Annual report

Period2021-04-01 → 2022-03-31
Filed2022-06-30
StandardJapan GAAP
ConsolidatedYes
Data checks24 of 24 passed
Key figures · 148
MetricValuePeriodScopeSource row
Revenue¥13.9bn2021-04-01 → 2022-03-31Cons.Net sales
Revenue¥11.8bn2020-04-01 → 2021-03-31Cons.Net sales
Revenue¥15.7bn2019-04-01 → 2020-03-31dCons.Net sales (5-year summary)
Revenue¥14.9bn2018-04-01 → 2019-03-31dCons.Net sales (5-year summary)
Revenue¥15.1bn2017-04-01 → 2018-03-31dCons.Net sales (5-year summary)
Operating income−¥135,0002021-04-01 → 2022-03-31Cons.Operating income
Operating income−¥453m2020-04-01 → 2021-03-31Cons.Operating income
Ordinary income¥552m2021-04-01 → 2022-03-31Cons.Ordinary income
Ordinary income−¥202m2020-04-01 → 2021-03-31Cons.Ordinary income
Ordinary income¥167m2019-04-01 → 2020-03-31dCons.Ordinary income loss (5-year summary)
Ordinary income¥289m2018-04-01 → 2019-03-31dCons.Ordinary income loss (5-year summary)
Ordinary income¥636m2017-04-01 → 2018-03-31dCons.Ordinary income loss (5-year summary)
Profit before tax¥492m2021-04-01 → 2022-03-31Cons.Income before income taxes
Profit before tax−¥101m2020-04-01 → 2021-03-31Cons.Income before income taxes
Net income (owners)¥574m2021-04-01 → 2022-03-31Cons.Profit loss attributable to owners of parent
Net income (owners)−¥211m2020-04-01 → 2021-03-31Cons.Profit loss attributable to owners of parent
Net income (owners)¥78m2019-04-01 → 2020-03-31dCons.Profit loss attributable to owners of parent (5-year summary)
Net income (owners)¥147m2018-04-01 → 2019-03-31dCons.Profit loss attributable to owners of parent (5-year summary)
Net income (owners)¥333m2017-04-01 → 2018-03-31dCons.Profit loss attributable to owners of parent (5-year summary)
Net income¥559m2021-04-01 → 2022-03-31Cons.Profit loss
Net income−¥211m2020-04-01 → 2021-03-31Cons.Profit loss
Total assets¥7.3bnat 2022-03-31Cons.Assets
Total assets¥7.2bnat 2021-03-31Cons.Assets
Total assets¥7.8bnat 2020-03-31dCons.Total assets (5-year summary)
Total assets¥8.0bnat 2019-03-31dCons.Total assets (5-year summary)
Total assets¥8.0bnat 2018-03-31dCons.Total assets (5-year summary)
Total liabilities¥3.9bnat 2022-03-31Cons.Liabilities
Total liabilities¥3.1bnat 2021-03-31Cons.Liabilities
Net assets / equity¥3.4bnat 2022-03-31Cons.Net assets
Net assets / equity¥4.1bnat 2021-03-31Cons.Net assets
Net assets / equity¥4.4bnat 2020-03-31dCons.Net assets
Net assets / equity¥4.4bnat 2019-03-31dCons.Net assets (5-year summary)
Net assets / equity¥4.4bnat 2018-03-31dCons.Net assets (5-year summary)
Cash and deposits¥2.0bnat 2022-03-31Cons.Cash and deposits
Cash and deposits¥2.8bnat 2021-03-31Cons.Cash and deposits
Cash & equivalents¥2.0bnat 2022-03-31Cons.Cash and cash equivalents
Cash & equivalents¥2.8bnat 2021-03-31Cons.Cash and cash equivalents
Cash & equivalents¥2.6bnat 2020-03-31dCons.Cash and cash equivalents
Cash & equivalents¥2.6bnat 2019-03-31dCons.Cash and cash equivalents (5-year summary)
Cash & equivalents¥2.8bnat 2018-03-31dCons.Cash and cash equivalents (5-year summary)
Operating cash flow¥846m2021-04-01 → 2022-03-31Cons.Net cash provided by used in operating activities
Operating cash flow¥347m2020-04-01 → 2021-03-31Cons.Net cash provided by used in operating activities
Operating cash flow¥390m2019-04-01 → 2020-03-31dCons.Net cash provided by used in operating activities (5-year summary)
Operating cash flow¥405m2018-04-01 → 2019-03-31dCons.Net cash provided by used in operating activities (5-year summary)
Operating cash flow¥652m2017-04-01 → 2018-03-31dCons.Net cash provided by used in operating activities (5-year summary)
Investing cash flow−¥309m2021-04-01 → 2022-03-31Cons.Net cash provided by used in investment activities
Investing cash flow¥20m2020-04-01 → 2021-03-31Cons.Net cash provided by used in investment activities
Investing cash flow−¥272m2019-04-01 → 2020-03-31dCons.Net cash provided by used in investing activities (5-year summary)
Investing cash flow−¥513m2018-04-01 → 2019-03-31dCons.Net cash provided by used in investing activities (5-year summary)
Investing cash flow−¥342m2017-04-01 → 2018-03-31dCons.Net cash provided by used in investing activities (5-year summary)
Financing cash flow−¥1.4bn2021-04-01 → 2022-03-31Cons.Net cash provided by used in financing activities
Financing cash flow−¥107m2020-04-01 → 2021-03-31Cons.Net cash provided by used in financing activities
Financing cash flow−¥127m2019-04-01 → 2020-03-31dCons.Net cash provided by used in financing activities (5-year summary)
Financing cash flow−¥125m2018-04-01 → 2019-03-31dCons.Net cash provided by used in financing activities (5-year summary)
Financing cash flow−¥136m2017-04-01 → 2018-03-31dCons.Net cash provided by used in financing activities (5-year summary)
EPS (basic)¥51.772021-04-01 → 2022-03-31Cons.Basic earnings loss per share (5-year summary)
EPS (basic)¥-18.612020-04-01 → 2021-03-31Cons.Basic earnings loss per share (5-year summary)
EPS (basic)¥6.892019-04-01 → 2020-03-31dCons.Basic earnings loss per share (5-year summary)
EPS (basic)¥12.982018-04-01 → 2019-03-31dCons.Basic earnings loss per share (5-year summary)
EPS (basic)¥29.392017-04-01 → 2018-03-31dCons.Basic earnings loss per share (5-year summary)
Net assets per share¥403.83at 2022-03-31Cons.Net assets per share (5-year summary)
Net assets per share¥359.47at 2021-03-31Cons.Net assets per share (5-year summary)
Net assets per share¥388.02at 2020-03-31dCons.Net assets per share (5-year summary)
Net assets per share¥391.15at 2019-03-31dCons.Net assets per share (5-year summary)
Net assets per share¥388.18at 2018-03-31dCons.Net assets per share (5-year summary)
Equity ratio46.2%at 2022-03-31Cons.Equity to asset ratio (5-year summary)
Equity ratio56.9%at 2021-03-31Cons.Equity to asset ratio (5-year summary)
Equity ratio56.3%at 2020-03-31dCons.Equity to asset ratio (5-year summary)
Equity ratio55.2%at 2019-03-31dCons.Equity to asset ratio (5-year summary)
Equity ratio54.7%at 2018-03-31dCons.Equity to asset ratio (5-year summary)
ROE15.4%2021-04-01 → 2022-03-31Cons.Rate of return on equity (5-year summary)
ROE-5.0%2020-04-01 → 2021-03-31Cons.Rate of return on equity (5-year summary)
ROE1.8%2019-04-01 → 2020-03-31dCons.Rate of return on equity (5-year summary)
ROE3.3%2018-04-01 → 2019-03-31dCons.Rate of return on equity (5-year summary)
ROE7.8%2017-04-01 → 2018-03-31dCons.Rate of return on equity (5-year summary)
Employees250at 2022-03-31Cons.Number of employees
Employees242at 2021-03-31Cons.Number of employees
Employees272at 2020-03-31dCons.Number of employees
Employees305at 2019-03-31dCons.Number of employees
Employees261at 2018-03-31dCons.Number of employees
Revenue¥9.7bn2021-04-01 → 2022-03-31StandaloneNet sales
Revenue¥8.7bn2020-04-01 → 2021-03-31StandaloneNet sales
Revenue¥11.4bn2019-04-01 → 2020-03-31dStandaloneNet sales (5-year summary)
Revenue¥11.1bn2018-04-01 → 2019-03-31dStandaloneNet sales (5-year summary)
Revenue¥11.5bn2017-04-01 → 2018-03-31dStandaloneNet sales (5-year summary)
Operating income−¥192m2021-04-01 → 2022-03-31StandaloneOperating income
Operating income−¥381m2020-04-01 → 2021-03-31StandaloneOperating income
Ordinary income¥172m2021-04-01 → 2022-03-31StandaloneOrdinary income
Ordinary income−¥215m2020-04-01 → 2021-03-31StandaloneOrdinary income
Ordinary income¥663m2019-04-01 → 2020-03-31dStandaloneOrdinary income loss (5-year summary)
Ordinary income¥63m2018-04-01 → 2019-03-31dStandaloneOrdinary income loss (5-year summary)
Ordinary income¥389m2017-04-01 → 2018-03-31dStandaloneOrdinary income loss (5-year summary)
Profit before tax¥113m2021-04-01 → 2022-03-31StandaloneIncome before income taxes
Profit before tax−¥193m2020-04-01 → 2021-03-31StandaloneIncome before income taxes
Net income¥268m2021-04-01 → 2022-03-31StandaloneProfit loss
Net income−¥291m2020-04-01 → 2021-03-31StandaloneProfit loss
Net income−¥345m2019-04-01 → 2020-03-31dStandaloneNet income loss (5-year summary)
Net income¥22m2018-04-01 → 2019-03-31dStandaloneNet income loss (5-year summary)
Net income¥194m2017-04-01 → 2018-03-31dStandaloneNet income loss (5-year summary)
Total assets¥5.4bnat 2022-03-31StandaloneAssets
Total assets¥5.7bnat 2021-03-31StandaloneAssets
Total assets¥6.6bnat 2020-03-31dStandaloneTotal assets (5-year summary)
Total assets¥6.9bnat 2019-03-31dStandaloneTotal assets (5-year summary)
Total assets¥7.1bnat 2018-03-31dStandaloneTotal assets (5-year summary)
Total liabilities¥3.1bnat 2022-03-31StandaloneLiabilities
Total liabilities¥2.4bnat 2021-03-31StandaloneLiabilities
Net assets / equity¥2.3bnat 2022-03-31StandaloneNet assets
Net assets / equity¥3.4bnat 2021-03-31StandaloneNet assets
Net assets / equity¥3.8bnat 2020-03-31dStandaloneNet assets
Net assets / equity¥4.2bnat 2019-03-31dStandaloneNet assets (5-year summary)
Net assets / equity¥4.3bnat 2018-03-31dStandaloneNet assets (5-year summary)
Cash and deposits¥813mat 2022-03-31StandaloneCash and deposits
Cash and deposits¥2.2bnat 2021-03-31StandaloneCash and deposits
EPS (basic)¥24.172021-04-01 → 2022-03-31StandaloneBasic earnings loss per share (5-year summary)
EPS (basic)¥-25.662020-04-01 → 2021-03-31StandaloneBasic earnings loss per share (5-year summary)
EPS (basic)¥-30.472019-04-01 → 2020-03-31dStandaloneBasic earnings loss per share (5-year summary)
EPS (basic)¥1.932018-04-01 → 2019-03-31dStandaloneBasic earnings loss per share (5-year summary)
EPS (basic)¥17.162017-04-01 → 2018-03-31dStandaloneBasic earnings loss per share (5-year summary)
Dividend per share¥102021-04-01 → 2022-03-31StandaloneDividend paid per share (5-year summary)
Dividend per share¥102020-04-01 → 2021-03-31StandaloneDividend paid per share (5-year summary)
Dividend per share¥102019-04-01 → 2020-03-31dStandaloneDividend paid per share (5-year summary)
Dividend per share¥102018-04-01 → 2019-03-31dStandaloneDividend paid per share (5-year summary)
Dividend per share¥102017-04-01 → 2018-03-31dStandaloneDividend paid per share (5-year summary)
Net assets per share¥282.59at 2022-03-31StandaloneNet assets per share (5-year summary)
Net assets per share¥297.53at 2021-03-31StandaloneNet assets per share (5-year summary)
Net assets per share¥333.28at 2020-03-31dStandaloneNet assets per share (5-year summary)
Net assets per share¥373.78at 2019-03-31dStandaloneNet assets per share (5-year summary)
Net assets per share¥381.84at 2018-03-31dStandaloneNet assets per share (5-year summary)
Equity ratio43.4%at 2022-03-31StandaloneEquity to asset ratio (5-year summary)
Equity ratio58.8%at 2021-03-31StandaloneEquity to asset ratio (5-year summary)
Equity ratio56.8%at 2020-03-31dStandaloneEquity to asset ratio (5-year summary)
Equity ratio61.1%at 2019-03-31dStandaloneEquity to asset ratio (5-year summary)
Equity ratio61.0%at 2018-03-31dStandaloneEquity to asset ratio (5-year summary)
ROE9.4%2021-04-01 → 2022-03-31StandaloneRate of return on equity (5-year summary)
ROE-8.1%2020-04-01 → 2021-03-31StandaloneRate of return on equity (5-year summary)
ROE-8.6%2019-04-01 → 2020-03-31dStandaloneRate of return on equity (5-year summary)
ROE0.5%2018-04-01 → 2019-03-31dStandaloneRate of return on equity (5-year summary)
ROE4.5%2017-04-01 → 2018-03-31dStandaloneRate of return on equity (5-year summary)
Shares issued11,330,800at 2022-03-31StandaloneTotal number of issued shares (5-year summary)
Shares issued11,330,800at 2021-03-31StandaloneTotal number of issued shares (5-year summary)
Shares issued11,330,800at 2020-03-31dStandaloneTotal number of issued shares (5-year summary)
Shares issued11,330,800at 2019-03-31dStandaloneTotal number of issued shares (5-year summary)
Shares issued11,330,800at 2018-03-31dStandaloneTotal number of issued shares (5-year summary)
Employees163at 2022-03-31StandaloneNumber of employees
Employees170at 2021-03-31StandaloneNumber of employees
Employees194at 2020-03-31dStandaloneNumber of employees
Employees202at 2019-03-31dStandaloneNumber of employees
Employees188at 2018-03-31dStandaloneNumber of employees

Periods use the dates stated in the filing. d = earlier-year period dated by calendar; v = that date confirmed by the company's own earlier filing.

Segments · 51
SegmentItemPeriodValue
Reconciling Itemsreconcilingrevenue2021-04-01 → 2022-03-31−¥41m
Reconciling Itemsreconcilingrevenue intersegment2021-04-01 → 2022-03-31−¥41m
Reconciling Itemsreconcilingsegment assetsat 2022-03-31−¥122m
Reconciling Itemsreconcilingsegment ordinary income2021-04-01 → 2022-03-31¥23m
Media Contents Businessreportable segmentcapex2021-04-01 → 2022-03-31¥336m
Media Contents Businessreportable segmentdepreciation2021-04-01 → 2022-03-31¥275m
Media Contents Businessreportable segmentemployeesat 2022-03-31218 pure
Media Contents Businessreportable segmentrevenue2021-04-01 → 2022-03-31¥12.2bn
Media Contents Businessreportable segmentrevenue external2021-04-01 → 2022-03-31¥12.2bn
Media Contents Businessreportable segmentsegment assetsat 2022-03-31¥6.3bn
Media Contents Businessreportable segmentsegment ordinary income2021-04-01 → 2022-03-31¥393m
Picture Production Businessreportable segmentcapex2021-04-01 → 2022-03-31¥6m
Picture Production Businessreportable segmentdepreciation2021-04-01 → 2022-03-31¥8m
Picture Production Businessreportable segmentemployeesat 2022-03-3132 pure
Picture Production Businessreportable segmentrevenue2021-04-01 → 2022-03-31¥1.7bn
Picture Production Businessreportable segmentrevenue external2021-04-01 → 2022-03-31¥1.7bn
Picture Production Businessreportable segmentrevenue intersegment2021-04-01 → 2022-03-31¥41m
Picture Production Businessreportable segmentsegment assetsat 2022-03-31¥1.1bn
Picture Production Businessreportable segmentsegment ordinary income2021-04-01 → 2022-03-31¥135m
—segment totalcapex2021-04-01 → 2022-03-31¥342m
—segment totaldepreciation2021-04-01 → 2022-03-31¥283m
—segment totalrevenue2021-04-01 → 2022-03-31¥13.9bn
—segment totalrevenue external2021-04-01 → 2022-03-31¥13.9bn
—segment totalrevenue intersegment2021-04-01 → 2022-03-31¥41m
—segment totalsegment assetsat 2022-03-31¥7.4bn
—segment totalsegment ordinary income2021-04-01 → 2022-03-31¥528m
Reconciling Itemsreconcilingrevenue2020-04-01 → 2021-03-31−¥52m
Reconciling Itemsreconcilingrevenue intersegment2020-04-01 → 2021-03-31−¥52m
Reconciling Itemsreconcilingsegment assetsat 2021-03-31−¥92m
Reconciling Itemsreconcilingsegment ordinary income2020-04-01 → 2021-03-31−¥21m
Media Contents Businessreportable segmentcapex2020-04-01 → 2021-03-31¥245m
Media Contents Businessreportable segmentdepreciation2020-04-01 → 2021-03-31¥289m
Media Contents Businessreportable segmentrevenue2020-04-01 → 2021-03-31¥10.6bn
Media Contents Businessreportable segmentrevenue external2020-04-01 → 2021-03-31¥10.6bn
Media Contents Businessreportable segmentsegment assetsat 2021-03-31¥6.4bn
Media Contents Businessreportable segmentsegment ordinary income2020-04-01 → 2021-03-31−¥203m
Picture Production Businessreportable segmentcapex2020-04-01 → 2021-03-31¥16m
Picture Production Businessreportable segmentdepreciation2020-04-01 → 2021-03-31¥6m
Picture Production Businessreportable segmentrevenue2020-04-01 → 2021-03-31¥1.2bn
Picture Production Businessreportable segmentrevenue external2020-04-01 → 2021-03-31¥1.1bn
Picture Production Businessreportable segmentrevenue intersegment2020-04-01 → 2021-03-31¥52m
Picture Production Businessreportable segmentsegment assetsat 2021-03-31¥825m
Picture Production Businessreportable segmentsegment ordinary income2020-04-01 → 2021-03-31¥22m
—segment totalcapex2020-04-01 → 2021-03-31¥260m
—segment totaldepreciation2020-04-01 → 2021-03-31¥295m
—segment totalrevenue2020-04-01 → 2021-03-31¥11.8bn
—segment totalrevenue external2020-04-01 → 2021-03-31¥11.8bn
—segment totalrevenue intersegment2020-04-01 → 2021-03-31¥52m
—segment totalsegment assetsat 2021-03-31¥7.3bn
—segment totalsegment ordinary income2020-04-01 → 2021-03-31−¥181m
Media Contents Businessreportable segmentemployeesat 2022-03-31163 pure

Segment names come from EDINET member IDs; not yet mapped to a common taxonomy.

All source rows · 1,575
ItemContextValueUnit
Increase decrease in net defined benefit liability ope cfCurrentYearDuration49498000JPY
Increase decrease in provision for directors retirement benefits ope cfPrior1YearDuration22310000JPY
Increase decrease in provision for directors retirement benefits ope cfCurrentYearDuration29372000JPY
Other net ope cfPrior1YearDuration-JPY
Other net ope cfCurrentYearDuration1643000JPY
Subtotal ope cfPrior1YearDuration-14719000JPY
Subtotal ope cfCurrentYearDuration364598000JPY
Interest and dividends income received ope cf inv cfPrior1YearDuration589000JPY
Interest and dividends income received ope cf inv cfCurrentYearDuration7972000JPY
Interest expenses paid ope cf fin cfPrior1YearDuration-557000JPY
Interest expenses paid ope cf fin cfCurrentYearDuration-417000JPY
Income taxes refund and interest on refund of income taxes received ope cfPrior1YearDuration132975000JPY
Income taxes refund and interest on refund of income taxes received ope cfCurrentYearDuration14659000JPY
Income taxes paid ope cfPrior1YearDuration-27442000JPY
Income taxes paid ope cfCurrentYearDuration-30402000JPY
Proceeds from subsidy income2 ope cfPrior1YearDuration256618000JPY
Proceeds from subsidy income2 ope cfCurrentYearDuration489402000JPY
Net cash provided by used in operating activitiesPrior1YearDuration347464000JPY
Net cash provided by used in operating activitiesCurrentYearDuration845814000JPY
Purchase of property plant and equipment inv cfPrior1YearDuration-33990000JPY
Purchase of property plant and equipment inv cfCurrentYearDuration-231043000JPY
Proceeds from sales of property plant and equipment inv cfPrior1YearDuration21000JPY
Proceeds from sales of property plant and equipment inv cfCurrentYearDuration466000JPY
Purchase of intangible assets inv cfPrior1YearDuration-174506000JPY
Purchase of intangible assets inv cfCurrentYearDuration-148572000JPY
Proceeds from sales of intangible assets inv cfPrior1YearDuration369000JPY
Proceeds from sales of intangible assets inv cfCurrentYearDuration-JPY
Proceeds from sales of investment securities inv cfPrior1YearDuration257996000JPY
Proceeds from sales of investment securities inv cfCurrentYearDuration88068000JPY
Proceeds from the liquidation of subsidiaries and associates inv cfPrior1YearDuration-JPY
Proceeds from the liquidation of subsidiaries and associates inv cfCurrentYearDuration18581000JPY
Payments for investments in capital inv cfPrior1YearDuration-4070000JPY
Payments for investments in capital inv cfCurrentYearDuration-9525000JPY
Collection of investments in capital inv cfPrior1YearDuration4861000JPY
Collection of investments in capital inv cfCurrentYearDuration412000JPY
Payments for lease and guarantee deposits inv cfPrior1YearDuration-32779000JPY
Payments for lease and guarantee deposits inv cfCurrentYearDuration-42033000JPY
Proceeds from collection of lease and guarantee deposits inv cfPrior1YearDuration1914000JPY
Proceeds from collection of lease and guarantee deposits inv cfCurrentYearDuration17874000JPY
Other net inv cfPrior1YearDuration-JPY
Other net inv cfCurrentYearDuration-3207000JPY
Net cash provided by used in investment activitiesPrior1YearDuration19816000JPY
Net cash provided by used in investment activitiesCurrentYearDuration-308979000JPY
Cash dividends paid fin cfPrior1YearDuration-113307000JPY
Cash dividends paid fin cfCurrentYearDuration-113307000JPY
Repayments of lease obligations fin cfPrior1YearDuration-13527000JPY
Repayments of lease obligations fin cfCurrentYearDuration-10447000JPY
Purchase of treasury stock fin cfPrior1YearDuration-JPY
Purchase of treasury stock fin cfCurrentYearDuration-1240973000JPY
Proceeds from share issuance to non controlling shareholders fin cfPrior1YearDuration19600000JPY

Every row of the EDINET CSV. Item names are the XBRL element names; filed text is kept in its original Japanese. Filed text is available on Plus and Pro.

Data checks · 24 of 24 passed
balance sheet identityconsolidated 2021-03-31pass
balance sheet identityconsolidated 2022-03-31pass
balance sheet identitynon_consolidated 2021-03-31pass rounding
balance sheet identitynon_consolidated 2022-03-31pass
dei present pass
period resolution pass
statement vs summary · net assetsconsolidated 2020-03-31pass
statement vs summary · net assetsconsolidated 2021-03-31pass
statement vs summary · net assetsconsolidated 2022-03-31pass
statement vs summary · net assetsnon_consolidated 2020-03-31pass
statement vs summary · net assetsnon_consolidated 2021-03-31pass
statement vs summary · net assetsnon_consolidated 2022-03-31pass
statement vs summary · net income attributable to parentconsolidated 2020-04-01/2021-03-31pass
statement vs summary · net income attributable to parentconsolidated 2021-04-01/2022-03-31pass
statement vs summary · operating cash flowconsolidated 2020-04-01/2021-03-31pass
statement vs summary · operating cash flowconsolidated 2021-04-01/2022-03-31pass
statement vs summary · revenueconsolidated 2020-04-01/2021-03-31pass
statement vs summary · revenueconsolidated 2021-04-01/2022-03-31pass
statement vs summary · revenuenon_consolidated 2020-04-01/2021-03-31pass
statement vs summary · revenuenon_consolidated 2021-04-01/2022-03-31pass
statement vs summary · total assetsconsolidated 2021-03-31pass
statement vs summary · total assetsconsolidated 2022-03-31pass
statement vs summary · total assetsnon_consolidated 2021-03-31pass
statement vs summary · total assetsnon_consolidated 2022-03-31pass