Annual report

Period2024-04-01 → 2025-03-31
Filed2025-06-25
StandardIFRS
ConsolidatedYes
Data checks21 of 21 passed
Key figures · 157
MetricValuePeriodScopeSource row
Revenue¥4.58T2024-04-01 → 2025-03-31Cons.Revenue IFRS
Revenue¥4.26T2023-04-01 → 2024-03-31Cons.Revenue IFRS
Revenue¥4.03T2022-04-01 → 2023-03-31dCons.Revenue IFRS (5-year summary)
Revenue¥3.57T2021-04-01 → 2022-03-31dCons.Revenue IFRS (5-year summary)
Revenue¥3.20T2020-04-01 → 2021-03-31dCons.Revenue IFRS (5-year summary)
Operating income¥342.6bn2024-04-01 → 2025-03-31Cons.Operating profit loss IFRS
Operating income¥214.1bn2023-04-01 → 2024-03-31Cons.Operating profit loss IFRS
Profit before tax¥175.1bn2024-04-01 → 2025-03-31Cons.Profit loss before tax IFRS
Profit before tax¥52.8bn2023-04-01 → 2024-03-31Cons.Profit loss before tax IFRS
Profit before tax¥375.1bn2022-04-01 → 2023-03-31dCons.Profit loss before tax IFRS (5-year summary)
Profit before tax¥302.6bn2021-04-01 → 2022-03-31dCons.Profit loss before tax IFRS (5-year summary)
Profit before tax¥366.2bn2020-04-01 → 2021-03-31dCons.Profit loss before tax IFRS (5-year summary)
Net income (owners)¥107.9bn2024-04-01 → 2025-03-31Cons.Profit loss attributable to owners of parent IFRS
Net income (owners)¥144.1bn2023-04-01 → 2024-03-31Cons.Profit loss attributable to owners of parent IFRS
Net income (owners)¥317.0bn2022-04-01 → 2023-03-31dCons.Profit loss attributable to owners of parent IFRS (5-year summary)
Net income (owners)¥230.1bn2021-04-01 → 2022-03-31dCons.Profit loss attributable to owners of parent IFRS (5-year summary)
Net income (owners)¥376.0bn2020-04-01 → 2021-03-31dCons.Profit loss attributable to owners of parent IFRS (5-year summary)
Net income¥108.1bn2024-04-01 → 2025-03-31Cons.Profit loss IFRS
Net income¥144.2bn2023-04-01 → 2024-03-31Cons.Profit loss IFRS
Net income¥317.0bn2022-04-01 → 2023-03-31dCons.Profit loss IFRS (5-year summary)
Net income¥230.2bn2021-04-01 → 2022-03-31dCons.Profit loss IFRS (5-year summary)
Net income¥376.2bn2020-04-01 → 2021-03-31dCons.Profit loss IFRS (5-year summary)
Total assets¥14.25Tat 2025-03-31Cons.Assets IFRS
Total assets¥15.11Tat 2024-03-31Cons.Assets IFRS
Total assets¥13.96Tat 2023-03-31dCons.Total assets IFRS (5-year summary)
Total assets¥13.18Tat 2022-03-31dCons.Total assets IFRS (5-year summary)
Total assets¥12.91Tat 2021-03-31dCons.Total assets IFRS (5-year summary)
Total liabilities¥7.31Tat 2025-03-31Cons.Liabilities IFRS
Total liabilities¥7.83Tat 2024-03-31Cons.Liabilities IFRS
Net assets / equity¥6.94Tat 2025-03-31Cons.Equity IFRS
Net assets / equity¥7.27Tat 2024-03-31Cons.Equity IFRS
Net assets / equity¥6.35Tat 2023-03-31dCons.Equity IFRS
Equity (owners)¥6.94Tat 2025-03-31Cons.Equity attributable to owners of parent IFRS
Equity (owners)¥7.27Tat 2024-03-31Cons.Equity attributable to owners of parent IFRS
Cash & equivalents¥385.1bnat 2025-03-31Cons.Cash and cash equivalents IFRS
Cash & equivalents¥457.8bnat 2024-03-31Cons.Cash and cash equivalents IFRS
Cash & equivalents¥533.5bnat 2023-03-31dCons.Cash and cash equivalents IFRS
Cash & equivalents¥849.7bnat 2022-03-31dCons.Cash and cash equivalents IFRS (5-year summary)
Cash & equivalents¥966.2bnat 2021-03-31dCons.Cash and cash equivalents IFRS (5-year summary)
Operating cash flow¥1.06T2024-04-01 → 2025-03-31Cons.Net cash provided by used in operating activities IFRS
Operating cash flow¥716.3bn2023-04-01 → 2024-03-31Cons.Net cash provided by used in operating activities IFRS
Operating cash flow¥977.2bn2022-04-01 → 2023-03-31dCons.Cash flows from used in operating activities IFRS (5-year summary)
Operating cash flow¥1.12T2021-04-01 → 2022-03-31dCons.Cash flows from used in operating activities IFRS (5-year summary)
Operating cash flow¥1.01T2020-04-01 → 2021-03-31dCons.Cash flows from used in operating activities IFRS (5-year summary)
Investing cash flow−¥367.1bn2024-04-01 → 2025-03-31Cons.Net cash provided by used in investing activities IFRS
Investing cash flow−¥463.9bn2023-04-01 → 2024-03-31Cons.Net cash provided by used in investing activities IFRS
Investing cash flow−¥607.1bn2022-04-01 → 2023-03-31dCons.Cash flows from used in investing activities IFRS (5-year summary)
Investing cash flow−¥198.1bn2021-04-01 → 2022-03-31dCons.Cash flows from used in investing activities IFRS (5-year summary)
Investing cash flow¥393.5bn2020-04-01 → 2021-03-31dCons.Cash flows from used in investing activities IFRS (5-year summary)
Financing cash flow−¥751.4bn2024-04-01 → 2025-03-31Cons.Net cash provided by used in financing activities IFRS
Financing cash flow−¥354.4bn2023-04-01 → 2024-03-31Cons.Net cash provided by used in financing activities IFRS
Financing cash flow−¥709.1bn2022-04-01 → 2023-03-31dCons.Cash flows from used in financing activities IFRS (5-year summary)
Financing cash flow−¥1.07T2021-04-01 → 2022-03-31dCons.Cash flows from used in financing activities IFRS (5-year summary)
Financing cash flow−¥1.09T2020-04-01 → 2021-03-31dCons.Cash flows from used in financing activities IFRS (5-year summary)
EPS (basic)¥68.362024-04-01 → 2025-03-31Cons.Basic earnings loss per share IFRS
EPS (basic)¥92.092023-04-01 → 2024-03-31Cons.Basic earnings loss per share IFRS
EPS (basic)¥204.292022-04-01 → 2023-03-31dCons.Basic earnings loss per share IFRS (5-year summary)
EPS (basic)¥147.142021-04-01 → 2022-03-31dCons.Basic earnings loss per share IFRS (5-year summary)
EPS (basic)¥240.722020-04-01 → 2021-03-31dCons.Basic earnings loss per share IFRS (5-year summary)
EPS (diluted)¥67.232024-04-01 → 2025-03-31Cons.Diluted earnings loss per share IFRS
EPS (diluted)¥91.162023-04-01 → 2024-03-31Cons.Diluted earnings loss per share IFRS
EPS (diluted)¥201.942022-04-01 → 2023-03-31dCons.Diluted earnings loss per share IFRS (5-year summary)
EPS (diluted)¥145.872021-04-01 → 2022-03-31dCons.Diluted earnings loss per share IFRS (5-year summary)
EPS (diluted)¥238.962020-04-01 → 2021-03-31dCons.Diluted earnings loss per share IFRS (5-year summary)
Net assets per share¥4,407.01at 2025-03-31Cons.Equity to asset ratio IFRS (5-year summary)
Net assets per share¥4,635.56at 2024-03-31Cons.Equity to asset ratio IFRS (5-year summary)
Net assets per share¥4,087.49at 2023-03-31dCons.Equity to asset ratio IFRS (5-year summary)
Net assets per share¥3,665.61at 2022-03-31dCons.Equity to asset ratio IFRS (5-year summary)
Net assets per share¥3,308.93at 2021-03-31dCons.Equity to asset ratio IFRS (5-year summary)
Equity ratio48.7%at 2025-03-31Cons.Ratio of owners equity to gross assets IFRS (5-year summary)
Equity ratio48.1%at 2024-03-31Cons.Ratio of owners equity to gross assets IFRS (5-year summary)
Equity ratio45.5%at 2023-03-31dCons.Ratio of owners equity to gross assets IFRS (5-year summary)
Equity ratio43.1%at 2022-03-31dCons.Ratio of owners equity to gross assets IFRS (5-year summary)
Equity ratio40.1%at 2021-03-31dCons.Ratio of owners equity to gross assets IFRS (5-year summary)
ROE1.5%2024-04-01 → 2025-03-31Cons.Rate of return on equity IFRS (5-year summary)
ROE2.1%2023-04-01 → 2024-03-31Cons.Rate of return on equity IFRS (5-year summary)
ROE5.3%2022-04-01 → 2023-03-31dCons.Rate of return on equity IFRS (5-year summary)
ROE4.2%2021-04-01 → 2022-03-31dCons.Rate of return on equity IFRS (5-year summary)
ROE7.6%2020-04-01 → 2021-03-31dCons.Rate of return on equity IFRS (5-year summary)
Employees47,455at 2025-03-31Cons.Number of employees
Employees49,281at 2024-03-31Cons.Number of employees
Employees49,095at 2023-03-31dCons.Number of employees
Employees47,347at 2022-03-31dCons.Number of employees
Employees47,099at 2021-03-31dCons.Number of employees
Revenue¥580.4bn2024-04-01 → 2025-03-31StandaloneNet sales
Revenue¥595.6bn2023-04-01 → 2024-03-31StandaloneNet sales
Revenue¥632.1bn2022-04-01 → 2023-03-31dStandaloneNet sales (5-year summary)
Revenue¥764.3bn2021-04-01 → 2022-03-31dStandaloneNet sales (5-year summary)
Revenue¥602.6bn2020-04-01 → 2021-03-31dStandaloneNet sales (5-year summary)
Operating income¥36.9bn2024-04-01 → 2025-03-31StandaloneOperating income
Operating income¥48.1bn2023-04-01 → 2024-03-31StandaloneOperating income
Ordinary income¥86.6bn2024-04-01 → 2025-03-31StandaloneOrdinary income
Ordinary income¥286.4bn2023-04-01 → 2024-03-31StandaloneOrdinary income
Ordinary income¥340.1bn2022-04-01 → 2023-03-31dStandaloneOrdinary income loss (5-year summary)
Ordinary income¥550.9bn2021-04-01 → 2022-03-31dStandaloneOrdinary income loss (5-year summary)
Ordinary income¥50.0bn2020-04-01 → 2021-03-31dStandaloneOrdinary income loss (5-year summary)
Profit before tax¥199.3bn2024-04-01 → 2025-03-31StandaloneIncome before income taxes
Profit before tax¥391.3bn2023-04-01 → 2024-03-31StandaloneIncome before income taxes
Net income¥152.8bn2024-04-01 → 2025-03-31StandaloneProfit loss
Net income¥338.9bn2023-04-01 → 2024-03-31StandaloneProfit loss
Net income¥330.6bn2022-04-01 → 2023-03-31dStandaloneNet income loss (5-year summary)
Net income¥324.4bn2021-04-01 → 2022-03-31dStandaloneNet income loss (5-year summary)
Net income¥247.5bn2020-04-01 → 2021-03-31dStandaloneNet income loss (5-year summary)
Total assets¥9.49Tat 2025-03-31StandaloneAssets
Total assets¥9.76Tat 2024-03-31StandaloneAssets
Total assets¥9.41Tat 2023-03-31dStandaloneTotal assets (5-year summary)
Total assets¥9.64Tat 2022-03-31dStandaloneTotal assets (5-year summary)
Total assets¥10.86Tat 2021-03-31dStandaloneTotal assets (5-year summary)
Total liabilities¥5.50Tat 2025-03-31StandaloneLiabilities
Total liabilities¥5.67Tat 2024-03-31StandaloneLiabilities
Net assets / equity¥3.99Tat 2025-03-31StandaloneNet assets
Net assets / equity¥4.09Tat 2024-03-31StandaloneNet assets
Net assets / equity¥4.21Tat 2023-03-31dStandaloneNet assets
Net assets / equity¥4.29Tat 2022-03-31dStandaloneNet assets (5-year summary)
Net assets / equity¥4.43Tat 2021-03-31dStandaloneNet assets (5-year summary)
Cash and deposits¥169.6bnat 2025-03-31StandaloneCash and deposits
Cash and deposits¥130.9bnat 2024-03-31StandaloneCash and deposits
EPS (basic)¥96.792024-04-01 → 2025-03-31StandaloneBasic earnings loss per share (5-year summary)
EPS (basic)¥216.62023-04-01 → 2024-03-31StandaloneBasic earnings loss per share (5-year summary)
EPS (basic)¥213.062022-04-01 → 2023-03-31dStandaloneBasic earnings loss per share (5-year summary)
EPS (basic)¥207.52021-04-01 → 2022-03-31dStandaloneBasic earnings loss per share (5-year summary)
EPS (basic)¥158.452020-04-01 → 2021-03-31dStandaloneBasic earnings loss per share (5-year summary)
EPS (diluted)¥96.782024-04-01 → 2025-03-31StandaloneDiluted earnings per share (5-year summary)
EPS (diluted)¥216.562023-04-01 → 2024-03-31StandaloneDiluted earnings per share (5-year summary)
EPS (diluted)¥213.052022-04-01 → 2023-03-31dStandaloneDiluted earnings per share (5-year summary)
EPS (diluted)¥207.52021-04-01 → 2022-03-31dStandaloneDiluted earnings per share (5-year summary)
EPS (diluted)¥158.442020-04-01 → 2021-03-31dStandaloneDiluted earnings per share (5-year summary)
Dividend per share¥1962024-04-01 → 2025-03-31StandaloneDividend paid per share (5-year summary)
Dividend per share¥1882023-04-01 → 2024-03-31StandaloneDividend paid per share (5-year summary)
Dividend per share¥1802022-04-01 → 2023-03-31dStandaloneDividend paid per share (5-year summary)
Dividend per share¥1802021-04-01 → 2022-03-31dStandaloneDividend paid per share (5-year summary)
Dividend per share¥1802020-04-01 → 2021-03-31dStandaloneDividend paid per share (5-year summary)
Net assets per share¥2,534.39at 2025-03-31StandaloneNet assets per share (5-year summary)
Net assets per share¥2,604.87at 2024-03-31StandaloneNet assets per share (5-year summary)
Net assets per share¥2,704.87at 2023-03-31dStandaloneNet assets per share (5-year summary)
Net assets per share¥2,769.31at 2022-03-31dStandaloneNet assets per share (5-year summary)
Net assets per share¥2,835.81at 2021-03-31dStandaloneNet assets per share (5-year summary)
Equity ratio42.0%at 2025-03-31StandaloneEquity to asset ratio (5-year summary)
Equity ratio41.9%at 2024-03-31StandaloneEquity to asset ratio (5-year summary)
Equity ratio44.7%at 2023-03-31dStandaloneEquity to asset ratio (5-year summary)
Equity ratio44.5%at 2022-03-31dStandaloneEquity to asset ratio (5-year summary)
Equity ratio40.8%at 2021-03-31dStandaloneEquity to asset ratio (5-year summary)
ROE3.8%2024-04-01 → 2025-03-31StandaloneRate of return on equity (5-year summary)
ROE8.2%2023-04-01 → 2024-03-31StandaloneRate of return on equity (5-year summary)
ROE7.8%2022-04-01 → 2023-03-31dStandaloneRate of return on equity (5-year summary)
ROE7.4%2021-04-01 → 2022-03-31dStandaloneRate of return on equity (5-year summary)
ROE5.5%2020-04-01 → 2021-03-31dStandaloneRate of return on equity (5-year summary)
Shares issued1,590,950,000at 2025-03-31StandaloneTotal number of issued shares (5-year summary)
Shares issued1,582,419,000at 2024-03-31StandaloneTotal number of issued shares (5-year summary)
Shares issued1,582,296,000at 2023-03-31dStandaloneTotal number of issued shares (5-year summary)
Shares issued1,582,253,000at 2022-03-31dStandaloneTotal number of issued shares (5-year summary)
Shares issued1,576,388,000at 2021-03-31dStandaloneTotal number of issued shares (5-year summary)
Employees4,808at 2025-03-31StandaloneNumber of employees
Employees5,474at 2024-03-31StandaloneNumber of employees
Employees5,486at 2023-03-31dStandaloneNumber of employees
Employees5,149at 2022-03-31dStandaloneNumber of employees
Employees4,966at 2021-03-31dStandaloneNumber of employees

Periods use the dates stated in the filing. d = earlier-year period dated by calendar; v = that date confirmed by the company's own earlier filing.

Segments · 2
SegmentItemPeriodValue
Pharmaceutical Businessreportable segmentemployeesat 2025-03-3147455 pure
Pharmaceutical Businessreportable segmentemployeesat 2025-03-314808 pure

Segment names come from EDINET member IDs; not yet mapped to a common taxonomy.

All source rows · 1,774
ItemContextValueUnit
Comprehensive income IFRSCurrentYearDuration_CapitalSurplusIFRSMember-JPY
Comprehensive income IFRSCurrentYearDuration_TreasurySharesIFRSMember-JPY
Comprehensive income IFRSCurrentYearDuration_RetainedEarningsIFRSMember107928000000JPY
Comprehensive income IFRSCurrentYearDuration_ExchangeDifferencesOnTranslationOfForeignOperationsIFRSMember-153429000000JPY
Comprehensive income IFRSCurrentYearDuration_jpcrp030000-asr_E00919-000ChangesInFairValueOfFinancialAssetsMeasuredAtFairValueThroughOtherComprehensiveIncomeIFRSMember-12311000000JPY
Issuance of new shares ss IFRSCurrentYearDuration_ShareCapitalIFRSMember18089000000JPY
Issuance of new shares ss IFRSCurrentYearDuration_CapitalSurplusIFRSMember18089000000JPY
Purchase of treasury shares ss IFRSCurrentYearDuration_CapitalSurplusIFRSMember-20000000JPY
Purchase of treasury shares ss IFRSCurrentYearDuration_TreasurySharesIFRSMember-51905000000JPY
Disposal of treasury shares ss IFRSCurrentYearDuration_CapitalSurplusIFRSMember0JPY
Disposal of treasury shares ss IFRSCurrentYearDuration_TreasurySharesIFRSMember0JPY
Dividends ss IFRSCurrentYearDuration_RetainedEarningsIFRSMember-303160000000JPY
Transfer from other components of equity to retained earnings ss IFRSCurrentYearDuration_RetainedEarningsIFRSMember-8385000000JPY
Transfer from other components of equity to retained earnings ss IFRSCurrentYearDuration_jpcrp030000-asr_E00919-000ChangesInFairValueOfFinancialAssetsMeasuredAtFairValueThroughOtherComprehensiveIncomeIFRSMember1339000000JPY
Share based compensation ss IFRSCurrentYearDuration_CapitalSurplusIFRSMember74707000000JPY
Exercise of share based awards ss IFRSCurrentYearDuration_CapitalSurplusIFRSMember-64476000000JPY
Exercise of share based awards ss IFRSCurrentYearDuration_TreasurySharesIFRSMember28348000000JPY
Total transactions with owners IFRSCurrentYearDuration_ShareCapitalIFRSMember18089000000JPY
Total transactions with owners IFRSCurrentYearDuration_CapitalSurplusIFRSMember28300000000JPY
Total transactions with owners IFRSCurrentYearDuration_TreasurySharesIFRSMember-23557000000JPY
Total transactions with owners IFRSCurrentYearDuration_RetainedEarningsIFRSMember-311545000000JPY
Total transactions with owners IFRSCurrentYearDuration_ExchangeDifferencesOnTranslationOfForeignOperationsIFRSMember-JPY
Total transactions with owners IFRSCurrentYearDuration_jpcrp030000-asr_E00919-000ChangesInFairValueOfFinancialAssetsMeasuredAtFairValueThroughOtherComprehensiveIncomeIFRSMember1339000000JPY
Equity IFRSCurrentYearInstant_ShareCapitalIFRSMember1694685000000JPY
Equity IFRSCurrentYearInstant_CapitalSurplusIFRSMember1775713000000JPY
Equity IFRSCurrentYearInstant_TreasurySharesIFRSMember-74815000000JPY
Equity IFRSCurrentYearInstant_RetainedEarningsIFRSMember1187586000000JPY
Equity IFRSCurrentYearInstant_ExchangeDifferencesOnTranslationOfForeignOperationsIFRSMember2419978000000JPY
Equity IFRSCurrentYearInstant_jpcrp030000-asr_E00919-000ChangesInFairValueOfFinancialAssetsMeasuredAtFairValueThroughOtherComprehensiveIncomeIFRSMember4757000000JPY
Equity IFRSPrior1YearInstant_EffectivePortionOfCashFlowHedgesIFRSMember-63896000000JPY
Equity IFRSPrior1YearInstant_jpcrp030000-asr_E00919-000HedgeCostIFRSMember-15930000000JPY
Equity IFRSPrior1YearInstant_RemeasurementsOfDefinedBenefitPlansIFRSMember-JPY
Equity IFRSPrior1YearInstant_OtherComponentsOfEquityIFRSMember2509310000000JPY
Equity IFRSPrior1YearInstant_EquityAttributableToOwnersOfParentIFRSMember7273264000000JPY
Equity IFRSPrior1YearInstant_NonControllingInterestsIFRSMember741000000JPY
Equity IFRSPrior1YearInstant7274005000000JPY
Profit loss IFRSCurrentYearDuration_OtherComponentsOfEquityIFRSMember-JPY
Profit loss IFRSCurrentYearDuration_EquityAttributableToOwnersOfParentIFRSMember107928000000JPY
Profit loss IFRSCurrentYearDuration_NonControllingInterestsIFRSMember215000000JPY
Profit loss IFRSCurrentYearDuration108143000000JPY
Other comprehensive income IFRSCurrentYearDuration_EffectivePortionOfCashFlowHedgesIFRSMember-956000000JPY
Other comprehensive income IFRSCurrentYearDuration_jpcrp030000-asr_E00919-000HedgeCostIFRSMember7963000000JPY
Other comprehensive income IFRSCurrentYearDuration_RemeasurementsOfDefinedBenefitPlansIFRSMember-7046000000JPY
Other comprehensive income IFRSCurrentYearDuration_OtherComponentsOfEquityIFRSMember-165780000000JPY
Other comprehensive income IFRSCurrentYearDuration_EquityAttributableToOwnersOfParentIFRSMember-165780000000JPY
Other comprehensive income IFRSCurrentYearDuration_NonControllingInterestsIFRSMember-61000000JPY
Other comprehensive income IFRSCurrentYearDuration-165841000000JPY
Comprehensive income IFRSCurrentYearDuration_EffectivePortionOfCashFlowHedgesIFRSMember-956000000JPY
Comprehensive income IFRSCurrentYearDuration_jpcrp030000-asr_E00919-000HedgeCostIFRSMember7963000000JPY
Comprehensive income IFRSCurrentYearDuration_RemeasurementsOfDefinedBenefitPlansIFRSMember-7046000000JPY

Every row of the EDINET CSV. Item names are the XBRL element names; filed text is kept in its original Japanese. Filed text is available on Plus and Pro.

Data checks · 21 of 21 passed
balance sheet identityconsolidated 2024-03-31pass rounding
balance sheet identityconsolidated 2025-03-31pass
balance sheet identitynon_consolidated 2024-03-31pass
balance sheet identitynon_consolidated 2025-03-31pass
dei present pass
period resolution pass
statement vs summary · net assetsnon_consolidated 2023-03-31pass
statement vs summary · net assetsnon_consolidated 2024-03-31pass
statement vs summary · net assetsnon_consolidated 2025-03-31pass
statement vs summary · net income attributable to parentconsolidated 2023-04-01/2024-03-31pass
statement vs summary · net income attributable to parentconsolidated 2024-04-01/2025-03-31pass
statement vs summary · operating cash flowconsolidated 2023-04-01/2024-03-31pass
statement vs summary · operating cash flowconsolidated 2024-04-01/2025-03-31pass
statement vs summary · revenueconsolidated 2023-04-01/2024-03-31pass
statement vs summary · revenueconsolidated 2024-04-01/2025-03-31pass
statement vs summary · revenuenon_consolidated 2023-04-01/2024-03-31pass
statement vs summary · revenuenon_consolidated 2024-04-01/2025-03-31pass
statement vs summary · total assetsconsolidated 2024-03-31pass
statement vs summary · total assetsconsolidated 2025-03-31pass
statement vs summary · total assetsnon_consolidated 2024-03-31pass
statement vs summary · total assetsnon_consolidated 2025-03-31pass