Annual report

Period2024-07-01 → 2025-06-30
Filed2025-09-24
StandardJapan GAAP
ConsolidatedYes
Data checks24 of 24 passed
Key figures · 156
MetricValuePeriodScopeSource row
Revenue¥6.1bn2024-07-01 → 2025-06-30Cons.Net sales
Revenue¥6.1bn2023-07-01 → 2024-06-30Cons.Net sales
Revenue¥6.1bn2022-07-01 → 2023-06-30vCons.Net sales (5-year summary)
Revenue¥5.6bn2021-07-01 → 2022-06-30vCons.Net sales (5-year summary)
Revenue¥5.4bn2020-07-01 → 2021-06-30dCons.Net sales (5-year summary)
Operating income¥460m2024-07-01 → 2025-06-30Cons.Operating income
Operating income¥524m2023-07-01 → 2024-06-30Cons.Operating income
Ordinary income¥454m2024-07-01 → 2025-06-30Cons.Ordinary income
Ordinary income¥548m2023-07-01 → 2024-06-30Cons.Ordinary income
Ordinary income¥566m2022-07-01 → 2023-06-30vCons.Ordinary income loss (5-year summary)
Ordinary income¥638m2021-07-01 → 2022-06-30vCons.Ordinary income loss (5-year summary)
Ordinary income¥464m2020-07-01 → 2021-06-30dCons.Ordinary income loss (5-year summary)
Profit before tax¥531m2024-07-01 → 2025-06-30Cons.Income before income taxes
Profit before tax¥345m2023-07-01 → 2024-06-30Cons.Income before income taxes
Net income (owners)¥308m2024-07-01 → 2025-06-30Cons.Profit loss attributable to owners of parent
Net income (owners)¥163m2023-07-01 → 2024-06-30Cons.Profit loss attributable to owners of parent
Net income (owners)¥280m2022-07-01 → 2023-06-30vCons.Profit loss attributable to owners of parent (5-year summary)
Net income (owners)¥451m2021-07-01 → 2022-06-30vCons.Profit loss attributable to owners of parent (5-year summary)
Net income (owners)¥465m2020-07-01 → 2021-06-30dCons.Profit loss attributable to owners of parent (5-year summary)
Net income¥321m2024-07-01 → 2025-06-30Cons.Profit loss
Net income¥166m2023-07-01 → 2024-06-30Cons.Profit loss
Total assets¥6.3bnat 2025-06-30Cons.Assets
Total assets¥6.3bnat 2024-06-30Cons.Assets
Total assets¥5.7bnat 2023-06-30vCons.Total assets (5-year summary)
Total assets¥5.2bnat 2022-06-30vCons.Total assets (5-year summary)
Total assets¥4.7bnat 2021-06-30dCons.Total assets (5-year summary)
Total liabilities¥1.6bnat 2025-06-30Cons.Liabilities
Total liabilities¥2.0bnat 2024-06-30Cons.Liabilities
Net assets / equity¥4.6bnat 2025-06-30Cons.Net assets
Net assets / equity¥4.3bnat 2024-06-30Cons.Net assets
Net assets / equity¥4.2bnat 2023-06-30vCons.Net assets
Net assets / equity¥3.8bnat 2022-06-30vCons.Net assets (5-year summary)
Net assets / equity¥3.4bnat 2021-06-30dCons.Net assets (5-year summary)
Cash and deposits¥3.6bnat 2025-06-30Cons.Cash and deposits
Cash and deposits¥3.6bnat 2024-06-30Cons.Cash and deposits
Cash & equivalents¥3.6bnat 2025-06-30Cons.Cash and cash equivalents
Cash & equivalents¥3.6bnat 2024-06-30Cons.Cash and cash equivalents
Cash & equivalents¥2.8bnat 2023-06-30vCons.Cash and cash equivalents
Cash & equivalents¥2.9bnat 2022-06-30vCons.Cash and cash equivalents (5-year summary)
Cash & equivalents¥2.9bnat 2021-06-30dCons.Cash and cash equivalents (5-year summary)
Operating cash flow¥491m2024-07-01 → 2025-06-30Cons.Net cash provided by used in operating activities
Operating cash flow¥827m2023-07-01 → 2024-06-30Cons.Net cash provided by used in operating activities
Operating cash flow¥354m2022-07-01 → 2023-06-30vCons.Net cash provided by used in operating activities (5-year summary)
Operating cash flow¥647m2021-07-01 → 2022-06-30vCons.Net cash provided by used in operating activities (5-year summary)
Operating cash flow¥376m2020-07-01 → 2021-06-30dCons.Net cash provided by used in operating activities (5-year summary)
Investing cash flow−¥87m2024-07-01 → 2025-06-30Cons.Net cash provided by used in investment activities
Investing cash flow−¥293m2023-07-01 → 2024-06-30Cons.Net cash provided by used in investment activities
Investing cash flow−¥159m2022-07-01 → 2023-06-30vCons.Net cash provided by used in investing activities (5-year summary)
Investing cash flow−¥514m2021-07-01 → 2022-06-30vCons.Net cash provided by used in investing activities (5-year summary)
Investing cash flow¥157m2020-07-01 → 2021-06-30dCons.Net cash provided by used in investing activities (5-year summary)
Financing cash flow−¥421m2024-07-01 → 2025-06-30Cons.Net cash provided by used in financing activities
Financing cash flow¥218m2023-07-01 → 2024-06-30Cons.Net cash provided by used in financing activities
Financing cash flow−¥266m2022-07-01 → 2023-06-30vCons.Net cash provided by used in financing activities (5-year summary)
Financing cash flow−¥173m2021-07-01 → 2022-06-30vCons.Net cash provided by used in financing activities (5-year summary)
Financing cash flow¥356m2020-07-01 → 2021-06-30dCons.Net cash provided by used in financing activities (5-year summary)
EPS (basic)¥62.642024-07-01 → 2025-06-30Cons.Basic earnings loss per share (5-year summary)
EPS (basic)¥33.342023-07-01 → 2024-06-30Cons.Basic earnings loss per share (5-year summary)
EPS (basic)¥56.312022-07-01 → 2023-06-30vCons.Basic earnings loss per share (5-year summary)
EPS (basic)¥91.912021-07-01 → 2022-06-30vCons.Basic earnings loss per share (5-year summary)
EPS (basic)¥93.462020-07-01 → 2021-06-30dCons.Basic earnings loss per share (5-year summary)
EPS (diluted)¥62.632024-07-01 → 2025-06-30Cons.Diluted earnings per share (5-year summary)
EPS (diluted)¥33.312023-07-01 → 2024-06-30Cons.Diluted earnings per share (5-year summary)
EPS (diluted)¥56.122022-07-01 → 2023-06-30vCons.Diluted earnings per share (5-year summary)
EPS (diluted)¥90.812021-07-01 → 2022-06-30vCons.Diluted earnings per share (5-year summary)
EPS (diluted)¥92.072020-07-01 → 2021-06-30dCons.Diluted earnings per share (5-year summary)
Net assets per share¥937.74at 2025-06-30Cons.Net assets per share (5-year summary)
Net assets per share¥856.25at 2024-06-30Cons.Net assets per share (5-year summary)
Net assets per share¥829.59at 2023-06-30vCons.Net assets per share (5-year summary)
Net assets per share¥763.51at 2022-06-30vCons.Net assets per share (5-year summary)
Net assets per share¥680.28at 2021-06-30dCons.Net assets per share (5-year summary)
Equity ratio72.9%at 2025-06-30Cons.Equity to asset ratio (5-year summary)
Equity ratio67.0%at 2024-06-30Cons.Equity to asset ratio (5-year summary)
Equity ratio71.7%at 2023-06-30vCons.Equity to asset ratio (5-year summary)
Equity ratio72.8%at 2022-06-30vCons.Equity to asset ratio (5-year summary)
Equity ratio71.7%at 2021-06-30dCons.Equity to asset ratio (5-year summary)
ROE7.0%2024-07-01 → 2025-06-30Cons.Rate of return on equity (5-year summary)
ROE4.0%2023-07-01 → 2024-06-30Cons.Rate of return on equity (5-year summary)
ROE7.2%2022-07-01 → 2023-06-30vCons.Rate of return on equity (5-year summary)
ROE12.6%2021-07-01 → 2022-06-30vCons.Rate of return on equity (5-year summary)
ROE14.8%2020-07-01 → 2021-06-30dCons.Rate of return on equity (5-year summary)
Employees230at 2025-06-30Cons.Number of employees
Employees227at 2024-06-30Cons.Number of employees
Employees239at 2023-06-30vCons.Number of employees
Employees205at 2022-06-30vCons.Number of employees
Employees170at 2021-06-30dCons.Number of employees
Revenue¥3.4bn2024-07-01 → 2025-06-30StandaloneNet sales
Revenue¥3.4bn2023-07-01 → 2024-06-30StandaloneNet sales
Revenue¥3.7bn2022-07-01 → 2023-06-30vStandaloneNet sales (5-year summary)
Revenue¥3.8bn2021-07-01 → 2022-06-30vStandaloneNet sales (5-year summary)
Revenue¥3.8bn2020-07-01 → 2021-06-30dStandaloneNet sales (5-year summary)
Operating income¥334m2024-07-01 → 2025-06-30StandaloneOperating income
Operating income¥449m2023-07-01 → 2024-06-30StandaloneOperating income
Ordinary income¥330m2024-07-01 → 2025-06-30StandaloneOrdinary income
Ordinary income¥483m2023-07-01 → 2024-06-30StandaloneOrdinary income
Ordinary income¥505m2022-07-01 → 2023-06-30vStandaloneOrdinary income loss (5-year summary)
Ordinary income¥603m2021-07-01 → 2022-06-30vStandaloneOrdinary income loss (5-year summary)
Ordinary income¥455m2020-07-01 → 2021-06-30dStandaloneOrdinary income loss (5-year summary)
Profit before tax¥387m2024-07-01 → 2025-06-30StandaloneIncome before income taxes
Profit before tax¥302m2023-07-01 → 2024-06-30StandaloneIncome before income taxes
Net income¥248m2024-07-01 → 2025-06-30StandaloneProfit loss
Net income¥142m2023-07-01 → 2024-06-30StandaloneProfit loss
Net income¥260m2022-07-01 → 2023-06-30vStandaloneNet income loss (5-year summary)
Net income¥384m2021-07-01 → 2022-06-30vStandaloneNet income loss (5-year summary)
Net income¥436m2020-07-01 → 2021-06-30dStandaloneNet income loss (5-year summary)
Total assets¥5.3bnat 2025-06-30StandaloneAssets
Total assets¥5.3bnat 2024-06-30StandaloneAssets
Total assets¥4.7bnat 2023-06-30vStandaloneTotal assets (5-year summary)
Total assets¥4.6bnat 2022-06-30vStandaloneTotal assets (5-year summary)
Total assets¥4.3bnat 2021-06-30dStandaloneTotal assets (5-year summary)
Total liabilities¥1.1bnat 2025-06-30StandaloneLiabilities
Total liabilities¥1.4bnat 2024-06-30StandaloneLiabilities
Net assets / equity¥4.2bnat 2025-06-30StandaloneNet assets
Net assets / equity¥3.9bnat 2024-06-30StandaloneNet assets
Net assets / equity¥3.8bnat 2023-06-30vStandaloneNet assets
Net assets / equity¥3.5bnat 2022-06-30vStandaloneNet assets (5-year summary)
Net assets / equity¥3.2bnat 2021-06-30dStandaloneNet assets (5-year summary)
Cash and deposits¥2.4bnat 2025-06-30StandaloneCash and deposits
Cash and deposits¥2.4bnat 2024-06-30StandaloneCash and deposits
EPS (basic)¥50.352024-07-01 → 2025-06-30StandaloneBasic earnings loss per share (5-year summary)
EPS (basic)¥29.022023-07-01 → 2024-06-30StandaloneBasic earnings loss per share (5-year summary)
EPS (basic)¥52.192022-07-01 → 2023-06-30vStandaloneBasic earnings loss per share (5-year summary)
EPS (basic)¥78.292021-07-01 → 2022-06-30vStandaloneBasic earnings loss per share (5-year summary)
EPS (basic)¥87.662020-07-01 → 2021-06-30dStandaloneBasic earnings loss per share (5-year summary)
EPS (diluted)¥50.352024-07-01 → 2025-06-30StandaloneDiluted earnings per share (5-year summary)
EPS (diluted)¥28.992023-07-01 → 2024-06-30StandaloneDiluted earnings per share (5-year summary)
EPS (diluted)¥52.022022-07-01 → 2023-06-30vStandaloneDiluted earnings per share (5-year summary)
EPS (diluted)¥77.352021-07-01 → 2022-06-30vStandaloneDiluted earnings per share (5-year summary)
EPS (diluted)¥86.362020-07-01 → 2021-06-30dStandaloneDiluted earnings per share (5-year summary)
Dividend per share¥222024-07-01 → 2025-06-30StandaloneDividend paid per share (5-year summary)
Dividend per share¥142023-07-01 → 2024-06-30StandaloneDividend paid per share (5-year summary)
Dividend per share¥122022-07-01 → 2023-06-30vStandaloneDividend paid per share (5-year summary)
Net assets per share¥870.68at 2025-06-30StandaloneNet assets per share (5-year summary)
Net assets per share¥802.1at 2024-06-30StandaloneNet assets per share (5-year summary)
Net assets per share¥777.43at 2023-06-30vStandaloneNet assets per share (5-year summary)
Net assets per share¥715.88at 2022-06-30vStandaloneNet assets per share (5-year summary)
Net assets per share¥646.31at 2021-06-30dStandaloneNet assets per share (5-year summary)
Equity ratio79.9%at 2025-06-30StandaloneEquity to asset ratio (5-year summary)
Equity ratio74.2%at 2024-06-30StandaloneEquity to asset ratio (5-year summary)
Equity ratio81.7%at 2023-06-30vStandaloneEquity to asset ratio (5-year summary)
Equity ratio75.9%at 2022-06-30vStandaloneEquity to asset ratio (5-year summary)
Equity ratio74.0%at 2021-06-30dStandaloneEquity to asset ratio (5-year summary)
ROE6.1%2024-07-01 → 2025-06-30StandaloneRate of return on equity (5-year summary)
ROE3.7%2023-07-01 → 2024-06-30StandaloneRate of return on equity (5-year summary)
ROE7.1%2022-07-01 → 2023-06-30vStandaloneRate of return on equity (5-year summary)
ROE11.4%2021-07-01 → 2022-06-30vStandaloneRate of return on equity (5-year summary)
ROE14.5%2020-07-01 → 2021-06-30dStandaloneRate of return on equity (5-year summary)
Shares issued5,062,600at 2025-06-30StandaloneTotal number of issued shares (5-year summary)
Shares issued5,062,600at 2024-06-30StandaloneTotal number of issued shares (5-year summary)
Shares issued5,062,600at 2023-06-30vStandaloneTotal number of issued shares (5-year summary)
Shares issued5,026,400at 2022-06-30vStandaloneTotal number of issued shares (5-year summary)
Shares issued5,012,200at 2021-06-30dStandaloneTotal number of issued shares (5-year summary)
Employees120at 2025-06-30StandaloneNumber of employees
Employees117at 2024-06-30StandaloneNumber of employees
Employees126at 2023-06-30vStandaloneNumber of employees
Employees124at 2022-06-30vStandaloneNumber of employees
Employees123at 2021-06-30dStandaloneNumber of employees

Periods use the dates stated in the filing. d = earlier-year period dated by calendar; v = that date confirmed by the company's own earlier filing.

Segments · 28
SegmentItemPeriodValue
Creator Platform Business Reportable Segmentsreportable segmentdepreciation2024-07-01 → 2025-06-30¥66m
Creator Platform Business Reportable Segmentsreportable segmentemployeesat 2025-06-30176 pure
Creator Platform Business Reportable Segmentsreportable segmentrevenue2024-07-01 → 2025-06-30¥5.6bn
Creator Platform Business Reportable Segmentsreportable segmentrevenue external2024-07-01 → 2025-06-30¥5.6bn
Creator Platform Business Reportable Segmentsreportable segmentsegment profit2024-07-01 → 2025-06-30¥440m
Creator Solution Business Reportable Segmentsreportable segmentdepreciation2024-07-01 → 2025-06-30¥12m
Creator Solution Business Reportable Segmentsreportable segmentemployeesat 2025-06-3027 pure
Creator Solution Business Reportable Segmentsreportable segmentrevenue2024-07-01 → 2025-06-30¥515m
Creator Solution Business Reportable Segmentsreportable segmentrevenue external2024-07-01 → 2025-06-30¥515m
Creator Solution Business Reportable Segmentsreportable segmentsegment profit2024-07-01 → 2025-06-30¥20m
Total Of Reportable Segments And Otherssegment totaldepreciation2024-07-01 → 2025-06-30¥77m
Total Of Reportable Segments And Otherssegment totalrevenue2024-07-01 → 2025-06-30¥6.1bn
Total Of Reportable Segments And Otherssegment totalrevenue external2024-07-01 → 2025-06-30¥6.1bn
Total Of Reportable Segments And Otherssegment totalsegment profit2024-07-01 → 2025-06-30¥460m
Creator Platform Business Reportable Segmentsreportable segmentdepreciation2023-07-01 → 2024-06-30¥73m
Creator Platform Business Reportable Segmentsreportable segmentrevenue2023-07-01 → 2024-06-30¥5.5bn
Creator Platform Business Reportable Segmentsreportable segmentrevenue external2023-07-01 → 2024-06-30¥5.5bn
Creator Platform Business Reportable Segmentsreportable segmentsegment profit2023-07-01 → 2024-06-30¥431m
Creator Solution Business Reportable Segmentsreportable segmentdepreciation2023-07-01 → 2024-06-30¥12m
Creator Solution Business Reportable Segmentsreportable segmentrevenue2023-07-01 → 2024-06-30¥624m
Creator Solution Business Reportable Segmentsreportable segmentrevenue external2023-07-01 → 2024-06-30¥624m
Creator Solution Business Reportable Segmentsreportable segmentsegment profit2023-07-01 → 2024-06-30¥92m
Total Of Reportable Segments And Otherssegment totaldepreciation2023-07-01 → 2024-06-30¥86m
Total Of Reportable Segments And Otherssegment totalrevenue2023-07-01 → 2024-06-30¥6.1bn
Total Of Reportable Segments And Otherssegment totalrevenue external2023-07-01 → 2024-06-30¥6.1bn
Total Of Reportable Segments And Otherssegment totalsegment profit2023-07-01 → 2024-06-30¥524m
Creator Platform Business Reportable Segmentsreportable segmentemployeesat 2025-06-3075 pure
Creator Solution Business Reportable Segmentsreportable segmentemployeesat 2025-06-3027 pure

Segment names come from EDINET member IDs; not yet mapped to a common taxonomy.

All source rows · 1,518
ItemContextValueUnit
Net cash provided by used in financing activitiesPrior1YearDuration217721000JPY
Net cash provided by used in financing activitiesCurrentYearDuration-421477000JPY
Effect of exchange rate change on cash and cash equivalentsPrior1YearDuration-31000JPY
Effect of exchange rate change on cash and cash equivalentsCurrentYearDuration-36000JPY
Net increase decrease in cash and cash equivalentsPrior1YearDuration752131000JPY
Net increase decrease in cash and cash equivalentsCurrentYearDuration-17256000JPY
Cash and cash equivalentsPrior2YearInstant2836591000JPY
Cash and cash equivalentsPrior1YearInstant3613690000JPY
Increase decrease in cash and cash equivalents resulting from change of scope of consolidation ccePrior1YearDuration24968000JPY
Increase decrease in cash and cash equivalents resulting from change of scope of consolidation cceCurrentYearDuration-JPY
Cash and cash equivalentsPrior1YearInstant3613690000JPY
Cash and cash equivalentsCurrentYearInstant3596433000JPY
Number of consolidated subsidiariesCurrentYearInstant6
Number of associates accounted for using equity methodCurrentYearInstant2
Notes receivable tradePrior1YearInstant11209000JPY
Notes receivable tradeCurrentYearInstant11889000JPY
Accounts receivable tradePrior1YearInstant871824000JPY
Accounts receivable tradeCurrentYearInstant709951000JPY
Contract assetsPrior1YearInstant5838000JPY
Contract assetsCurrentYearInstant4294000JPY
Contract liabilitiesPrior1YearInstant137602000JPY
Contract liabilitiesCurrentYearInstant203009000JPY
Payroll and allowances sgaPrior1YearDuration689570000JPY
Payroll and allowances sgaCurrentYearDuration680279000JPY
Retirement benefit expenses sgaPrior1YearDuration14772000JPY
Retirement benefit expenses sgaCurrentYearDuration14987000JPY
Commission fee sgaPrior1YearDuration278561000JPY
Commission fee sgaCurrentYearDuration358105000JPY
Provision for directors bonuses sgaPrior1YearDuration1809000JPY
Provision for directors bonuses sgaCurrentYearDuration7779000JPY
Provision for bonuses sgaPrior1YearDuration14383000JPY
Provision for bonuses sgaCurrentYearDuration15022000JPY
Provision of allowance for doubtful accounts sgaPrior1YearDuration5448000JPY
Provision of allowance for doubtful accounts sgaCurrentYearDuration2841000JPY
Revenues from external customersPrior1YearDuration_jpcrp030000-asr_E31343-000CreatorPlatformBusinessReportableSegmentsReportableSegmentMember5501024000JPY
Revenues from external customersPrior1YearDuration_jpcrp030000-asr_E31343-000CreatorSolutionBusinessReportableSegmentsReportableSegmentMember624080000JPY
Revenues from external customersPrior1YearDuration_TotalOfReportableSegmentsAndOthersMember6125104000JPY
Revenues from external customersPrior1YearDuration_ReconcilingItemsMember-JPY
Revenues from external customersPrior1YearDuration6125104000JPY
Transactions with other segmentsPrior1YearDuration_jpcrp030000-asr_E31343-000CreatorPlatformBusinessReportableSegmentsReportableSegmentMember-JPY
Transactions with other segmentsPrior1YearDuration_jpcrp030000-asr_E31343-000CreatorSolutionBusinessReportableSegmentsReportableSegmentMember-JPY
Transactions with other segmentsPrior1YearDuration_TotalOfReportableSegmentsAndOthersMember-JPY
Transactions with other segmentsPrior1YearDuration_ReconcilingItemsMember-JPY
Transactions with other segmentsPrior1YearDuration-JPY
Net salesPrior1YearDuration_jpcrp030000-asr_E31343-000CreatorPlatformBusinessReportableSegmentsReportableSegmentMember5501024000JPY
Net salesPrior1YearDuration_jpcrp030000-asr_E31343-000CreatorSolutionBusinessReportableSegmentsReportableSegmentMember624080000JPY
Net salesPrior1YearDuration_TotalOfReportableSegmentsAndOthersMember6125104000JPY
Net salesPrior1YearDuration_ReconcilingItemsMember-JPY
Net salesPrior1YearDuration6125104000JPY
Operating incomePrior1YearDuration_jpcrp030000-asr_E31343-000CreatorPlatformBusinessReportableSegmentsReportableSegmentMember431456000JPY

Every row of the EDINET CSV. Item names are the XBRL element names; filed text is kept in its original Japanese. Filed text is available on Plus and Pro.

Data checks · 24 of 24 passed
balance sheet identityconsolidated 2024-06-30pass rounding
balance sheet identityconsolidated 2025-06-30pass rounding
balance sheet identitynon_consolidated 2024-06-30pass rounding
balance sheet identitynon_consolidated 2025-06-30pass rounding
dei present pass
period resolution pass
statement vs summary · net assetsconsolidated 2023-06-30pass
statement vs summary · net assetsconsolidated 2024-06-30pass
statement vs summary · net assetsconsolidated 2025-06-30pass
statement vs summary · net assetsnon_consolidated 2023-06-30pass
statement vs summary · net assetsnon_consolidated 2024-06-30pass
statement vs summary · net assetsnon_consolidated 2025-06-30pass
statement vs summary · net income attributable to parentconsolidated 2023-07-01/2024-06-30pass
statement vs summary · net income attributable to parentconsolidated 2024-07-01/2025-06-30pass
statement vs summary · operating cash flowconsolidated 2023-07-01/2024-06-30pass
statement vs summary · operating cash flowconsolidated 2024-07-01/2025-06-30pass
statement vs summary · revenueconsolidated 2023-07-01/2024-06-30pass
statement vs summary · revenueconsolidated 2024-07-01/2025-06-30pass
statement vs summary · revenuenon_consolidated 2023-07-01/2024-06-30pass
statement vs summary · revenuenon_consolidated 2024-07-01/2025-06-30pass
statement vs summary · total assetsconsolidated 2024-06-30pass
statement vs summary · total assetsconsolidated 2025-06-30pass
statement vs summary · total assetsnon_consolidated 2024-06-30pass
statement vs summary · total assetsnon_consolidated 2025-06-30pass