Annual report

Period2022-04-01 → 2023-03-31
Filed2023-06-20
StandardJapan GAAP
ConsolidatedYes
Data checks22 of 22 passed

Amended by S100R0G8 (2023-06-21). Amended by S100RHQ8 (2023-07-31).

Key figures · 72
MetricValuePeriodScopeSource row
Revenue¥709.6bn2022-04-01 → 2023-03-31Cons.Net sales
Revenue¥682.9bn2021-04-01 → 2022-03-31Cons.Net sales
Operating income¥40.5bn2022-04-01 → 2023-03-31Cons.Operating income
Operating income¥37.5bn2021-04-01 → 2022-03-31Cons.Operating income
Ordinary income¥41.8bn2022-04-01 → 2023-03-31Cons.Ordinary income
Ordinary income¥38.0bn2021-04-01 → 2022-03-31Cons.Ordinary income
Profit before tax¥51.8bn2022-04-01 → 2023-03-31Cons.Income before income taxes
Profit before tax¥44.5bn2021-04-01 → 2022-03-31Cons.Income before income taxes
Net income (owners)¥35.9bn2022-04-01 → 2023-03-31Cons.Profit loss attributable to owners of parent
Net income (owners)¥26.7bn2021-04-01 → 2022-03-31Cons.Profit loss attributable to owners of parent
Net income¥36.8bn2022-04-01 → 2023-03-31Cons.Profit loss
Net income¥29.8bn2021-04-01 → 2022-03-31Cons.Profit loss
Total assets¥926.6bnat 2023-03-31Cons.Assets
Total assets¥926.4bnat 2022-03-31Cons.Assets
Total liabilities¥564.2bnat 2023-03-31Cons.Liabilities
Total liabilities¥570.6bnat 2022-03-31Cons.Liabilities
Net assets / equity¥362.3bnat 2023-03-31Cons.Net assets
Net assets / equity¥355.9bnat 2022-03-31Cons.Net assets
Net assets / equity¥367.5bnat 2021-03-31dCons.Net assets
Cash and deposits¥88.8bnat 2023-03-31Cons.Cash and deposits
Cash and deposits¥78.0bnat 2022-03-31Cons.Cash and deposits
Cash & equivalents¥86.0bnat 2023-03-31Cons.Cash and cash equivalents
Cash & equivalents¥76.0bnat 2022-03-31Cons.Cash and cash equivalents
Cash & equivalents¥99.0bnat 2021-03-31dCons.Cash and cash equivalents
Operating cash flow¥71.0bn2022-04-01 → 2023-03-31Cons.Net cash provided by used in operating activities
Operating cash flow−¥16.3bn2021-04-01 → 2022-03-31Cons.Net cash provided by used in operating activities
Investing cash flow−¥5.3bn2022-04-01 → 2023-03-31Cons.Net cash provided by used in investment activities
Investing cash flow−¥22.5bn2021-04-01 → 2022-03-31Cons.Net cash provided by used in investment activities
Financing cash flow−¥56.4bn2022-04-01 → 2023-03-31Cons.Net cash provided by used in financing activities
Financing cash flow¥15.3bn2021-04-01 → 2022-03-31Cons.Net cash provided by used in financing activities
EPS (basic)¥138.392022-04-01 → 2023-03-31Cons.Basic earnings loss per share (5-year summary)
EPS (basic)¥94.732021-04-01 → 2022-03-31Cons.Basic earnings loss per share (5-year summary)
Net assets per share¥1,396.72at 2023-03-31Cons.Net assets per share (5-year summary)
Net assets per share¥1,312.19at 2022-03-31Cons.Net assets per share (5-year summary)
Equity ratio38.1%at 2023-03-31Cons.Equity to asset ratio (5-year summary)
Equity ratio37.4%at 2022-03-31Cons.Equity to asset ratio (5-year summary)
ROE10.3%2022-04-01 → 2023-03-31Cons.Rate of return on equity (5-year summary)
ROE8.7%2021-04-01 → 2022-03-31Cons.Rate of return on equity (5-year summary)
Employees7,421at 2023-03-31Cons.Number of employees
Employees7,149at 2022-03-31Cons.Number of employees
Revenue¥31.3bn2022-04-01 → 2023-03-31StandaloneOperating revenue1
Revenue¥1.7bn2021-04-01 → 2022-03-31StandaloneOperating revenue1
Operating income¥28.0bn2022-04-01 → 2023-03-31StandaloneOperating income
Operating income¥358m2021-04-01 → 2022-03-31StandaloneOperating income
Ordinary income¥27.0bn2022-04-01 → 2023-03-31StandaloneOrdinary income
Ordinary income−¥39m2021-04-01 → 2022-03-31StandaloneOrdinary income
Profit before tax¥27.0bn2022-04-01 → 2023-03-31StandaloneIncome before income taxes
Profit before tax−¥39m2021-04-01 → 2022-03-31StandaloneIncome before income taxes
Net income¥26.9bn2022-04-01 → 2023-03-31StandaloneProfit loss
Net income−¥53m2021-04-01 → 2022-03-31StandaloneProfit loss
Total assets¥451.1bnat 2023-03-31StandaloneAssets
Total assets¥468.8bnat 2022-03-31StandaloneAssets
Total liabilities¥175.8bnat 2023-03-31StandaloneLiabilities
Total liabilities¥198.3bnat 2022-03-31StandaloneLiabilities
Net assets / equity¥275.2bnat 2023-03-31StandaloneNet assets
Net assets / equity¥270.5bnat 2022-03-31StandaloneNet assets
Cash and deposits¥4.9bnat 2023-03-31StandaloneCash and deposits
Cash and deposits¥6.0bnat 2022-03-31StandaloneCash and deposits
EPS (basic)¥101.642022-04-01 → 2023-03-31StandaloneBasic earnings loss per share (5-year summary)
EPS (basic)¥-0.152021-04-01 → 2022-03-31StandaloneBasic earnings loss per share (5-year summary)
Dividend per share¥552022-04-01 → 2023-03-31StandaloneDividend paid per share (5-year summary)
Dividend per share¥402021-04-01 → 2022-03-31StandaloneDividend paid per share (5-year summary)
Net assets per share¥1,064.42at 2023-03-31StandaloneNet assets per share (5-year summary)
Net assets per share¥1,002.3at 2022-03-31StandaloneNet assets per share (5-year summary)
Equity ratio61.0%at 2023-03-31StandaloneEquity to asset ratio (5-year summary)
Equity ratio57.7%at 2022-03-31StandaloneEquity to asset ratio (5-year summary)
ROE9.9%2022-04-01 → 2023-03-31StandaloneRate of return on equity (5-year summary)
ROE0.0%2021-04-01 → 2022-03-31StandaloneRate of return on equity (5-year summary)
Shares issued274,845,000at 2023-03-31StandaloneTotal number of issued shares (5-year summary)
Shares issued291,070,000at 2022-03-31StandaloneTotal number of issued shares (5-year summary)
Employees78at 2023-03-31StandaloneNumber of employees
Employees69at 2022-03-31StandaloneNumber of employees

Periods use the dates stated in the filing. d = earlier-year period dated by calendar; v = that date confirmed by the company's own earlier filing.

Segments · 93
SegmentItemPeriodValue
Operating Segments Not Included In Reportable Segments And Other Revenue Generating Business Activitiesother segmentsdepreciation2022-04-01 → 2023-03-31¥712m
Operating Segments Not Included In Reportable Segments And Other Revenue Generating Business Activitiesother segmentsemployeesat 2023-03-31595 pure
Operating Segments Not Included In Reportable Segments And Other Revenue Generating Business Activitiesother segmentsrevenue2022-04-01 → 2023-03-31¥50.1bn
Operating Segments Not Included In Reportable Segments And Other Revenue Generating Business Activitiesother segmentsrevenue external2022-04-01 → 2023-03-31¥38.6bn
Operating Segments Not Included In Reportable Segments And Other Revenue Generating Business Activitiesother segmentsrevenue intersegment2022-04-01 → 2023-03-31¥11.5bn
Operating Segments Not Included In Reportable Segments And Other Revenue Generating Business Activitiesother segmentssegment profit2022-04-01 → 2023-03-31¥1.3bn
Reconciling Itemsreconcilingdepreciation2022-04-01 → 2023-03-31−¥137m
Reconciling Itemsreconcilingrevenue2022-04-01 → 2023-03-31−¥20.0bn
Reconciling Itemsreconcilingrevenue intersegment2022-04-01 → 2023-03-31−¥20.0bn
Reconciling Itemsreconcilingsegment profit2022-04-01 → 2023-03-31¥316m
Buildingreportable segmentdepreciation2022-04-01 → 2023-03-31¥3.0bn
Buildingreportable segmentemployeesat 2023-03-311803 pure
Buildingreportable segmentrevenue2022-04-01 → 2023-03-31¥217.3bn
Buildingreportable segmentrevenue external2022-04-01 → 2023-03-31¥215.5bn
Buildingreportable segmentrevenue intersegment2022-04-01 → 2023-03-31¥1.8bn
Buildingreportable segmentsegment profit2022-04-01 → 2023-03-31¥8.7bn
Civil Engineeringreportable segmentdepreciation2022-04-01 → 2023-03-31¥2.2bn
Civil Engineeringreportable segmentemployeesat 2023-03-311254 pure
Civil Engineeringreportable segmentrevenue2022-04-01 → 2023-03-31¥152.1bn
Civil Engineeringreportable segmentrevenue external2022-04-01 → 2023-03-31¥152.0bn
Civil Engineeringreportable segmentrevenue intersegment2022-04-01 → 2023-03-31¥35m
Civil Engineeringreportable segmentsegment profit2022-04-01 → 2023-03-31¥16.8bn
Infrastructure Managementreportable segmentdepreciation2022-04-01 → 2023-03-31¥6.6bn
Infrastructure Managementreportable segmentemployeesat 2023-03-31156 pure
Infrastructure Managementreportable segmentrevenue2022-04-01 → 2023-03-31¥22.5bn
Infrastructure Managementreportable segmentrevenue external2022-04-01 → 2023-03-31¥22.5bn
Infrastructure Managementreportable segmentsegment profit2022-04-01 → 2023-03-31¥8.0bn
Machineryreportable segmentdepreciation2022-04-01 → 2023-03-31¥1.7bn
Machineryreportable segmentemployeesat 2023-03-31664 pure
Machineryreportable segmentrevenue2022-04-01 → 2023-03-31¥39.0bn
Machineryreportable segmentrevenue external2022-04-01 → 2023-03-31¥37.3bn
Machineryreportable segmentrevenue intersegment2022-04-01 → 2023-03-31¥1.7bn
Machineryreportable segmentsegment profit2022-04-01 → 2023-03-31¥1.3bn
Road Pavingreportable segmentdepreciation2022-04-01 → 2023-03-31¥10.5bn
Road Pavingreportable segmentemployeesat 2023-03-312848 pure
Road Pavingreportable segmentrevenue2022-04-01 → 2023-03-31¥248.7bn
Road Pavingreportable segmentrevenue external2022-04-01 → 2023-03-31¥243.7bn
Road Pavingreportable segmentrevenue intersegment2022-04-01 → 2023-03-31¥5.0bn
Road Pavingreportable segmentsegment profit2022-04-01 → 2023-03-31¥4.0bn
—segment totaldepreciation2022-04-01 → 2023-03-31¥24.0bn
—segment totalrevenue2022-04-01 → 2023-03-31¥679.5bn
—segment totalrevenue external2022-04-01 → 2023-03-31¥671.0bn
—segment totalrevenue intersegment2022-04-01 → 2023-03-31¥8.5bn
—segment totalsegment profit2022-04-01 → 2023-03-31¥38.9bn
Total Of Reportable Segments And Otherssegment totaldepreciation2022-04-01 → 2023-03-31¥24.7bn
Total Of Reportable Segments And Otherssegment totalrevenue2022-04-01 → 2023-03-31¥729.7bn
Total Of Reportable Segments And Otherssegment totalrevenue external2022-04-01 → 2023-03-31¥709.6bn
Total Of Reportable Segments And Otherssegment totalrevenue intersegment2022-04-01 → 2023-03-31¥20.0bn
Total Of Reportable Segments And Otherssegment totalsegment profit2022-04-01 → 2023-03-31¥40.2bn
Operating Segments Not Included In Reportable Segments And Other Revenue Generating Business Activitiesother segmentsdepreciation2021-04-01 → 2022-03-31¥515m
Operating Segments Not Included In Reportable Segments And Other Revenue Generating Business Activitiesother segmentsrevenue2021-04-01 → 2022-03-31¥52.2bn
Operating Segments Not Included In Reportable Segments And Other Revenue Generating Business Activitiesother segmentsrevenue external2021-04-01 → 2022-03-31¥37.4bn
Operating Segments Not Included In Reportable Segments And Other Revenue Generating Business Activitiesother segmentsrevenue intersegment2021-04-01 → 2022-03-31¥14.8bn
Operating Segments Not Included In Reportable Segments And Other Revenue Generating Business Activitiesother segmentssegment profit2021-04-01 → 2022-03-31¥1.9bn
Reconciling Itemsreconcilingdepreciation2021-04-01 → 2022-03-31−¥130m
Reconciling Itemsreconcilingrevenue2021-04-01 → 2022-03-31−¥22.0bn
Reconciling Itemsreconcilingrevenue intersegment2021-04-01 → 2022-03-31−¥22.0bn
Reconciling Itemsreconcilingsegment profit2021-04-01 → 2022-03-31¥2.0bn
Buildingreportable segmentdepreciation2021-04-01 → 2022-03-31¥3.2bn
Buildingreportable segmentrevenue2021-04-01 → 2022-03-31¥218.6bn
Buildingreportable segmentrevenue external2021-04-01 → 2022-03-31¥216.1bn
Buildingreportable segmentrevenue intersegment2021-04-01 → 2022-03-31¥2.5bn
Buildingreportable segmentsegment profit2021-04-01 → 2022-03-31¥8.5bn
Civil Engineeringreportable segmentdepreciation2021-04-01 → 2022-03-31¥2.1bn
Civil Engineeringreportable segmentrevenue2021-04-01 → 2022-03-31¥142.5bn
Civil Engineeringreportable segmentrevenue external2021-04-01 → 2022-03-31¥142.6bn
Civil Engineeringreportable segmentrevenue intersegment2021-04-01 → 2022-03-31−¥125m
Civil Engineeringreportable segmentsegment profit2021-04-01 → 2022-03-31¥14.7bn
Infrastructure Managementreportable segmentdepreciation2021-04-01 → 2022-03-31¥6.5bn
Infrastructure Managementreportable segmentrevenue2021-04-01 → 2022-03-31¥19.0bn
Infrastructure Managementreportable segmentrevenue external2021-04-01 → 2022-03-31¥18.7bn
Infrastructure Managementreportable segmentrevenue intersegment2021-04-01 → 2022-03-31¥293m
Infrastructure Managementreportable segmentsegment profit2021-04-01 → 2022-03-31¥6.1bn
Machineryreportable segmentdepreciation2021-04-01 → 2022-03-31¥1.8bn
Machineryreportable segmentrevenue2021-04-01 → 2022-03-31¥37.1bn
Machineryreportable segmentrevenue external2021-04-01 → 2022-03-31¥35.3bn
Machineryreportable segmentrevenue intersegment2021-04-01 → 2022-03-31¥1.8bn
Machineryreportable segmentsegment profit2021-04-01 → 2022-03-31¥1.7bn
Road Pavingreportable segmentdepreciation2021-04-01 → 2022-03-31¥10.7bn
Road Pavingreportable segmentrevenue2021-04-01 → 2022-03-31¥235.6bn
Road Pavingreportable segmentrevenue external2021-04-01 → 2022-03-31¥232.8bn
Road Pavingreportable segmentrevenue intersegment2021-04-01 → 2022-03-31¥2.8bn
Road Pavingreportable segmentsegment profit2021-04-01 → 2022-03-31¥2.7bn
—segment totaldepreciation2021-04-01 → 2022-03-31¥24.3bn
—segment totalrevenue2021-04-01 → 2022-03-31¥652.8bn
—segment totalrevenue external2021-04-01 → 2022-03-31¥645.5bn
—segment totalrevenue intersegment2021-04-01 → 2022-03-31¥7.3bn
—segment totalsegment profit2021-04-01 → 2022-03-31¥33.6bn
Total Of Reportable Segments And Otherssegment totaldepreciation2021-04-01 → 2022-03-31¥24.8bn
Total Of Reportable Segments And Otherssegment totalrevenue2021-04-01 → 2022-03-31¥705.0bn
Total Of Reportable Segments And Otherssegment totalrevenue external2021-04-01 → 2022-03-31¥682.9bn
Total Of Reportable Segments And Otherssegment totalrevenue intersegment2021-04-01 → 2022-03-31¥22.0bn
Total Of Reportable Segments And Otherssegment totalsegment profit2021-04-01 → 2022-03-31¥35.5bn

Segment names come from EDINET member IDs; not yet mapped to a common taxonomy.

All source rows · 2,081
ItemContextValueUnit
Number of shares held details of specified investment equity securities held for purposes other than pure investment largest holding companyCurrentYearInstant_Row7Member610000
Number of shares held details of specified investment equity securities held for purposes other than pure investment largest holding companyPrior1YearInstant_Row7Member1220000
Book value details of specified investment equity securities held for purposes other than pure investment largest holding companyCurrentYearInstant_Row7Member1686000000JPY
Book value details of specified investment equity securities held for purposes other than pure investment largest holding companyPrior1YearInstant_Row7Member3740000000JPY
Number of shares held details of specified investment equity securities held for purposes other than pure investment largest holding companyCurrentYearInstant_Row8Member1035500
Number of shares held details of specified investment equity securities held for purposes other than pure investment largest holding companyPrior1YearInstant_Row8Member1035500
Book value details of specified investment equity securities held for purposes other than pure investment largest holding companyCurrentYearInstant_Row8Member1407000000JPY
Book value details of specified investment equity securities held for purposes other than pure investment largest holding companyPrior1YearInstant_Row8Member1317000000JPY
Number of shares held details of specified investment equity securities held for purposes other than pure investment largest holding companyCurrentYearInstant_Row9Member816000
Number of shares held details of specified investment equity securities held for purposes other than pure investment largest holding companyPrior1YearInstant_Row9Member1616000
Book value details of specified investment equity securities held for purposes other than pure investment largest holding companyCurrentYearInstant_Row9Member1286000000JPY
Book value details of specified investment equity securities held for purposes other than pure investment largest holding companyPrior1YearInstant_Row9Member2939000000JPY
Number of shares held details of specified investment equity securities held for purposes other than pure investment largest holding companyCurrentYearInstant_Row10Member717900
Number of shares held details of specified investment equity securities held for purposes other than pure investment largest holding companyPrior1YearInstant_Row10Member717900
Book value details of specified investment equity securities held for purposes other than pure investment largest holding companyCurrentYearInstant_Row10Member1159000000JPY
Book value details of specified investment equity securities held for purposes other than pure investment largest holding companyPrior1YearInstant_Row10Member1316000000JPY
Number of shares held details of specified investment equity securities held for purposes other than pure investment largest holding companyCurrentYearInstant_Row11Member1464100
Number of shares held details of specified investment equity securities held for purposes other than pure investment largest holding companyPrior1YearInstant_Row11Member1464100
Book value details of specified investment equity securities held for purposes other than pure investment largest holding companyCurrentYearInstant_Row11Member964000000JPY
Book value details of specified investment equity securities held for purposes other than pure investment largest holding companyPrior1YearInstant_Row11Member1042000000JPY
Number of shares held details of specified investment equity securities held for purposes other than pure investment largest holding companyCurrentYearInstant_Row12Member1004700
Number of shares held details of specified investment equity securities held for purposes other than pure investment largest holding companyPrior1YearInstant_Row12Member1004700
Book value details of specified investment equity securities held for purposes other than pure investment largest holding companyCurrentYearInstant_Row12Member939000000JPY
Book value details of specified investment equity securities held for purposes other than pure investment largest holding companyPrior1YearInstant_Row12Member837000000JPY
Number of shares held details of specified investment equity securities held for purposes other than pure investment largest holding companyCurrentYearInstant_Row13Member559000
Number of shares held details of specified investment equity securities held for purposes other than pure investment largest holding companyPrior1YearInstant_Row13Member559000
Book value details of specified investment equity securities held for purposes other than pure investment largest holding companyCurrentYearInstant_Row13Member891000000JPY
Book value details of specified investment equity securities held for purposes other than pure investment largest holding companyPrior1YearInstant_Row13Member882000000JPY
Number of shares held details of specified investment equity securities held for purposes other than pure investment largest holding companyCurrentYearInstant_Row14Member800000
Number of shares held details of specified investment equity securities held for purposes other than pure investment largest holding companyPrior1YearInstant_Row14Member800000
Book value details of specified investment equity securities held for purposes other than pure investment largest holding companyCurrentYearInstant_Row14Member870000000JPY
Book value details of specified investment equity securities held for purposes other than pure investment largest holding companyPrior1YearInstant_Row14Member866000000JPY
Number of shares held details of specified investment equity securities held for purposes other than pure investment largest holding companyCurrentYearInstant_Row15Member279500
Number of shares held details of specified investment equity securities held for purposes other than pure investment largest holding companyPrior1YearInstant_Row15Member279500
Book value details of specified investment equity securities held for purposes other than pure investment largest holding companyCurrentYearInstant_Row15Member824000000JPY
Book value details of specified investment equity securities held for purposes other than pure investment largest holding companyPrior1YearInstant_Row15Member700000000JPY
Number of shares held details of specified investment equity securities held for purposes other than pure investment largest holding companyCurrentYearInstant_Row16Member150000
Number of shares held details of specified investment equity securities held for purposes other than pure investment largest holding companyPrior1YearInstant_Row16Member150000
Book value details of specified investment equity securities held for purposes other than pure investment largest holding companyCurrentYearInstant_Row16Member818000000JPY
Book value details of specified investment equity securities held for purposes other than pure investment largest holding companyPrior1YearInstant_Row16Member763000000JPY
Number of shares held details of specified investment equity securities held for purposes other than pure investment largest holding companyCurrentYearInstant_Row17Member150000
Number of shares held details of specified investment equity securities held for purposes other than pure investment largest holding companyPrior1YearInstant_Row17Member150000
Book value details of specified investment equity securities held for purposes other than pure investment largest holding companyCurrentYearInstant_Row17Member720000000JPY
Book value details of specified investment equity securities held for purposes other than pure investment largest holding companyPrior1YearInstant_Row17Member631000000JPY
Number of shares held details of specified investment equity securities held for purposes other than pure investment largest holding companyCurrentYearInstant_Row18Member150500
Number of shares held details of specified investment equity securities held for purposes other than pure investment largest holding companyPrior1YearInstant_Row18Member150500
Book value details of specified investment equity securities held for purposes other than pure investment largest holding companyCurrentYearInstant_Row18Member640000000JPY
Book value details of specified investment equity securities held for purposes other than pure investment largest holding companyPrior1YearInstant_Row18Member422000000JPY
Number of shares held details of specified investment equity securities held for purposes other than pure investment largest holding companyCurrentYearInstant_Row19Member1000000
Number of shares held details of specified investment equity securities held for purposes other than pure investment largest holding companyPrior1YearInstant_Row19Member1000000

Every row of the EDINET CSV. Item names are the XBRL element names; filed text is kept in its original Japanese. Filed text is available on Plus and Pro.

Data checks · 22 of 22 passed
balance sheet identityconsolidated 2022-03-31pass rounding
balance sheet identityconsolidated 2023-03-31pass
balance sheet identitynon_consolidated 2022-03-31pass rounding
balance sheet identitynon_consolidated 2023-03-31pass rounding
dei present pass
period resolution pass
statement vs summary · net assetsconsolidated 2022-03-31pass
statement vs summary · net assetsconsolidated 2023-03-31pass
statement vs summary · net assetsnon_consolidated 2022-03-31pass
statement vs summary · net assetsnon_consolidated 2023-03-31pass
statement vs summary · net income attributable to parentconsolidated 2021-04-01/2022-03-31pass
statement vs summary · net income attributable to parentconsolidated 2022-04-01/2023-03-31pass
statement vs summary · operating cash flowconsolidated 2021-04-01/2022-03-31pass
statement vs summary · operating cash flowconsolidated 2022-04-01/2023-03-31pass
statement vs summary · revenueconsolidated 2021-04-01/2022-03-31pass
statement vs summary · revenueconsolidated 2022-04-01/2023-03-31pass
statement vs summary · revenuenon_consolidated 2021-04-01/2022-03-31pass
statement vs summary · revenuenon_consolidated 2022-04-01/2023-03-31pass
statement vs summary · total assetsconsolidated 2022-03-31pass
statement vs summary · total assetsconsolidated 2023-03-31pass
statement vs summary · total assetsnon_consolidated 2022-03-31pass
statement vs summary · total assetsnon_consolidated 2023-03-31pass