020-02-29dStandaloneNet assets per share (5-year summary)
Equity ratio44.8%at 2024-02-29StandaloneEquity to asset ratio (5-year summary)
Equity ratio44.7%at 2023-02-28StandaloneEquity to asset ratio (5-year summary)
Equity ratio46.2%at 2022-02-28dStandaloneEquity to asset ratio (5-year summary)
Equity ratio44.7%at 2021-02-28dStandaloneEquity to asset ratio (5-year summary)
Equity ratio42.8%at 2020-02-29dStandaloneEquity to asset ratio (5-year summary)
ROE4.0%2023-03-01 → 2024-02-29StandaloneRate of return on equity (5-year summary)
ROE0.3%2022-03-01 → 2023-02-28StandaloneRate of return on equity (5-year summary)
ROE5.0%2021-03-01 → 2022-02-28dStandaloneRate of return on equity (5-year summary)
ROE1.5%2020-03-01 → 2021-02-28dStandaloneRate of return on equity (5-year summary)
ROE6.9%2019-03-01 → 2020-02-29dStandaloneRate of return on equity (5-year summary)
Shares issued73,753,310at 2024-02-29StandaloneTotal number of issued shares (5-year summary)
Shares issued73,715,734at 2023-02-28StandaloneTotal number of issued shares (5-year summary)
Shares issued73,715,734at 2022-02-28dStandaloneTotal number of issued shares (5-year summary)
Shares issued73,653,107at 2021-02-28dStandaloneTotal number of issued shares (5-year summary)
Shares issued73,617,320at 2020-02-29dStandaloneTotal number of issued shares (5-year summary)
Employees218at 2024-02-29StandaloneNumber of employees
Employees241at 2023-02-28StandaloneNumber of employees
Employees235at 2022-02-28dStandaloneNumber of employees
Employees248at 2021-02-28dStandaloneNumber of employees
Employees220at 2020-02-29dStandaloneNumber of employees

Periods use the dates stated in the filing. d = earlier-year period dated by calendar; v = that date confirmed by the company's own earlier filing.

Segments · 13
SegmentItemPeriodValue
Operating Segments Not Included In Reportable Segments And Other Revenue Generating Business Activitiesother segmentscapex2023-03-01 → 2024-02-29¥68m
Operating Segments Not Included In Reportable Segments And Other Revenue Generating Business Activitiesother segmentsemployeesat 2024-02-2915 pure
Operating Segments Not Included In Reportable Segments And Other Revenue Generating Business Activitiesother segmentsrevenue2023-03-01 → 2024-02-29¥933m
Operating Segments Not Included In Reportable Segments And Other Revenue Generating Business Activitiesother segmentsrevenue external2023-03-01 → 2024-02-29¥610m
CRM Businessreportable segmentcapex2023-03-01 → 2024-02-29¥2.0bn
CRM Businessreportable segmentemployeesat 2024-02-292732 pure
CRM Businessreportable segmentrevenue2023-03-01 → 2024-02-29¥148.1bn
CRM Businessreportable segmentrevenue external2023-03-01 → 2024-02-29¥148.1bn
Operating Segments Not Included In Reportable Segments And Other Revenue Generating Business Activitiesother segmentsrevenue2022-03-01 → 2023-02-28¥1.2bn
Operating Segments Not Included In Reportable Segments And Other Revenue Generating Business Activitiesother segmentsrevenue external2022-03-01 → 2023-02-28¥896m
CRM Businessreportable segmentcapex2022-03-01 → 2023-02-28¥2.0bn
CRM Businessreportable segmentrevenue2022-03-01 → 2023-02-28¥155.2bn
CRM Businessreportable segmentrevenue external2022-03-01 → 2023-02-28¥155.2bn

Segment names come from EDINET member IDs; not yet mapped to a common taxonomy.

All source rows · 1,617
ItemContextValueUnit
Number of shares heldCurrentYearInstant61945000
Shareholding ratioCurrentYearInstant0.8399
Number of shares issued shares voting rightsCurrentYearInstant_SharesWithNoVotingRightsMember-
Number of shares issued shares voting rightsCurrentYearInstant_SharesWithRestrictedVotingRightsTreasurySharesEtcMember-
Number of shares issued shares voting rightsCurrentYearInstant_SharesWithRestrictedVotingRightsOtherMember-
Number of voting rights issued shares voting rightsCurrentYearInstant_SharesWithRestrictedVotingRightsOtherMember-
Number of shares issued shares voting rightsCurrentYearInstant_OrdinarySharesTreasurySharesSharesWithFullVotingRightsTreasurySharesEtcMember200
Number of shares issued shares voting rightsCurrentYearInstant_OrdinarySharesSharesWithFullVotingRightsOtherMember73726600
Number of voting rights issued shares voting rightsCurrentYearInstant_OrdinarySharesSharesWithFullVotingRightsOtherMember737266
Number of shares issued shares voting rightsCurrentYearInstant_OrdinarySharesSharesLessThanOneUnitMember26510
Number of shares issued shares voting rightsCurrentYearInstant73753310
Number of voting rights issued shares voting rightsCurrentYearInstant737266
Number of shares held in own name treasury shares etcCurrentYearInstant_Row1Member200
Number of shares held in others names treasury shares etcCurrentYearInstant_Row1Member-
Total number of shares held treasury shares etcCurrentYearInstant_Row1Member200
Shareholding ratio treasury shares etcCurrentYearInstant_Row1Member0.0000
Number of shares held in own name treasury shares etcCurrentYearInstant200
Number of shares held in others names treasury shares etcCurrentYearInstant-
Total number of shares held treasury shares etcCurrentYearInstant200
Shareholding ratio treasury shares etcCurrentYearInstant0.0000
Total amount of dividends dividends of surplusFilingDateInstant_Row1Member2212000000JPY
Dividend per share dividends of surplusFilingDateInstant_Row1Member30
Total amount of dividends dividends of surplusFilingDateInstant_Row2Member2213000000JPY
Dividend per share dividends of surplusFilingDateInstant_Row2Member30
Number of male directors and other officersFilingDateInstant8
Number of female directors and other officersFilingDateInstant3
Ratio of female directors and other officersFilingDateInstant0.273
Number of shares held ordinary shares information about directors and corporate auditorsFilingDateInstant_jpcrp030000-asr_E31896-000KajiwaraHiroshiMember-
Number of shares held ordinary shares information about directors and corporate auditorsFilingDateInstant_jpcrp030000-asr_E31896-000TsujiToyohisaMember4600
Number of shares held ordinary shares information about directors and corporate auditorsFilingDateInstant_jpcrp030000-asr_E31896-000GoTakehikoMember2700
Number of shares held ordinary shares information about directors and corporate auditorsFilingDateInstant_jpcrp030000-asr_E31896-000HoriuchiMasatoMember-
Number of shares held ordinary shares information about directors and corporate auditorsFilingDateInstant_jpcrp030000-asr_E31896-000KoshiroIkuoMember-
Number of shares held ordinary shares information about directors and corporate auditorsFilingDateInstant_jpcrp030000-asr_E31896-000IshizakaNobuyaMember-
Number of shares held ordinary shares information about directors and corporate auditorsFilingDateInstant_jpcrp030000-asr_E31896-000TsurumakiAkiMember-
Number of shares held ordinary shares information about directors and corporate auditorsFilingDateInstant_jpcrp030000-asr_E31896-000TakahashiMakikoMember-
Number of shares held ordinary shares information about directors and corporate auditorsFilingDateInstant_jpcrp030000-asr_E31896-000HamaguchiSatokoMember700
Number of shares held ordinary shares information about directors and corporate auditorsFilingDateInstant_jpcrp030000-asr_E31896-000HayamaYoshikoMember-
Number of shares held ordinary shares information about directors and corporate auditorsFilingDateInstant_jpcrp030000-asr_E31896-000SomaKenichiroMember-
Number of shares held ordinary shares information about directors and corporate auditorsFilingDateInstant8000
Audit fees reporting companyPrior1YearDuration59000000JPY
Non audit fees reporting companyPrior1YearDuration-JPY
Audit fees reporting companyCurrentYearDuration65000000JPY
Non audit fees reporting companyCurrentYearDuration-JPY
Audit fees consolidated subsidiariesPrior1YearDuration-JPY
Non audit fees consolidated subsidiariesPrior1YearDuration-JPY
Audit fees consolidated subsidiariesCurrentYearDuration-JPY
Non audit fees consolidated subsidiariesCurrentYearDuration-JPY
Audit fees totalPrior1YearDuration59000000JPY
Non audit fees totalPrior1YearDuration-JPY
Audit fees totalCurrentYearDuration65000000JPY

Every row of the EDINET CSV. Item names are the XBRL element names; filed text is kept in its original Japanese. Filed text is available on Plus and Pro.

Data checks · 21 of 21 passed
balance sheet identityconsolidated 2023-02-28pass
balance sheet identityconsolidated 2024-02-29pass
balance sheet identitynon_consolidated 2023-02-28pass
balance sheet identitynon_consolidated 2024-02-29pass
dei present pass
period resolution pass
statement vs summary · net assetsnon_consolidated 2022-02-28pass
statement vs summary · net assetsnon_consolidated 2023-02-28pass
statement vs summary · net assetsnon_consolidated 2024-02-29pass
statement vs summary · net income attributable to parentconsolidated 2022-03-01/2023-02-28pass
statement vs summary · net income attributable to parentconsolidated 2023-03-01/2024-02-29pass
statement vs summary · operating cash flowconsolidated 2022-03-01/2023-02-28pass
statement vs summary · operating cash flowconsolidated 2023-03-01/2024-02-29pass
statement vs summary · revenueconsolidated 2022-03-01/2023-02-28pass
statement vs summary · revenueconsolidated 2023-03-01/2024-02-29pass
statement vs summary · revenuenon_consolidated 2022-03-01/2023-02-28pass
statement vs summary · revenuenon_consolidated 2023-03-01/2024-02-29pass
statement vs summary · total assetsconsolidated 2023-02-28pass
statement vs summary · total assetsconsolidated 2024-02-29pass
statement vs summary · total assetsnon_consolidated 2023-02-28pass
statement vs summary · total assetsnon_consolidated 2024-02-29pass