Annual report

Period2024-04-01 → 2025-03-31
Filed2025-06-25
StandardIFRS
ConsolidatedYes
Data checks19 of 19 passed
Key figures · 151
MetricValuePeriodScopeSource row
Revenue¥840.4bn2024-04-01 → 2025-03-31Cons.Revenue IFRS (5-year summary)
Revenue¥832.5bn2023-04-01 → 2024-03-31Cons.Revenue IFRS (5-year summary)
Revenue¥763.5bn2022-04-01 → 2023-03-31dCons.Revenue IFRS (5-year summary)
Revenue¥600.6bn2021-04-01 → 2022-03-31dCons.Revenue IFRS (5-year summary)
Revenue¥499.2bn2020-04-01 → 2021-03-31dCons.Revenue IFRS (5-year summary)
Operating income¥16.5bn2024-04-01 → 2025-03-31Cons.Operating profit loss IFRS
Operating income¥35.9bn2023-04-01 → 2024-03-31Cons.Operating profit loss IFRS
Profit before tax−¥8.5bn2024-04-01 → 2025-03-31Cons.Profit loss before tax IFRS
Profit before tax¥17.6bn2023-04-01 → 2024-03-31Cons.Profit loss before tax IFRS
Profit before tax−¥21.9bn2022-04-01 → 2023-03-31dCons.Profit loss before tax IFRS (5-year summary)
Profit before tax¥11.9bn2021-04-01 → 2022-03-31dCons.Profit loss before tax IFRS (5-year summary)
Profit before tax−¥17.2bn2020-04-01 → 2021-03-31dCons.Profit loss before tax IFRS (5-year summary)
Net income (owners)−¥13.8bn2024-04-01 → 2025-03-31Cons.Profit loss attributable to owners of parent IFRS
Net income (owners)¥10.6bn2023-04-01 → 2024-03-31Cons.Profit loss attributable to owners of parent IFRS
Net income (owners)−¥33.8bn2022-04-01 → 2023-03-31dCons.Profit loss attributable to owners of parent IFRS (5-year summary)
Net income (owners)¥4.1bn2021-04-01 → 2022-03-31dCons.Profit loss attributable to owners of parent IFRS (5-year summary)
Net income (owners)−¥16.9bn2020-04-01 → 2021-03-31dCons.Profit loss attributable to owners of parent IFRS (5-year summary)
Net income−¥13.5bn2024-04-01 → 2025-03-31Cons.Profit loss IFRS
Net income¥10.9bn2023-04-01 → 2024-03-31Cons.Profit loss IFRS
Total assets¥1.03Tat 2025-03-31Cons.Assets IFRS
Total assets¥1.01Tat 2024-03-31Cons.Assets IFRS
Total assets¥951.4bnat 2023-03-31dCons.Total assets IFRS (5-year summary)
Total assets¥939.3bnat 2022-03-31dCons.Total assets IFRS (5-year summary)
Total assets¥825.0bnat 2021-03-31dCons.Total assets IFRS (5-year summary)
Total liabilities¥890.5bnat 2025-03-31Cons.Liabilities IFRS
Total liabilities¥853.7bnat 2024-03-31Cons.Liabilities IFRS
Net assets / equity¥142.4bnat 2025-03-31Cons.Equity IFRS
Net assets / equity¥153.8bnat 2024-03-31Cons.Equity IFRS
Net assets / equity¥124.9bnat 2023-03-31dCons.Equity IFRS
Equity (owners)¥108.1bnat 2025-03-31Cons.Equity attributable to owners of parent IFRS
Equity (owners)¥124.3bnat 2024-03-31Cons.Equity attributable to owners of parent IFRS
Equity (owners)¥97.0bnat 2023-03-31dCons.Equity attributable to owners of parent IFRS (5-year summary)
Equity (owners)¥145.3bnat 2022-03-31dCons.Equity attributable to owners of parent IFRS (5-year summary)
Equity (owners)¥62.9bnat 2021-03-31dCons.Equity attributable to owners of parent IFRS (5-year summary)
Cash & equivalents¥65.3bnat 2025-03-31Cons.Cash and cash equivalents IFRS
Cash & equivalents¥63.0bnat 2025-03-31Cons.Cash and cash equivalents IFRS (5-year summary)
Cash & equivalents¥51.2bnat 2024-03-31Cons.Cash and cash equivalents IFRS
Cash & equivalents¥44.3bnat 2024-03-31Cons.Cash and cash equivalents IFRS (5-year summary)
Cash & equivalents¥68.5bnat 2023-03-31dCons.Cash and cash equivalents IFRS (5-year summary)
Cash & equivalents¥60.0bnat 2022-03-31dCons.Cash and cash equivalents IFRS (5-year summary)
Cash & equivalents¥53.5bnat 2021-03-31dCons.Cash and cash equivalents IFRS (5-year summary)
Operating cash flow¥52.4bn2024-04-01 → 2025-03-31Cons.Net cash provided by used in operating activities IFRS
Operating cash flow¥58.8bn2023-04-01 → 2024-03-31Cons.Net cash provided by used in operating activities IFRS
Operating cash flow¥48.5bn2022-04-01 → 2023-03-31dCons.Cash flows from used in operating activities IFRS (5-year summary)
Operating cash flow¥45.1bn2021-04-01 → 2022-03-31dCons.Cash flows from used in operating activities IFRS (5-year summary)
Operating cash flow¥21.1bn2020-04-01 → 2021-03-31dCons.Cash flows from used in operating activities IFRS (5-year summary)
Investing cash flow−¥42.4bn2024-04-01 → 2025-03-31Cons.Net cash provided by used in investing activities IFRS
Investing cash flow−¥43.5bn2023-04-01 → 2024-03-31Cons.Net cash provided by used in investing activities IFRS
Investing cash flow−¥34.6bn2022-04-01 → 2023-03-31dCons.Cash flows from used in investing activities IFRS (5-year summary)
Investing cash flow−¥22.8bn2021-04-01 → 2022-03-31dCons.Cash flows from used in investing activities IFRS (5-year summary)
Investing cash flow−¥25.6bn2020-04-01 → 2021-03-31dCons.Cash flows from used in investing activities IFRS (5-year summary)
Financing cash flow¥8.5bn2024-04-01 → 2025-03-31Cons.Net cash provided by used in financing activities IFRS
Financing cash flow−¥48.1bn2023-04-01 → 2024-03-31Cons.Net cash provided by used in financing activities IFRS
Financing cash flow−¥7.9bn2022-04-01 → 2023-03-31dCons.Cash flows from used in financing activities IFRS (5-year summary)
Financing cash flow−¥20.8bn2021-04-01 → 2022-03-31dCons.Cash flows from used in financing activities IFRS (5-year summary)
Financing cash flow¥13.5bn2020-04-01 → 2021-03-31dCons.Cash flows from used in financing activities IFRS (5-year summary)
EPS (basic)¥-173.22024-04-01 → 2025-03-31Cons.Basic earnings loss per share IFRS
EPS (basic)¥95.42023-04-01 → 2024-03-31Cons.Basic earnings loss per share IFRS
EPS (basic)¥-393.062022-04-01 → 2023-03-31dCons.Basic earnings loss per share IFRS (5-year summary)
EPS (basic)¥24.072021-04-01 → 2022-03-31dCons.Basic earnings loss per share IFRS (5-year summary)
EPS (basic)¥-208.322020-04-01 → 2021-03-31dCons.Basic earnings loss per share IFRS (5-year summary)
EPS (diluted)¥-173.22024-04-01 → 2025-03-31Cons.Diluted earnings loss per share IFRS
EPS (diluted)¥74.852023-04-01 → 2024-03-31Cons.Diluted earnings loss per share IFRS
EPS (diluted)¥-393.062022-04-01 → 2023-03-31dCons.Diluted earnings loss per share IFRS (5-year summary)
EPS (diluted)¥23.922021-04-01 → 2022-03-31dCons.Diluted earnings loss per share IFRS (5-year summary)
EPS (diluted)¥-208.322020-04-01 → 2021-03-31dCons.Diluted earnings loss per share IFRS (5-year summary)
Net assets per share¥843.04at 2025-03-31Cons.Equity to asset ratio IFRS (5-year summary)
Net assets per share¥1,021.29at 2024-03-31Cons.Equity to asset ratio IFRS (5-year summary)
Net assets per share¥723.78at 2023-03-31dCons.Equity to asset ratio IFRS (5-year summary)
Net assets per share¥1,255.96at 2022-03-31dCons.Equity to asset ratio IFRS (5-year summary)
Net assets per share¥349.65at 2021-03-31dCons.Equity to asset ratio IFRS (5-year summary)
Equity ratio10.5%at 2025-03-31Cons.Ratio of owners equity to gross assets IFRS (5-year summary)
Equity ratio12.3%at 2024-03-31Cons.Ratio of owners equity to gross assets IFRS (5-year summary)
Equity ratio10.2%at 2023-03-31dCons.Ratio of owners equity to gross assets IFRS (5-year summary)
Equity ratio15.5%at 2022-03-31dCons.Ratio of owners equity to gross assets IFRS (5-year summary)
Equity ratio7.6%at 2021-03-31dCons.Ratio of owners equity to gross assets IFRS (5-year summary)
ROE-11.9%2024-04-01 → 2025-03-31Cons.Rate of return on equity IFRS (5-year summary)
ROE9.6%2023-04-01 → 2024-03-31Cons.Rate of return on equity IFRS (5-year summary)
ROE-27.9%2022-04-01 → 2023-03-31dCons.Rate of return on equity IFRS (5-year summary)
ROE4.0%2021-04-01 → 2022-03-31dCons.Rate of return on equity IFRS (5-year summary)
ROE-24.8%2020-04-01 → 2021-03-31dCons.Rate of return on equity IFRS (5-year summary)
Employees25,406at 2025-03-31Cons.Number of employees
Employees25,356at 2024-03-31Cons.Number of employees
Employees24,880at 2023-03-31dCons.Number of employees
Employees25,232at 2022-03-31dCons.Number of employees
Employees25,955at 2021-03-31dCons.Number of employees
Revenue¥120.0bn2024-04-01 → 2025-03-31StandaloneNet sales
Revenue¥109.2bn2023-04-01 → 2024-03-31StandaloneNet sales
Revenue¥96.7bn2022-04-01 → 2023-03-31dStandaloneNet sales (5-year summary)
Revenue¥88.3bn2021-04-01 → 2022-03-31dStandaloneNet sales (5-year summary)
Revenue¥87.3bn2020-04-01 → 2021-03-31dStandaloneNet sales (5-year summary)
Operating income¥3.7bn2024-04-01 → 2025-03-31StandaloneOperating income
Operating income¥2.5bn2023-04-01 → 2024-03-31StandaloneOperating income
Ordinary income¥3.0bn2024-04-01 → 2025-03-31StandaloneOrdinary income
Ordinary income¥756m2023-04-01 → 2024-03-31StandaloneOrdinary income
Ordinary income¥12.3bn2022-04-01 → 2023-03-31dStandaloneOrdinary income loss (5-year summary)
Ordinary income−¥3.8bn2021-04-01 → 2022-03-31dStandaloneOrdinary income loss (5-year summary)
Ordinary income−¥10.2bn2020-04-01 → 2021-03-31dStandaloneOrdinary income loss (5-year summary)
Profit before tax¥8.6bn2024-04-01 → 2025-03-31StandaloneIncome before income taxes
Profit before tax¥642m2023-04-01 → 2024-03-31StandaloneIncome before income taxes
Net income¥8.6bn2024-04-01 → 2025-03-31StandaloneProfit loss
Net income¥2.1bn2023-04-01 → 2024-03-31StandaloneProfit loss
Net income¥13.3bn2022-04-01 → 2023-03-31dStandaloneNet income loss (5-year summary)
Net income¥1.6bn2021-04-01 → 2022-03-31dStandaloneNet income loss (5-year summary)
Net income−¥208m2020-04-01 → 2021-03-31dStandaloneNet income loss (5-year summary)
Total assets¥704.3bnat 2025-03-31StandaloneAssets
Total assets¥695.4bnat 2024-03-31StandaloneAssets
Total assets¥693.8bnat 2023-03-31dStandaloneTotal assets (5-year summary)
Total assets¥678.6bnat 2022-03-31dStandaloneTotal assets (5-year summary)
Total assets¥682.3bnat 2021-03-31dStandaloneTotal assets (5-year summary)
Total liabilities¥382.8bnat 2025-03-31StandaloneLiabilities
Total liabilities¥380.4bnat 2024-03-31StandaloneLiabilities
Net assets / equity¥321.5bnat 2025-03-31StandaloneNet assets
Net assets / equity¥314.9bnat 2024-03-31StandaloneNet assets
Net assets / equity¥317.8bnat 2023-03-31dStandaloneNet assets
Net assets / equity¥311.3bnat 2022-03-31dStandaloneNet assets (5-year summary)
Net assets / equity¥311.7bnat 2021-03-31dStandaloneNet assets (5-year summary)
Cash and deposits¥7.0bnat 2025-03-31StandaloneCash and deposits
Cash and deposits¥4.6bnat 2024-03-31StandaloneCash and deposits
EPS (basic)¥72.62024-04-01 → 2025-03-31StandaloneBasic earnings loss per share (5-year summary)
EPS (basic)¥1.982023-04-01 → 2024-03-31StandaloneBasic earnings loss per share (5-year summary)
EPS (basic)¥125.272022-04-01 → 2023-03-31dStandaloneBasic earnings loss per share (5-year summary)
EPS (basic)¥-3.512021-04-01 → 2022-03-31dStandaloneBasic earnings loss per share (5-year summary)
EPS (basic)¥-23.812020-04-01 → 2021-03-31dStandaloneBasic earnings loss per share (5-year summary)
EPS (diluted)¥60.272024-04-01 → 2025-03-31StandaloneDiluted earnings per share (5-year summary)
EPS (diluted)¥1.972023-04-01 → 2024-03-31StandaloneDiluted earnings per share (5-year summary)
EPS (diluted)¥93.822022-04-01 → 2023-03-31dStandaloneDiluted earnings per share (5-year summary)
Net assets per share¥3,182.04at 2025-03-31StandaloneNet assets per share (5-year summary)
Net assets per share¥3,111.09at 2024-03-31StandaloneNet assets per share (5-year summary)
Net assets per share¥3,147.89at 2023-03-31dStandaloneNet assets per share (5-year summary)
Net assets per share¥3,079.4at 2022-03-31dStandaloneNet assets per share (5-year summary)
Net assets per share¥3,087.67at 2021-03-31dStandaloneNet assets per share (5-year summary)
Equity ratio45.6%at 2025-03-31StandaloneEquity to asset ratio (5-year summary)
Equity ratio45.2%at 2024-03-31StandaloneEquity to asset ratio (5-year summary)
Equity ratio45.7%at 2023-03-31dStandaloneEquity to asset ratio (5-year summary)
Equity ratio45.8%at 2022-03-31dStandaloneEquity to asset ratio (5-year summary)
Equity ratio45.6%at 2021-03-31dStandaloneEquity to asset ratio (5-year summary)
ROE2.7%2024-04-01 → 2025-03-31StandaloneRate of return on equity (5-year summary)
ROE0.7%2023-04-01 → 2024-03-31StandaloneRate of return on equity (5-year summary)
ROE4.2%2022-04-01 → 2023-03-31dStandaloneRate of return on equity (5-year summary)
ROE0.5%2021-04-01 → 2022-03-31dStandaloneRate of return on equity (5-year summary)
Shares issued91,539,000at 2025-03-31StandaloneTotal number of issued shares (5-year summary)
Shares issued91,401,000at 2024-03-31StandaloneTotal number of issued shares (5-year summary)
Shares issued91,167,000at 2023-03-31dStandaloneTotal number of issued shares (5-year summary)
Shares issued91,000,000at 2022-03-31dStandaloneTotal number of issued shares (5-year summary)
Shares issued90,810,000at 2021-03-31dStandaloneTotal number of issued shares (5-year summary)
Employees1,787at 2025-03-31StandaloneNumber of employees
Employees1,717at 2024-03-31StandaloneNumber of employees
Employees1,707at 2023-03-31dStandaloneNumber of employees
Employees1,692at 2022-03-31dStandaloneNumber of employees
Employees1,934at 2021-03-31dStandaloneNumber of employees

Periods use the dates stated in the filing. d = earlier-year period dated by calendar; v = that date confirmed by the company's own earlier filing.

Segments · 18
SegmentItemPeriodValue
Operating Segments Not Included In Reportable Segments And Other Revenue Generating Business Activitiesother segmentssegment profit2024-04-01 → 2025-03-31−¥12.3bn
Architectural IFRSreportable segmentemployeesat 2025-03-318598 pure
Architectural IFRSreportable segmentsegment profit2024-04-01 → 2025-03-31¥13.6bn
Automotive IFRSreportable segmentemployeesat 2025-03-3114198 pure
Automotive IFRSreportable segmentsegment profit2024-04-01 → 2025-03-31¥7.7bn
Technical Glass IFRSreportable segmentemployeesat 2025-03-31939 pure
Technical Glass IFRSreportable segmentsegment profit2024-04-01 → 2025-03-31¥7.6bn
—segment totalemployeesat 2025-03-3123735 pure
Total Of Reportable Segments And Otherssegment totalsegment profit2024-04-01 → 2025-03-31¥16.5bn
Operating Segments Not Included In Reportable Segments And Other Revenue Generating Business Activitiesother segmentssegment profit2023-04-01 → 2024-03-31−¥11.7bn
Architectural IFRSreportable segmentsegment profit2023-04-01 → 2024-03-31¥29.1bn
Automotive IFRSreportable segmentsegment profit2023-04-01 → 2024-03-31¥11.3bn
Technical Glass IFRSreportable segmentsegment profit2023-04-01 → 2024-03-31¥7.1bn
Total Of Reportable Segments And Otherssegment totalsegment profit2023-04-01 → 2024-03-31¥35.9bn
Architectural IFRSreportable segmentemployeesat 2025-03-31188 pure
Automotive IFRSreportable segmentemployeesat 2025-03-31860 pure
Technical Glass IFRSreportable segmentemployeesat 2025-03-31416 pure
—segment totalemployeesat 2025-03-311464 pure

Segment names come from EDINET member IDs; not yet mapped to a common taxonomy.

All source rows · 1,996
ItemContextValueUnit
Gross scope3 greenhouse gas emissionsPrior4YearDuration2952000
Gross scope3 greenhouse gas emissionsPrior3YearDuration3556000
Gross scope3 greenhouse gas emissionsPrior2YearDuration3276000
Gross scope3 greenhouse gas emissionsPrior1YearDuration3235000
Gross scope3 greenhouse gas emissionsCurrentYearDuration3706000
Research and development expenses research and development activitiesCurrentYearDuration_jpcrp030000-asr_E01121-000ArchitecturalIFRSReportableSegmentMember3549000000JPY
Research and development expenses research and development activitiesCurrentYearDuration_jpcrp030000-asr_E01121-000AutomotiveIFRSReportableSegmentMember3019000000JPY
Research and development expenses research and development activitiesCurrentYearDuration_jpcrp030000-asr_E01121-000TechnicalGlassIFRSReportableSegmentMember859000000JPY
Research and development expenses research and development activitiesCurrentYearDuration_ReportableSegmentsMember7427000000JPY
Research and development expenses research and development activitiesCurrentYearDuration_OperatingSegmentsNotIncludedInReportableSegmentsAndOtherRevenueGeneratingBusinessActivitiesMember2497000000JPY
Research and development expenses research and development activitiesCurrentYearDuration9924000000JPY
Capital expenditures overview of capital expenditures etcCurrentYearDuration_jpcrp030000-asr_E01121-000ArchitecturalIFRSReportableSegmentMember40774000000JPY
Capital expenditures overview of capital expenditures etcCurrentYearDuration_jpcrp030000-asr_E01121-000AutomotiveIFRSReportableSegmentMember18943000000JPY
Capital expenditures overview of capital expenditures etcCurrentYearDuration_jpcrp030000-asr_E01121-000TechnicalGlassIFRSReportableSegmentMember2067000000JPY
Capital expenditures overview of capital expenditures etcCurrentYearDuration_ReportableSegmentsMember61784000000JPY
Capital expenditures overview of capital expenditures etcCurrentYearDuration_OperatingSegmentsNotIncludedInReportableSegmentsAndOtherRevenueGeneratingBusinessActivitiesMember974000000JPY
Capital expenditures overview of capital expenditures etcCurrentYearDuration62758000000JPY
Number of issued shares as of fiscal year end issued shares total number of shares etcFilingDateInstant_OrdinaryShareMember91538599
Number of issued shares as of filing date issued shares total number of shares etcFilingDateInstant_OrdinaryShareMember91538599
Number of issued shares as of fiscal year end issued shares total number of shares etcFilingDateInstant_ClassASharesMember30000
Number of issued shares as of filing date issued shares total number of shares etcFilingDateInstant_ClassASharesMember30000
Number of issued shares as of fiscal year end issued shares total number of shares etcFilingDateInstant91568599
Number of issued shares as of filing date issued shares total number of shares etcFilingDateInstant91568599
Number of shares constituting one unitCurrentYearInstant_OrdinaryShareMember100
Number of shareholders national and local governmentsCurrentYearInstant_OrdinaryShareMember-
Number of shareholders financial institutionsCurrentYearInstant_OrdinaryShareMember17
Number of shareholders financial service providersCurrentYearInstant_OrdinaryShareMember38
Number of shareholders other corporationsCurrentYearInstant_OrdinaryShareMember412
Number of shareholders foreign investors other than individualsCurrentYearInstant_OrdinaryShareMember138
Number of shareholders foreign individual investorsCurrentYearInstant_OrdinaryShareMember153
Number of shareholders individuals and othersCurrentYearInstant_OrdinaryShareMember40866
Number of shareholders totalCurrentYearInstant_OrdinaryShareMember41624
Number of shares held number of units national and local governmentsCurrentYearInstant_OrdinaryShareMember-
Number of shares held number of units financial institutionsCurrentYearInstant_OrdinaryShareMember175758
Number of shares held number of units financial service providersCurrentYearInstant_OrdinaryShareMember36627
Number of shares held number of units other corporationsCurrentYearInstant_OrdinaryShareMember30600
Number of shares held number of units foreign investors other than individualsCurrentYearInstant_OrdinaryShareMember192065
Number of shares held number of units foreign individual investorsCurrentYearInstant_OrdinaryShareMember2305
Number of shares held number of units individuals and othersCurrentYearInstant_OrdinaryShareMember475908
Number of shares held number of units totalCurrentYearInstant_OrdinaryShareMember913263
Number of shares held shares less than one unitCurrentYearInstant_OrdinaryShareMember212299
Percentage of shareholdings national and local governmentsCurrentYearInstant_OrdinaryShareMember-
Percentage of shareholdings financial institutionsCurrentYearInstant_OrdinaryShareMember0.1925
Percentage of shareholdings financial service providersCurrentYearInstant_OrdinaryShareMember0.0401
Percentage of shareholdings other corporationsCurrentYearInstant_OrdinaryShareMember0.0335
Percentage of shareholdings foreigners other than individualsCurrentYearInstant_OrdinaryShareMember0.2103
Percentage of shareholdings foreign individualsCurrentYearInstant_OrdinaryShareMember0.0025
Percentage of shareholdings individuals and othersCurrentYearInstant_OrdinaryShareMember0.5211
Number of shares constituting one unitCurrentYearInstant_ClassASharesMember1
Number of shareholders national and local governmentsCurrentYearInstant_ClassASharesMember-

Every row of the EDINET CSV. Item names are the XBRL element names; filed text is kept in its original Japanese. Filed text is available on Plus and Pro.

Data checks · 19 of 19 passed
balance sheet identityconsolidated 2024-03-31pass
balance sheet identityconsolidated 2025-03-31pass
balance sheet identitynon_consolidated 2024-03-31pass
balance sheet identitynon_consolidated 2025-03-31pass
dei present pass
period resolution pass
statement vs summary · net assetsnon_consolidated 2023-03-31pass
statement vs summary · net assetsnon_consolidated 2024-03-31pass
statement vs summary · net assetsnon_consolidated 2025-03-31pass
statement vs summary · net income attributable to parentconsolidated 2023-04-01/2024-03-31pass
statement vs summary · net income attributable to parentconsolidated 2024-04-01/2025-03-31pass
statement vs summary · operating cash flowconsolidated 2023-04-01/2024-03-31pass
statement vs summary · operating cash flowconsolidated 2024-04-01/2025-03-31pass
statement vs summary · revenuenon_consolidated 2023-04-01/2024-03-31pass
statement vs summary · revenuenon_consolidated 2024-04-01/2025-03-31pass
statement vs summary · total assetsconsolidated 2024-03-31pass
statement vs summary · total assetsconsolidated 2025-03-31pass
statement vs summary · total assetsnon_consolidated 2024-03-31pass
statement vs summary · total assetsnon_consolidated 2025-03-31pass