Annual report

Period2021-04-01 → 2022-03-31
Filed2022-06-24
StandardJapan GAAP
ConsolidatedYes
Data checks24 of 24 passed
Key figures · 146
MetricValuePeriodScopeSource row
Revenue¥10.9bn2021-04-01 → 2022-03-31Cons.Net sales
Revenue¥10.8bn2020-04-01 → 2021-03-31Cons.Net sales
Revenue¥11.5bn2019-04-01 → 2020-03-31dCons.Net sales (5-year summary)
Revenue¥11.2bn2018-04-01 → 2019-03-31dCons.Net sales (5-year summary)
Revenue¥11.0bn2017-04-01 → 2018-03-31dCons.Net sales (5-year summary)
Operating income¥439m2021-04-01 → 2022-03-31Cons.Operating income
Operating income¥379m2020-04-01 → 2021-03-31Cons.Operating income
Ordinary income¥436m2021-04-01 → 2022-03-31Cons.Ordinary income
Ordinary income¥365m2020-04-01 → 2021-03-31Cons.Ordinary income
Ordinary income¥558m2019-04-01 → 2020-03-31dCons.Ordinary income loss (5-year summary)
Ordinary income−¥28m2018-04-01 → 2019-03-31dCons.Ordinary income loss (5-year summary)
Ordinary income¥47m2017-04-01 → 2018-03-31dCons.Ordinary income loss (5-year summary)
Profit before tax¥169m2021-04-01 → 2022-03-31Cons.Income before income taxes
Profit before tax¥209m2020-04-01 → 2021-03-31Cons.Income before income taxes
Net income (owners)¥42m2021-04-01 → 2022-03-31Cons.Profit loss attributable to owners of parent
Net income (owners)¥150m2020-04-01 → 2021-03-31Cons.Profit loss attributable to owners of parent
Net income (owners)¥536m2019-04-01 → 2020-03-31dCons.Profit loss attributable to owners of parent (5-year summary)
Net income (owners)−¥396m2018-04-01 → 2019-03-31dCons.Profit loss attributable to owners of parent (5-year summary)
Net income (owners)¥41m2017-04-01 → 2018-03-31dCons.Profit loss attributable to owners of parent (5-year summary)
Net income¥42m2021-04-01 → 2022-03-31Cons.Profit loss
Net income¥150m2020-04-01 → 2021-03-31Cons.Profit loss
Total assets¥10.7bnat 2022-03-31Cons.Assets
Total assets¥11.1bnat 2021-03-31Cons.Assets
Total assets¥11.2bnat 2020-03-31dCons.Total assets (5-year summary)
Total assets¥11.9bnat 2019-03-31dCons.Total assets (5-year summary)
Total assets¥13.5bnat 2018-03-31dCons.Total assets (5-year summary)
Total liabilities¥6.1bnat 2022-03-31Cons.Liabilities
Total liabilities¥6.4bnat 2021-03-31Cons.Liabilities
Net assets / equity¥4.6bnat 2022-03-31Cons.Net assets
Net assets / equity¥4.6bnat 2021-03-31Cons.Net assets
Net assets / equity¥4.5bnat 2020-03-31dCons.Net assets
Net assets / equity¥4.0bnat 2019-03-31dCons.Net assets (5-year summary)
Net assets / equity¥4.6bnat 2018-03-31dCons.Net assets (5-year summary)
Cash and deposits¥1.9bnat 2022-03-31Cons.Cash and deposits
Cash and deposits¥1.6bnat 2021-03-31Cons.Cash and deposits
Cash & equivalents¥1.8bnat 2022-03-31Cons.Cash and cash equivalents
Cash & equivalents¥1.4bnat 2021-03-31Cons.Cash and cash equivalents
Cash & equivalents¥1.0bnat 2020-03-31dCons.Cash and cash equivalents
Cash & equivalents¥474mat 2019-03-31dCons.Cash and cash equivalents (5-year summary)
Cash & equivalents¥1.3bnat 2018-03-31dCons.Cash and cash equivalents (5-year summary)
Operating cash flow¥906m2021-04-01 → 2022-03-31Cons.Net cash provided by used in operating activities
Operating cash flow¥314m2020-04-01 → 2021-03-31Cons.Net cash provided by used in operating activities
Operating cash flow¥745m2019-04-01 → 2020-03-31dCons.Net cash provided by used in operating activities (5-year summary)
Operating cash flow−¥366m2018-04-01 → 2019-03-31dCons.Net cash provided by used in operating activities (5-year summary)
Operating cash flow¥447m2017-04-01 → 2018-03-31dCons.Net cash provided by used in operating activities (5-year summary)
Investing cash flow¥410m2021-04-01 → 2022-03-31Cons.Net cash provided by used in investment activities
Investing cash flow¥123m2020-04-01 → 2021-03-31Cons.Net cash provided by used in investment activities
Investing cash flow¥750m2019-04-01 → 2020-03-31dCons.Net cash provided by used in investing activities (5-year summary)
Investing cash flow¥140m2018-04-01 → 2019-03-31dCons.Net cash provided by used in investing activities (5-year summary)
Investing cash flow¥408m2017-04-01 → 2018-03-31dCons.Net cash provided by used in investing activities (5-year summary)
Financing cash flow−¥835m2021-04-01 → 2022-03-31Cons.Net cash provided by used in financing activities
Financing cash flow−¥98m2020-04-01 → 2021-03-31Cons.Net cash provided by used in financing activities
Financing cash flow−¥953m2019-04-01 → 2020-03-31dCons.Net cash provided by used in financing activities (5-year summary)
Financing cash flow−¥574m2018-04-01 → 2019-03-31dCons.Net cash provided by used in financing activities (5-year summary)
Financing cash flow−¥633m2017-04-01 → 2018-03-31dCons.Net cash provided by used in financing activities (5-year summary)
EPS (basic)¥6.222021-04-01 → 2022-03-31Cons.Basic earnings loss per share (5-year summary)
EPS (basic)¥22.342020-04-01 → 2021-03-31Cons.Basic earnings loss per share (5-year summary)
EPS (basic)¥79.932019-04-01 → 2020-03-31dCons.Basic earnings loss per share (5-year summary)
EPS (basic)¥-59.082018-04-01 → 2019-03-31dCons.Basic earnings loss per share (5-year summary)
EPS (basic)¥6.132017-04-01 → 2018-03-31dCons.Basic earnings loss per share (5-year summary)
Net assets per share¥688.3at 2022-03-31Cons.Net assets per share (5-year summary)
Net assets per share¥692.48at 2021-03-31Cons.Net assets per share (5-year summary)
Net assets per share¥664.92at 2020-03-31dCons.Net assets per share (5-year summary)
Net assets per share¥599.27at 2019-03-31dCons.Net assets per share (5-year summary)
Net assets per share¥681.8at 2018-03-31dCons.Net assets per share (5-year summary)
Equity ratio43.2%at 2022-03-31Cons.Equity to asset ratio (5-year summary)
Equity ratio41.9%at 2021-03-31Cons.Equity to asset ratio (5-year summary)
Equity ratio39.7%at 2020-03-31dCons.Equity to asset ratio (5-year summary)
Equity ratio33.8%at 2019-03-31dCons.Equity to asset ratio (5-year summary)
Equity ratio33.8%at 2018-03-31dCons.Equity to asset ratio (5-year summary)
ROE0.9%2021-04-01 → 2022-03-31Cons.Rate of return on equity (5-year summary)
ROE3.3%2020-04-01 → 2021-03-31Cons.Rate of return on equity (5-year summary)
ROE12.7%2019-04-01 → 2020-03-31dCons.Rate of return on equity (5-year summary)
ROE-9.2%2018-04-01 → 2019-03-31dCons.Rate of return on equity (5-year summary)
ROE0.9%2017-04-01 → 2018-03-31dCons.Rate of return on equity (5-year summary)
Employees677at 2022-03-31Cons.Number of employees
Employees684at 2021-03-31Cons.Number of employees
Employees710at 2020-03-31dCons.Number of employees
Employees729at 2019-03-31dCons.Number of employees
Employees744at 2018-03-31dCons.Number of employees
Revenue¥10.2bn2021-04-01 → 2022-03-31StandaloneNet sales
Revenue¥10.1bn2020-04-01 → 2021-03-31StandaloneNet sales
Revenue¥10.8bn2019-04-01 → 2020-03-31dStandaloneNet sales (5-year summary)
Revenue¥10.5bn2018-04-01 → 2019-03-31dStandaloneNet sales (5-year summary)
Revenue¥10.3bn2017-04-01 → 2018-03-31dStandaloneNet sales (5-year summary)
Operating income¥356m2021-04-01 → 2022-03-31StandaloneOperating income
Operating income¥337m2020-04-01 → 2021-03-31StandaloneOperating income
Ordinary income¥378m2021-04-01 → 2022-03-31StandaloneOrdinary income
Ordinary income¥356m2020-04-01 → 2021-03-31StandaloneOrdinary income
Ordinary income¥555m2019-04-01 → 2020-03-31dStandaloneOrdinary income loss (5-year summary)
Ordinary income−¥7m2018-04-01 → 2019-03-31dStandaloneOrdinary income loss (5-year summary)
Ordinary income¥49m2017-04-01 → 2018-03-31dStandaloneOrdinary income loss (5-year summary)
Profit before tax¥113m2021-04-01 → 2022-03-31StandaloneIncome before income taxes
Profit before tax¥205m2020-04-01 → 2021-03-31StandaloneIncome before income taxes
Net income¥181,0002021-04-01 → 2022-03-31StandaloneProfit loss
Net income¥150m2020-04-01 → 2021-03-31StandaloneProfit loss
Net income¥536m2019-04-01 → 2020-03-31dStandaloneNet income loss (5-year summary)
Net income−¥401m2018-04-01 → 2019-03-31dStandaloneNet income loss (5-year summary)
Net income¥45m2017-04-01 → 2018-03-31dStandaloneNet income loss (5-year summary)
Total assets¥10.4bnat 2022-03-31StandaloneAssets
Total assets¥10.9bnat 2021-03-31StandaloneAssets
Total assets¥11.1bnat 2020-03-31dStandaloneTotal assets (5-year summary)
Total assets¥11.8bnat 2019-03-31dStandaloneTotal assets (5-year summary)
Total assets¥13.4bnat 2018-03-31dStandaloneTotal assets (5-year summary)
Total liabilities¥5.9bnat 2022-03-31StandaloneLiabilities
Total liabilities¥6.3bnat 2021-03-31StandaloneLiabilities
Net assets / equity¥4.6bnat 2022-03-31StandaloneNet assets
Net assets / equity¥4.6bnat 2021-03-31StandaloneNet assets
Net assets / equity¥4.5bnat 2020-03-31dStandaloneNet assets
Net assets / equity¥3.9bnat 2019-03-31dStandaloneNet assets (5-year summary)
Net assets / equity¥4.4bnat 2018-03-31dStandaloneNet assets (5-year summary)
Cash and deposits¥1.7bnat 2022-03-31StandaloneCash and deposits
Cash and deposits¥1.4bnat 2021-03-31StandaloneCash and deposits
EPS (basic)¥0.022021-04-01 → 2022-03-31StandaloneBasic earnings loss per share (5-year summary)
EPS (basic)¥22.312020-04-01 → 2021-03-31StandaloneBasic earnings loss per share (5-year summary)
EPS (basic)¥79.932019-04-01 → 2020-03-31dStandaloneBasic earnings loss per share (5-year summary)
EPS (basic)¥-59.722018-04-01 → 2019-03-31dStandaloneBasic earnings loss per share (5-year summary)
EPS (basic)¥6.772017-04-01 → 2018-03-31dStandaloneBasic earnings loss per share (5-year summary)
Dividend per share¥62021-04-01 → 2022-03-31StandaloneDividend paid per share (5-year summary)
Dividend per share¥82020-04-01 → 2021-03-31StandaloneDividend paid per share (5-year summary)
Dividend per share¥122017-04-01 → 2018-03-31dStandaloneDividend paid per share (5-year summary)
Net assets per share¥679.23at 2022-03-31StandaloneNet assets per share (5-year summary)
Net assets per share¥687.21at 2021-03-31StandaloneNet assets per share (5-year summary)
Net assets per share¥664.89at 2020-03-31dStandaloneNet assets per share (5-year summary)
Net assets per share¥584.96at 2019-03-31dStandaloneNet assets per share (5-year summary)
Net assets per share¥656.68at 2018-03-31dStandaloneNet assets per share (5-year summary)
Equity ratio43.6%at 2022-03-31StandaloneEquity to asset ratio (5-year summary)
Equity ratio42.3%at 2021-03-31StandaloneEquity to asset ratio (5-year summary)
Equity ratio40.2%at 2020-03-31dStandaloneEquity to asset ratio (5-year summary)
Equity ratio33.4%at 2019-03-31dStandaloneEquity to asset ratio (5-year summary)
Equity ratio32.9%at 2018-03-31dStandaloneEquity to asset ratio (5-year summary)
ROE0.0%2021-04-01 → 2022-03-31StandaloneRate of return on equity (5-year summary)
ROE3.3%2020-04-01 → 2021-03-31StandaloneRate of return on equity (5-year summary)
ROE12.8%2019-04-01 → 2020-03-31dStandaloneRate of return on equity (5-year summary)
ROE-9.6%2018-04-01 → 2019-03-31dStandaloneRate of return on equity (5-year summary)
ROE1.0%2017-04-01 → 2018-03-31dStandaloneRate of return on equity (5-year summary)
Shares issued6,710,000at 2022-03-31StandaloneTotal number of issued shares (5-year summary)
Shares issued6,710,000at 2021-03-31StandaloneTotal number of issued shares (5-year summary)
Shares issued6,710,000at 2020-03-31dStandaloneTotal number of issued shares (5-year summary)
Shares issued6,710,000at 2019-03-31dStandaloneTotal number of issued shares (5-year summary)
Shares issued6,710,000at 2018-03-31dStandaloneTotal number of issued shares (5-year summary)
Employees624at 2022-03-31StandaloneNumber of employees
Employees630at 2021-03-31StandaloneNumber of employees
Employees654at 2020-03-31dStandaloneNumber of employees
Employees673at 2019-03-31dStandaloneNumber of employees
Employees685at 2018-03-31dStandaloneNumber of employees

Periods use the dates stated in the filing. d = earlier-year period dated by calendar; v = that date confirmed by the company's own earlier filing.

Segments · 57
SegmentItemPeriodValue
Elementary And Junior High School Departmentreportable segmentcapex2021-04-01 → 2022-03-31¥117m
Elementary And Junior High School Departmentreportable segmentdepreciation2021-04-01 → 2022-03-31¥182m
Elementary And Junior High School Departmentreportable segmentemployeesat 2022-03-31541 pure
Elementary And Junior High School Departmentreportable segmentrevenue2021-04-01 → 2022-03-31¥9.5bn
Elementary And Junior High School Departmentreportable segmentrevenue external2021-04-01 → 2022-03-31¥9.5bn
Elementary And Junior High School Departmentreportable segmentsegment assetsat 2022-03-31¥6.6bn
Elementary And Junior High School Departmentreportable segmentsegment profit2021-04-01 → 2022-03-31¥1.2bn
High School Departmentreportable segmentcapex2021-04-01 → 2022-03-31¥16m
High School Departmentreportable segmentdepreciation2021-04-01 → 2022-03-31¥39m
High School Departmentreportable segmentemployeesat 2022-03-3189 pure
High School Departmentreportable segmentrevenue2021-04-01 → 2022-03-31¥1.4bn
High School Departmentreportable segmentrevenue external2021-04-01 → 2022-03-31¥1.4bn
High School Departmentreportable segmentsegment assetsat 2022-03-31¥1.8bn
High School Departmentreportable segmentsegment profit2021-04-01 → 2022-03-31¥170m
Other Education Departmentreportable segmentdepreciation2021-04-01 → 2022-03-31¥390,000
Other Education Departmentreportable segmentemployeesat 2022-03-314 pure
Other Education Departmentreportable segmentrevenue2021-04-01 → 2022-03-31¥101m
Other Education Departmentreportable segmentrevenue external2021-04-01 → 2022-03-31¥79m
Other Education Departmentreportable segmentrevenue intersegment2021-04-01 → 2022-03-31¥22m
Other Education Departmentreportable segmentsegment assetsat 2022-03-31¥4m
Other Education Departmentreportable segmentsegment profit2021-04-01 → 2022-03-31¥38m
Total Of Reportable Segments And Otherssegment totalcapex2021-04-01 → 2022-03-31¥134m
Total Of Reportable Segments And Otherssegment totaldepreciation2021-04-01 → 2022-03-31¥222m
Total Of Reportable Segments And Otherssegment totalrevenue2021-04-01 → 2022-03-31¥10.9bn
Total Of Reportable Segments And Otherssegment totalrevenue external2021-04-01 → 2022-03-31¥10.9bn
Total Of Reportable Segments And Otherssegment totalrevenue intersegment2021-04-01 → 2022-03-31¥22m
Total Of Reportable Segments And Otherssegment totalsegment assetsat 2022-03-31¥8.3bn
Total Of Reportable Segments And Otherssegment totalsegment profit2021-04-01 → 2022-03-31¥1.4bn
Elementary And Junior High School Departmentreportable segmentcapex2020-04-01 → 2021-03-31¥67m
Elementary And Junior High School Departmentreportable segmentdepreciation2020-04-01 → 2021-03-31¥196m
Elementary And Junior High School Departmentreportable segmentrevenue2020-04-01 → 2021-03-31¥9.5bn
Elementary And Junior High School Departmentreportable segmentrevenue external2020-04-01 → 2021-03-31¥9.5bn
Elementary And Junior High School Departmentreportable segmentsegment assetsat 2021-03-31¥7.2bn
Elementary And Junior High School Departmentreportable segmentsegment profit2020-04-01 → 2021-03-31¥1.2bn
High School Departmentreportable segmentcapex2020-04-01 → 2021-03-31¥9m
High School Departmentreportable segmentdepreciation2020-04-01 → 2021-03-31¥46m
High School Departmentreportable segmentrevenue2020-04-01 → 2021-03-31¥1.3bn
High School Departmentreportable segmentrevenue external2020-04-01 → 2021-03-31¥1.3bn
High School Departmentreportable segmentsegment assetsat 2021-03-31¥1.9bn
High School Departmentreportable segmentsegment profit2020-04-01 → 2021-03-31¥114m
Other Education Departmentreportable segmentcapex2020-04-01 → 2021-03-31¥49,000
Other Education Departmentreportable segmentdepreciation2020-04-01 → 2021-03-31¥402,000
Other Education Departmentreportable segmentrevenue2020-04-01 → 2021-03-31¥91m
Other Education Departmentreportable segmentrevenue external2020-04-01 → 2021-03-31¥71m
Other Education Departmentreportable segmentrevenue intersegment2020-04-01 → 2021-03-31¥20m
Other Education Departmentreportable segmentsegment assetsat 2021-03-31¥4m
Other Education Departmentreportable segmentsegment profit2020-04-01 → 2021-03-31¥28m
Total Of Reportable Segments And Otherssegment totalcapex2020-04-01 → 2021-03-31¥75m
Total Of Reportable Segments And Otherssegment totaldepreciation2020-04-01 → 2021-03-31¥243m
Total Of Reportable Segments And Otherssegment totalrevenue2020-04-01 → 2021-03-31¥10.8bn
Total Of Reportable Segments And Otherssegment totalrevenue external2020-04-01 → 2021-03-31¥10.8bn
Total Of Reportable Segments And Otherssegment totalrevenue intersegment2020-04-01 → 2021-03-31¥20m
Total Of Reportable Segments And Otherssegment totalsegment assetsat 2021-03-31¥9.1bn
Total Of Reportable Segments And Otherssegment totalsegment profit2020-04-01 → 2021-03-31¥1.3bn
Elementary And Junior High School Departmentreportable segmentemployeesat 2022-03-31498 pure
High School Departmentreportable segmentemployeesat 2022-03-3184 pure
Other Education Departmentreportable segmentemployeesat 2022-03-314 pure

Segment names come from EDINET member IDs; not yet mapped to a common taxonomy.

All source rows · 1,308
ItemContextValueUnit
Contract liabilitiesPrior1YearInstant-JPY
Contract liabilitiesCurrentYearInstant602275000JPY
Provision for bonusesPrior1YearInstant157475000JPY
Provision for bonusesCurrentYearInstant159107000JPY
Provision for loss on store closingPrior1YearInstant71642000JPY
Provision for loss on store closingCurrentYearInstant6729000JPY
Other clPrior1YearInstant427977000JPY
Other clCurrentYearInstant320789000JPY
Current liabilitiesPrior1YearInstant3517553000JPY
Current liabilitiesCurrentYearInstant2932102000JPY
Bonds payablePrior1YearInstant300000000JPY
Bonds payableCurrentYearInstant250000000JPY
Long term loans payablePrior1YearInstant200000000JPY
Long term loans payableCurrentYearInstant347298000JPY
Lease obligations nclPrior1YearInstant257598000JPY
Lease obligations nclCurrentYearInstant192333000JPY
Deferred tax liabilitiesPrior1YearInstant26437000JPY
Deferred tax liabilitiesCurrentYearInstant78934000JPY
Net defined benefit liabilityPrior1YearInstant617509000JPY
Net defined benefit liabilityCurrentYearInstant884368000JPY
Asset retirement obligations nclPrior1YearInstant598648000JPY
Asset retirement obligations nclCurrentYearInstant600914000JPY
Accumulated impairment loss on long term leased assets nclPrior1YearInstant179440000JPY
Accumulated impairment loss on long term leased assets nclCurrentYearInstant114590000JPY
Long term accounts payable otherPrior1YearInstant722925000JPY
Long term accounts payable otherCurrentYearInstant670164000JPY
Other nclPrior1YearInstant16077000JPY
Other nclCurrentYearInstant11744000JPY
Noncurrent liabilitiesPrior1YearInstant2918636000JPY
Noncurrent liabilitiesCurrentYearInstant3150348000JPY
LiabilitiesPrior1YearInstant6436189000JPY
LiabilitiesCurrentYearInstant6082451000JPY
Capital stockPrior1YearInstant2089400000JPY
Capital stockCurrentYearInstant2089400000JPY
Capital surplusPrior1YearInstant1835655000JPY
Capital surplusCurrentYearInstant1835655000JPY
Retained earningsPrior1YearInstant686312000JPY
Retained earningsCurrentYearInstant674415000JPY
Treasury stockPrior1YearInstant-154000JPY
Treasury stockCurrentYearInstant-154000JPY
Shareholders equityPrior1YearInstant4611213000JPY
Shareholders equityCurrentYearInstant4599316000JPY
Remeasurements of defined benefit plansPrior1YearInstant35122000JPY
Remeasurements of defined benefit plansCurrentYearInstant18972000JPY
Valuation and translation adjustmentsPrior1YearInstant35122000JPY
Valuation and translation adjustmentsCurrentYearInstant18972000JPY
Net assetsPrior1YearInstant4646335000JPY
Net assetsCurrentYearInstant4618289000JPY
Liabilities and net assetsPrior1YearInstant11082525000JPY
Liabilities and net assetsCurrentYearInstant10700740000JPY

Every row of the EDINET CSV. Item names are the XBRL element names; filed text is kept in its original Japanese. Filed text is available on Plus and Pro.

Data checks · 24 of 24 passed
balance sheet identityconsolidated 2021-03-31pass rounding
balance sheet identityconsolidated 2022-03-31pass
balance sheet identitynon_consolidated 2021-03-31pass
balance sheet identitynon_consolidated 2022-03-31pass rounding
dei present pass
period resolution pass
statement vs summary · net assetsconsolidated 2020-03-31pass
statement vs summary · net assetsconsolidated 2021-03-31pass
statement vs summary · net assetsconsolidated 2022-03-31pass
statement vs summary · net assetsnon_consolidated 2020-03-31pass
statement vs summary · net assetsnon_consolidated 2021-03-31pass
statement vs summary · net assetsnon_consolidated 2022-03-31pass
statement vs summary · net income attributable to parentconsolidated 2020-04-01/2021-03-31pass
statement vs summary · net income attributable to parentconsolidated 2021-04-01/2022-03-31pass
statement vs summary · operating cash flowconsolidated 2020-04-01/2021-03-31pass
statement vs summary · operating cash flowconsolidated 2021-04-01/2022-03-31pass
statement vs summary · revenueconsolidated 2020-04-01/2021-03-31pass
statement vs summary · revenueconsolidated 2021-04-01/2022-03-31pass
statement vs summary · revenuenon_consolidated 2020-04-01/2021-03-31pass
statement vs summary · revenuenon_consolidated 2021-04-01/2022-03-31pass
statement vs summary · total assetsconsolidated 2021-03-31pass
statement vs summary · total assetsconsolidated 2022-03-31pass
statement vs summary · total assetsnon_consolidated 2021-03-31pass
statement vs summary · total assetsnon_consolidated 2022-03-31pass