Annual report

Period2025-03-16 → 2026-03-15
Filed2026-06-09
StandardJapan GAAP
ConsolidatedYes
Data checks24 of 24 passed
Key figures · 148
MetricValuePeriodScopeSource row
Revenue¥5.4bn2025-03-16 → 2026-03-15Cons.Net sales
Revenue¥5.2bn2024-03-16 → 2025-03-15Cons.Net sales
Revenue¥5.9bn2023-03-16 → 2024-03-15vCons.Net sales (5-year summary)
Revenue¥7.0bn2022-03-16 → 2023-03-15vCons.Net sales (5-year summary)
Revenue¥8.0bn2021-03-16 → 2022-03-15vCons.Net sales (5-year summary)
Operating income¥288m2025-03-16 → 2026-03-15Cons.Operating income
Operating income¥377m2024-03-16 → 2025-03-15Cons.Operating income
Ordinary income¥300m2025-03-16 → 2026-03-15Cons.Ordinary income
Ordinary income¥379m2024-03-16 → 2025-03-15Cons.Ordinary income
Ordinary income¥446m2023-03-16 → 2024-03-15vCons.Ordinary income loss (5-year summary)
Ordinary income¥538m2022-03-16 → 2023-03-15vCons.Ordinary income loss (5-year summary)
Ordinary income¥611m2021-03-16 → 2022-03-15vCons.Ordinary income loss (5-year summary)
Profit before tax¥299m2025-03-16 → 2026-03-15Cons.Income before income taxes
Profit before tax−¥112m2024-03-16 → 2025-03-15Cons.Income before income taxes
Net income (owners)¥198m2025-03-16 → 2026-03-15Cons.Profit loss attributable to owners of parent
Net income (owners)−¥238m2024-03-16 → 2025-03-15Cons.Profit loss attributable to owners of parent
Net income (owners)¥306m2023-03-16 → 2024-03-15vCons.Profit loss attributable to owners of parent (5-year summary)
Net income (owners)¥364m2022-03-16 → 2023-03-15vCons.Profit loss attributable to owners of parent (5-year summary)
Net income (owners)¥414m2021-03-16 → 2022-03-15vCons.Profit loss attributable to owners of parent (5-year summary)
Net income¥198m2025-03-16 → 2026-03-15Cons.Profit loss
Net income−¥238m2024-03-16 → 2025-03-15Cons.Profit loss
Total assets¥13.3bnat 2026-03-15Cons.Assets
Total assets¥13.4bnat 2025-03-15Cons.Assets
Total assets¥13.1bnat 2024-03-15vCons.Total assets (5-year summary)
Total assets¥13.0bnat 2023-03-15vCons.Total assets (5-year summary)
Total assets¥12.3bnat 2022-03-15vCons.Total assets (5-year summary)
Total liabilities¥3.0bnat 2026-03-15Cons.Liabilities
Total liabilities¥3.1bnat 2025-03-15Cons.Liabilities
Net assets / equity¥10.3bnat 2026-03-15Cons.Net assets
Net assets / equity¥10.3bnat 2025-03-15Cons.Net assets
Net assets / equity¥10.7bnat 2024-03-15vCons.Net assets
Net assets / equity¥10.4bnat 2023-03-15vCons.Net assets (5-year summary)
Net assets / equity¥9.5bnat 2022-03-15vCons.Net assets (5-year summary)
Cash and deposits¥1.1bnat 2026-03-15Cons.Cash and deposits
Cash and deposits¥1.0bnat 2025-03-15Cons.Cash and deposits
Cash & equivalents¥1.1bnat 2026-03-15Cons.Cash and cash equivalents
Cash & equivalents¥1.0bnat 2025-03-15Cons.Cash and cash equivalents
Cash & equivalents¥1.7bnat 2024-03-15vCons.Cash and cash equivalents
Cash & equivalents¥1.4bnat 2023-03-15vCons.Cash and cash equivalents (5-year summary)
Cash & equivalents¥1.7bnat 2022-03-15vCons.Cash and cash equivalents (5-year summary)
Operating cash flow¥523m2025-03-16 → 2026-03-15Cons.Net cash provided by used in operating activities
Operating cash flow¥132m2024-03-16 → 2025-03-15Cons.Net cash provided by used in operating activities
Operating cash flow¥1.1bn2023-03-16 → 2024-03-15vCons.Net cash provided by used in operating activities (5-year summary)
Operating cash flow−¥433m2022-03-16 → 2023-03-15vCons.Net cash provided by used in operating activities (5-year summary)
Operating cash flow¥1.6bn2021-03-16 → 2022-03-15vCons.Net cash provided by used in operating activities (5-year summary)
Investing cash flow−¥93m2025-03-16 → 2026-03-15Cons.Net cash provided by used in investment activities
Investing cash flow−¥1.4bn2024-03-16 → 2025-03-15Cons.Net cash provided by used in investment activities
Investing cash flow−¥615m2023-03-16 → 2024-03-15vCons.Net cash provided by used in investing activities (5-year summary)
Investing cash flow−¥210m2022-03-16 → 2023-03-15vCons.Net cash provided by used in investing activities (5-year summary)
Investing cash flow−¥218m2021-03-16 → 2022-03-15vCons.Net cash provided by used in investing activities (5-year summary)
Financing cash flow−¥326m2025-03-16 → 2026-03-15Cons.Net cash provided by used in financing activities
Financing cash flow¥583m2024-03-16 → 2025-03-15Cons.Net cash provided by used in financing activities
Financing cash flow−¥263m2023-03-16 → 2024-03-15vCons.Net cash provided by used in financing activities (5-year summary)
Financing cash flow¥414m2022-03-16 → 2023-03-15vCons.Net cash provided by used in financing activities (5-year summary)
Financing cash flow−¥1.8bn2021-03-16 → 2022-03-15vCons.Net cash provided by used in financing activities (5-year summary)
EPS (basic)¥84.052025-03-16 → 2026-03-15Cons.Basic earnings loss per share (5-year summary)
EPS (basic)¥-101.392024-03-16 → 2025-03-15Cons.Basic earnings loss per share (5-year summary)
EPS (basic)¥131.642023-03-16 → 2024-03-15vCons.Basic earnings loss per share (5-year summary)
EPS (basic)¥162.142022-03-16 → 2023-03-15vCons.Basic earnings loss per share (5-year summary)
EPS (basic)¥203.922021-03-16 → 2022-03-15vCons.Basic earnings loss per share (5-year summary)
Net assets per share¥4,370.88at 2026-03-15Cons.Net assets per share (5-year summary)
Net assets per share¥4,364.53at 2025-03-15Cons.Net assets per share (5-year summary)
Net assets per share¥4,548.74at 2024-03-15vCons.Net assets per share (5-year summary)
Net assets per share¥4,490.12at 2023-03-15vCons.Net assets per share (5-year summary)
Net assets per share¥4,692.2at 2022-03-15vCons.Net assets per share (5-year summary)
Equity ratio77.3%at 2026-03-15Cons.Equity to asset ratio (5-year summary)
Equity ratio76.9%at 2025-03-15Cons.Equity to asset ratio (5-year summary)
Equity ratio81.4%at 2024-03-15vCons.Equity to asset ratio (5-year summary)
Equity ratio80.1%at 2023-03-15vCons.Equity to asset ratio (5-year summary)
Equity ratio77.1%at 2022-03-15vCons.Equity to asset ratio (5-year summary)
ROE1.9%2025-03-16 → 2026-03-15Cons.Rate of return on equity (5-year summary)
ROE-2.3%2024-03-16 → 2025-03-15Cons.Rate of return on equity (5-year summary)
ROE2.9%2023-03-16 → 2024-03-15vCons.Rate of return on equity (5-year summary)
ROE3.7%2022-03-16 → 2023-03-15vCons.Rate of return on equity (5-year summary)
ROE4.4%2021-03-16 → 2022-03-15vCons.Rate of return on equity (5-year summary)
Employees95at 2026-03-15Cons.Number of employees
Employees103at 2025-03-15Cons.Number of employees
Employees102at 2024-03-15vCons.Number of employees
Employees102at 2023-03-15vCons.Number of employees
Employees111at 2022-03-15vCons.Number of employees
Revenue¥4.7bn2025-03-16 → 2026-03-15StandaloneNet sales
Revenue¥5.0bn2024-03-16 → 2025-03-15StandaloneNet sales
Revenue¥5.3bn2023-03-16 → 2024-03-15vStandaloneNet sales (5-year summary)
Revenue¥5.3bn2022-03-16 → 2023-03-15vStandaloneNet sales (5-year summary)
Revenue¥5.3bn2021-03-16 → 2022-03-15vStandaloneNet sales (5-year summary)
Operating income¥267m2025-03-16 → 2026-03-15StandaloneOperating income
Operating income¥376m2024-03-16 → 2025-03-15StandaloneOperating income
Ordinary income¥284m2025-03-16 → 2026-03-15StandaloneOrdinary income
Ordinary income¥379m2024-03-16 → 2025-03-15StandaloneOrdinary income
Ordinary income¥417m2023-03-16 → 2024-03-15vStandaloneOrdinary income loss (5-year summary)
Ordinary income¥506m2022-03-16 → 2023-03-15vStandaloneOrdinary income loss (5-year summary)
Ordinary income¥582m2021-03-16 → 2022-03-15vStandaloneOrdinary income loss (5-year summary)
Profit before tax¥282m2025-03-16 → 2026-03-15StandaloneIncome before income taxes
Profit before tax¥379m2024-03-16 → 2025-03-15StandaloneIncome before income taxes
Net income¥192m2025-03-16 → 2026-03-15StandaloneProfit loss
Net income¥256m2024-03-16 → 2025-03-15StandaloneProfit loss
Net income¥285m2023-03-16 → 2024-03-15vStandaloneNet income loss (5-year summary)
Net income¥341m2022-03-16 → 2023-03-15vStandaloneNet income loss (5-year summary)
Net income¥395m2021-03-16 → 2022-03-15vStandaloneNet income loss (5-year summary)
Total assets¥12.9bnat 2026-03-15StandaloneAssets
Total assets¥13.1bnat 2025-03-15StandaloneAssets
Total assets¥12.4bnat 2024-03-15vStandaloneTotal assets (5-year summary)
Total assets¥12.2bnat 2023-03-15vStandaloneTotal assets (5-year summary)
Total assets¥11.5bnat 2022-03-15vStandaloneTotal assets (5-year summary)
Total liabilities¥2.7bnat 2026-03-15StandaloneLiabilities
Total liabilities¥2.9bnat 2025-03-15StandaloneLiabilities
Net assets / equity¥10.2bnat 2026-03-15StandaloneNet assets
Net assets / equity¥10.2bnat 2025-03-15StandaloneNet assets
Net assets / equity¥10.1bnat 2024-03-15vStandaloneNet assets
Net assets / equity¥9.8bnat 2023-03-15vStandaloneNet assets (5-year summary)
Net assets / equity¥8.9bnat 2022-03-15vStandaloneNet assets (5-year summary)
Cash and deposits¥883mat 2026-03-15StandaloneCash and deposits
Cash and deposits¥826mat 2025-03-15StandaloneCash and deposits
EPS (basic)¥81.172025-03-16 → 2026-03-15StandaloneBasic earnings loss per share (5-year summary)
EPS (basic)¥108.912024-03-16 → 2025-03-15StandaloneBasic earnings loss per share (5-year summary)
EPS (basic)¥122.422023-03-16 → 2024-03-15vStandaloneBasic earnings loss per share (5-year summary)
EPS (basic)¥151.812022-03-16 → 2023-03-15vStandaloneBasic earnings loss per share (5-year summary)
EPS (basic)¥194.622021-03-16 → 2022-03-15vStandaloneBasic earnings loss per share (5-year summary)
Dividend per share¥702025-03-16 → 2026-03-15StandaloneDividend paid per share (5-year summary)
Dividend per share¥702024-03-16 → 2025-03-15StandaloneDividend paid per share (5-year summary)
Dividend per share¥702023-03-16 → 2024-03-15vStandaloneDividend paid per share (5-year summary)
Dividend per share¥702022-03-16 → 2023-03-15vStandaloneDividend paid per share (5-year summary)
Dividend per share¥602021-03-16 → 2022-03-15vStandaloneDividend paid per share (5-year summary)
Net assets per share¥4,330.58at 2026-03-15StandaloneNet assets per share (5-year summary)
Net assets per share¥4,325.94at 2025-03-15StandaloneNet assets per share (5-year summary)
Net assets per share¥4,298.35at 2024-03-15vStandaloneNet assets per share (5-year summary)
Net assets per share¥4,246.62at 2023-03-15vStandaloneNet assets per share (5-year summary)
Net assets per share¥4,424.94at 2022-03-15vStandaloneNet assets per share (5-year summary)
Equity ratio79.0%at 2026-03-15StandaloneEquity to asset ratio (5-year summary)
Equity ratio77.6%at 2025-03-15StandaloneEquity to asset ratio (5-year summary)
Equity ratio81.0%at 2024-03-15vStandaloneEquity to asset ratio (5-year summary)
Equity ratio80.4%at 2023-03-15vStandaloneEquity to asset ratio (5-year summary)
Equity ratio77.8%at 2022-03-15vStandaloneEquity to asset ratio (5-year summary)
ROE1.9%2025-03-16 → 2026-03-15StandaloneRate of return on equity (5-year summary)
ROE2.5%2024-03-16 → 2025-03-15StandaloneRate of return on equity (5-year summary)
ROE2.9%2023-03-16 → 2024-03-15vStandaloneRate of return on equity (5-year summary)
ROE3.5%2022-03-16 → 2023-03-15vStandaloneRate of return on equity (5-year summary)
ROE4.5%2021-03-16 → 2022-03-15vStandaloneRate of return on equity (5-year summary)
Shares issued2,366,000at 2026-03-15StandaloneTotal number of issued shares (5-year summary)
Shares issued2,366,000at 2025-03-15StandaloneTotal number of issued shares (5-year summary)
Shares issued2,366,000at 2024-03-15vStandaloneTotal number of issued shares (5-year summary)
Shares issued2,366,000at 2023-03-15vStandaloneTotal number of issued shares (5-year summary)
Shares issued2,084,000at 2022-03-15vStandaloneTotal number of issued shares (5-year summary)
Employees94at 2026-03-15StandaloneNumber of employees
Employees103at 2025-03-15StandaloneNumber of employees
Employees102at 2024-03-15vStandaloneNumber of employees
Employees102at 2023-03-15vStandaloneNumber of employees
Employees109at 2022-03-15vStandaloneNumber of employees

Periods use the dates stated in the filing. d = earlier-year period dated by calendar; v = that date confirmed by the company's own earlier filing.

Segments · 47
SegmentItemPeriodValue
Reconciling Itemsreconcilingcapex2025-03-16 → 2026-03-15¥2m
Reconciling Itemsreconcilingdepreciation2025-03-16 → 2026-03-15¥6m
Reconciling Itemsreconcilingsegment assetsat 2026-03-15¥1.5bn
Reconciling Itemsreconcilingsegment profit2025-03-16 → 2026-03-15−¥404m
Environment Relatedreportable segmentdepreciation2025-03-16 → 2026-03-15¥53m
Environment Relatedreportable segmentemployeesat 2026-03-150 pure
Environment Relatedreportable segmentrevenue2025-03-16 → 2026-03-15¥837m
Environment Relatedreportable segmentrevenue external2025-03-16 → 2026-03-15¥837m
Environment Relatedreportable segmentsegment assetsat 2026-03-15¥859m
Environment Relatedreportable segmentsegment profit2025-03-16 → 2026-03-15¥91m
Metal Productsreportable segmentcapex2025-03-16 → 2026-03-15¥87m
Metal Productsreportable segmentdepreciation2025-03-16 → 2026-03-15¥224m
Metal Productsreportable segmentemployeesat 2026-03-1589 pure
Metal Productsreportable segmentrevenue2025-03-16 → 2026-03-15¥4.6bn
Metal Productsreportable segmentrevenue external2025-03-16 → 2026-03-15¥4.6bn
Metal Productsreportable segmentsegment assetsat 2026-03-15¥11.0bn
Metal Productsreportable segmentsegment profit2025-03-16 → 2026-03-15¥601m
—segment totalcapex2025-03-16 → 2026-03-15¥87m
—segment totaldepreciation2025-03-16 → 2026-03-15¥277m
—segment totalrevenue2025-03-16 → 2026-03-15¥5.4bn
—segment totalrevenue external2025-03-16 → 2026-03-15¥5.4bn
—segment totalsegment assetsat 2026-03-15¥11.8bn
—segment totalsegment profit2025-03-16 → 2026-03-15¥692m
Reconciling Itemsreconcilingcapex2024-03-16 → 2025-03-15¥3m
Reconciling Itemsreconcilingdepreciation2024-03-16 → 2025-03-15¥6m
Reconciling Itemsreconcilingsegment assetsat 2025-03-15¥1.6bn
Reconciling Itemsreconcilingsegment profit2024-03-16 → 2025-03-15−¥439m
Environment Relatedreportable segmentcapex2024-03-16 → 2025-03-15¥3m
Environment Relatedreportable segmentdepreciation2024-03-16 → 2025-03-15¥53m
Environment Relatedreportable segmentrevenue2024-03-16 → 2025-03-15¥352m
Environment Relatedreportable segmentrevenue external2024-03-16 → 2025-03-15¥352m
Environment Relatedreportable segmentsegment assetsat 2025-03-15¥739m
Environment Relatedreportable segmentsegment profit2024-03-16 → 2025-03-15¥55m
Metal Productsreportable segmentcapex2024-03-16 → 2025-03-15¥1.3bn
Metal Productsreportable segmentdepreciation2024-03-16 → 2025-03-15¥203m
Metal Productsreportable segmentrevenue2024-03-16 → 2025-03-15¥4.9bn
Metal Productsreportable segmentrevenue external2024-03-16 → 2025-03-15¥4.9bn
Metal Productsreportable segmentsegment assetsat 2025-03-15¥11.1bn
Metal Productsreportable segmentsegment profit2024-03-16 → 2025-03-15¥760m
—segment totalcapex2024-03-16 → 2025-03-15¥1.3bn
—segment totaldepreciation2024-03-16 → 2025-03-15¥256m
—segment totalrevenue2024-03-16 → 2025-03-15¥5.2bn
—segment totalrevenue external2024-03-16 → 2025-03-15¥5.2bn
—segment totalsegment assetsat 2025-03-15¥11.8bn
—segment totalsegment profit2024-03-16 → 2025-03-15¥816m
Environment Relatedreportable segmentemployeesat 2026-03-150 pure
Metal Productsreportable segmentemployeesat 2026-03-1588 pure

Segment names come from EDINET member IDs; not yet mapped to a common taxonomy.

All source rows · 1,376
ItemContextValueUnit
Number of issues shares not listed investment shares held for purposes other than pure investment reporting companyCurrentYearInstant3
Carrying amount shares not listed investment shares held for purposes other than pure investment reporting companyCurrentYearInstant3226000JPY
Number of issues shares other than those not listed investment shares held for purposes other than pure investment reporting companyCurrentYearInstant3
Carrying amount shares other than those not listed investment shares held for purposes other than pure investment reporting companyCurrentYearInstant445755000JPY
Number of issues whose number of shares increased shares not listed investment shares held for purposes other than pure investment reporting companyCurrentYearDuration-
Total acquisition cost for increased shares shares not listed investment shares held for purposes other than pure investment reporting companyCurrentYearDuration-JPY
Number of issues whose number of shares increased shares other than those not listed investment shares held for purposes other than pure investment reporting companyCurrentYearDuration2
Total acquisition cost for increased shares shares other than those not listed investment shares held for purposes other than pure investment reporting companyCurrentYearDuration8282000JPY
Number of issues whose number of shares decreased shares not listed investment shares held for purposes other than pure investment reporting companyCurrentYearDuration-
Total sale amount for decreased shares shares not listed investment shares held for purposes other than pure investment reporting companyCurrentYearDuration-JPY
Number of issues whose number of shares decreased shares other than those not listed investment shares held for purposes other than pure investment reporting companyCurrentYearDuration-
Total sale amount for decreased shares shares other than those not listed investment shares held for purposes other than pure investment reporting companyCurrentYearDuration-JPY
Number of shares held details of specified investment equity securities held for purposes other than pure investment reporting companyCurrentYearInstant_Row1Member248384
Number of shares held details of specified investment equity securities held for purposes other than pure investment reporting companyPrior1YearInstant_Row1Member245698
Book value details of specified investment equity securities held for purposes other than pure investment reporting companyCurrentYearInstant_Row1Member358915000JPY
Book value details of specified investment equity securities held for purposes other than pure investment reporting companyPrior1YearInstant_Row1Member329727000JPY
Number of shares held details of specified investment equity securities held for purposes other than pure investment reporting companyCurrentYearInstant_Row2Member33537
Number of shares held details of specified investment equity securities held for purposes other than pure investment reporting companyPrior1YearInstant_Row2Member31622
Book value details of specified investment equity securities held for purposes other than pure investment reporting companyCurrentYearInstant_Row2Member79450000JPY
Book value details of specified investment equity securities held for purposes other than pure investment reporting companyPrior1YearInstant_Row2Member63749000JPY
Number of shares held details of specified investment equity securities held for purposes other than pure investment reporting companyCurrentYearInstant_Row3Member5200
Number of shares held details of specified investment equity securities held for purposes other than pure investment reporting companyPrior1YearInstant_Row3Member5200
Book value details of specified investment equity securities held for purposes other than pure investment reporting companyCurrentYearInstant_Row3Member7389000JPY
Book value details of specified investment equity securities held for purposes other than pure investment reporting companyPrior1YearInstant_Row3Member5889000JPY
Cash and depositsPrior1YearInstant1028044000JPY
Cash and depositsCurrentYearInstant1132657000JPY
Notes receivable tradePrior1YearInstant17811000JPY
Notes receivable tradeCurrentYearInstant-JPY
Accounts receivable tradePrior1YearInstant499789000JPY
Accounts receivable tradeCurrentYearInstant431397000JPY
Electronically recorded monetary claims operating caPrior1YearInstant120764000JPY
Electronically recorded monetary claims operating caCurrentYearInstant155000000JPY
MerchandisePrior1YearInstant28000JPY
MerchandiseCurrentYearInstant-JPY
Finished goodsPrior1YearInstant1705730000JPY
Finished goodsCurrentYearInstant1814350000JPY
Work in processPrior1YearInstant1451960000JPY
Work in processCurrentYearInstant1542495000JPY
Raw materials and suppliesPrior1YearInstant368788000JPY
Raw materials and suppliesCurrentYearInstant373752000JPY
Advance payments tradePrior1YearInstant2063000JPY
Advance payments tradeCurrentYearInstant24000JPY
Accounts receivable otherPrior1YearInstant1104000JPY
Accounts receivable otherCurrentYearInstant408000JPY
Other caPrior1YearInstant188371000JPY
Other caCurrentYearInstant82830000JPY
Current assetsPrior1YearInstant5384456000JPY
Current assetsCurrentYearInstant5532919000JPY
Buildings and structures netPrior1YearInstant1993552000JPY
Buildings and structures netCurrentYearInstant1899140000JPY

Every row of the EDINET CSV. Item names are the XBRL element names; filed text is kept in its original Japanese. Filed text is available on Plus and Pro.

Data checks · 24 of 24 passed
balance sheet identityconsolidated 2025-03-15pass rounding
balance sheet identityconsolidated 2026-03-15pass rounding
balance sheet identitynon_consolidated 2025-03-15pass rounding
balance sheet identitynon_consolidated 2026-03-15pass
dei present pass
period resolution pass
statement vs summary · net assetsconsolidated 2024-03-15pass
statement vs summary · net assetsconsolidated 2025-03-15pass
statement vs summary · net assetsconsolidated 2026-03-15pass
statement vs summary · net assetsnon_consolidated 2024-03-15pass
statement vs summary · net assetsnon_consolidated 2025-03-15pass
statement vs summary · net assetsnon_consolidated 2026-03-15pass
statement vs summary · net income attributable to parentconsolidated 2024-03-16/2025-03-15pass
statement vs summary · net income attributable to parentconsolidated 2025-03-16/2026-03-15pass
statement vs summary · operating cash flowconsolidated 2024-03-16/2025-03-15pass
statement vs summary · operating cash flowconsolidated 2025-03-16/2026-03-15pass
statement vs summary · revenueconsolidated 2024-03-16/2025-03-15pass
statement vs summary · revenueconsolidated 2025-03-16/2026-03-15pass
statement vs summary · revenuenon_consolidated 2024-03-16/2025-03-15pass
statement vs summary · revenuenon_consolidated 2025-03-16/2026-03-15pass
statement vs summary · total assetsconsolidated 2025-03-15pass
statement vs summary · total assetsconsolidated 2026-03-15pass
statement vs summary · total assetsnon_consolidated 2025-03-15pass
statement vs summary · total assetsnon_consolidated 2026-03-15pass