Annual report

Period2020-10-01 → 2021-09-30
Filed2025-12-22
StandardJapan GAAP
ConsolidatedYes
Data checks24 of 24 passed

Amends S100N3QF. Amended by S100XC9U (2025-12-22).

Key figures · 132
MetricValuePeriodScopeSource row
Revenue¥12.7bn2020-10-01 → 2021-09-30Cons.Net sales
Revenue¥9.3bn2019-10-01 → 2020-09-30Cons.Net sales
Revenue¥7.4bn2018-10-01 → 2019-09-30dCons.Net sales (5-year summary)
Revenue¥7.2bn2017-10-01 → 2018-09-30dCons.Net sales (5-year summary)
Operating income¥1.1bn2020-10-01 → 2021-09-30Cons.Operating income
Operating income¥778m2019-10-01 → 2020-09-30Cons.Operating income
Ordinary income¥1.2bn2020-10-01 → 2021-09-30Cons.Ordinary income
Ordinary income¥675m2019-10-01 → 2020-09-30Cons.Ordinary income
Ordinary income¥190m2018-10-01 → 2019-09-30dCons.Ordinary income loss (5-year summary)
Ordinary income¥165m2017-10-01 → 2018-09-30dCons.Ordinary income loss (5-year summary)
Profit before tax¥1.2bn2020-10-01 → 2021-09-30Cons.Income before income taxes
Profit before tax¥631m2019-10-01 → 2020-09-30Cons.Income before income taxes
Net income (owners)¥836m2020-10-01 → 2021-09-30Cons.Profit loss attributable to owners of parent
Net income (owners)¥408m2019-10-01 → 2020-09-30Cons.Profit loss attributable to owners of parent
Net income (owners)¥22m2018-10-01 → 2019-09-30dCons.Profit loss attributable to owners of parent (5-year summary)
Net income (owners)¥226m2017-10-01 → 2018-09-30dCons.Profit loss attributable to owners of parent (5-year summary)
Net income¥836m2020-10-01 → 2021-09-30Cons.Profit loss
Net income¥408m2019-10-01 → 2020-09-30Cons.Profit loss
Total assets¥7.6bnat 2021-09-30Cons.Assets
Total assets¥7.3bnat 2020-09-30Cons.Assets
Total assets¥3.3bnat 2019-09-30dCons.Total assets (5-year summary)
Total assets¥3.4bnat 2018-09-30dCons.Total assets (5-year summary)
Total liabilities¥2.8bnat 2021-09-30Cons.Liabilities
Total liabilities¥3.3bnat 2020-09-30Cons.Liabilities
Net assets / equity¥4.8bnat 2021-09-30Cons.Net assets
Net assets / equity¥4.0bnat 2020-09-30Cons.Net assets
Net assets / equity¥919mat 2019-09-30dCons.Net assets
Net assets / equity¥885mat 2018-09-30dCons.Net assets (5-year summary)
Cash and deposits¥4.8bnat 2021-09-30Cons.Cash and deposits
Cash and deposits¥5.0bnat 2020-09-30Cons.Cash and deposits
Cash & equivalents¥4.8bnat 2021-09-30Cons.Cash and cash equivalents
Cash & equivalents¥5.0bnat 2020-09-30Cons.Cash and cash equivalents
Cash & equivalents¥1.6bnat 2019-09-30dCons.Cash and cash equivalents
Cash & equivalents¥1.9bnat 2018-09-30dCons.Cash and cash equivalents (5-year summary)
Operating cash flow¥669m2020-10-01 → 2021-09-30Cons.Net cash provided by used in operating activities
Operating cash flow¥638m2019-10-01 → 2020-09-30Cons.Net cash provided by used in operating activities
Operating cash flow−¥192m2018-10-01 → 2019-09-30dCons.Net cash provided by used in operating activities (5-year summary)
Operating cash flow¥486m2017-10-01 → 2018-09-30dCons.Net cash provided by used in operating activities (5-year summary)
Investing cash flow−¥70m2020-10-01 → 2021-09-30Cons.Net cash provided by used in investment activities
Investing cash flow−¥324m2019-10-01 → 2020-09-30Cons.Net cash provided by used in investment activities
Investing cash flow−¥152m2018-10-01 → 2019-09-30dCons.Net cash provided by used in investing activities (5-year summary)
Investing cash flow¥72m2017-10-01 → 2018-09-30dCons.Net cash provided by used in investing activities (5-year summary)
Financing cash flow−¥790m2020-10-01 → 2021-09-30Cons.Net cash provided by used in financing activities
Financing cash flow¥3.1bn2019-10-01 → 2020-09-30Cons.Net cash provided by used in financing activities
Financing cash flow¥54m2018-10-01 → 2019-09-30dCons.Net cash provided by used in financing activities (5-year summary)
Financing cash flow−¥66m2017-10-01 → 2018-09-30dCons.Net cash provided by used in financing activities (5-year summary)
EPS (basic)¥83.162020-10-01 → 2021-09-30Cons.Basic earnings loss per share (5-year summary)
EPS (basic)¥452019-10-01 → 2020-09-30Cons.Basic earnings loss per share (5-year summary)
EPS (basic)¥2.532018-10-01 → 2019-09-30dCons.Basic earnings loss per share (5-year summary)
EPS (basic)¥28.322017-10-01 → 2018-09-30dCons.Basic earnings loss per share (5-year summary)
EPS (diluted)¥81.412020-10-01 → 2021-09-30Cons.Diluted earnings per share (5-year summary)
EPS (diluted)¥44.62019-10-01 → 2020-09-30Cons.Diluted earnings per share (5-year summary)
Net assets per share¥480.01at 2021-09-30Cons.Net assets per share (5-year summary)
Net assets per share¥403.58at 2020-09-30Cons.Net assets per share (5-year summary)
Net assets per share¥105.34at 2019-09-30dCons.Net assets per share (5-year summary)
Net assets per share¥103.81at 2018-09-30dCons.Net assets per share (5-year summary)
Equity ratio63.7%at 2021-09-30Cons.Equity to asset ratio (5-year summary)
Equity ratio54.5%at 2020-09-30Cons.Equity to asset ratio (5-year summary)
Equity ratio27.9%at 2019-09-30dCons.Equity to asset ratio (5-year summary)
Equity ratio26.0%at 2018-09-30dCons.Equity to asset ratio (5-year summary)
ROE19.0%2020-10-01 → 2021-09-30Cons.Rate of return on equity (5-year summary)
ROE16.6%2019-10-01 → 2020-09-30Cons.Rate of return on equity (5-year summary)
ROE2.4%2018-10-01 → 2019-09-30dCons.Rate of return on equity (5-year summary)
ROE29.9%2017-10-01 → 2018-09-30dCons.Rate of return on equity (5-year summary)
Employees372at 2021-09-30Cons.Number of employees
Employees325at 2020-09-30Cons.Number of employees
Employees295at 2019-09-30dCons.Number of employees
Employees272at 2018-09-30dCons.Number of employees
Revenue¥12.7bn2020-10-01 → 2021-09-30StandaloneNet sales
Revenue¥9.3bn2019-10-01 → 2020-09-30StandaloneNet sales
Revenue¥7.4bn2018-10-01 → 2019-09-30dStandaloneNet sales (5-year summary)
Revenue¥7.2bn2017-10-01 → 2018-09-30dStandaloneNet sales (5-year summary)
Revenue¥5.7bn2016-10-01 → 2017-09-30dStandaloneNet sales (5-year summary)
Operating income¥1.4bn2020-10-01 → 2021-09-30StandaloneOperating income
Operating income¥1.1bn2019-10-01 → 2020-09-30StandaloneOperating income
Ordinary income¥1.3bn2020-10-01 → 2021-09-30StandaloneOrdinary income
Ordinary income¥817m2019-10-01 → 2020-09-30StandaloneOrdinary income
Ordinary income¥301m2018-10-01 → 2019-09-30dStandaloneOrdinary income loss (5-year summary)
Ordinary income¥388m2017-10-01 → 2018-09-30dStandaloneOrdinary income loss (5-year summary)
Ordinary income−¥288m2016-10-01 → 2017-09-30dStandaloneOrdinary income loss (5-year summary)
Profit before tax¥1.2bn2020-10-01 → 2021-09-30StandaloneIncome before income taxes
Profit before tax¥617m2019-10-01 → 2020-09-30StandaloneIncome before income taxes
Net income¥835m2020-10-01 → 2021-09-30StandaloneProfit loss
Net income¥396m2019-10-01 → 2020-09-30StandaloneProfit loss
Net income¥38m2018-10-01 → 2019-09-30dStandaloneNet income loss (5-year summary)
Net income¥150m2017-10-01 → 2018-09-30dStandaloneNet income loss (5-year summary)
Net income−¥398m2016-10-01 → 2017-09-30dStandaloneNet income loss (5-year summary)
Total assets¥7.6bnat 2021-09-30StandaloneAssets
Total assets¥7.3bnat 2020-09-30StandaloneAssets
Total assets¥3.5bnat 2019-09-30dStandaloneTotal assets (5-year summary)
Total assets¥3.4bnat 2018-09-30dStandaloneTotal assets (5-year summary)
Total assets¥2.8bnat 2017-09-30dStandaloneTotal assets (5-year summary)
Total liabilities¥2.7bnat 2021-09-30StandaloneLiabilities
Total liabilities¥3.3bnat 2020-09-30StandaloneLiabilities
Net assets / equity¥4.8bnat 2021-09-30StandaloneNet assets
Net assets / equity¥4.0bnat 2020-09-30StandaloneNet assets
Net assets / equity¥936mat 2019-09-30dStandaloneNet assets
Net assets / equity¥885mat 2018-09-30dStandaloneNet assets (5-year summary)
Net assets / equity¥711mat 2017-09-30dStandaloneNet assets (5-year summary)
Cash and deposits¥4.5bnat 2021-09-30StandaloneCash and deposits
Cash and deposits¥4.7bnat 2020-09-30StandaloneCash and deposits
EPS (basic)¥83.12020-10-01 → 2021-09-30StandaloneBasic earnings loss per share (5-year summary)
EPS (basic)¥43.72019-10-01 → 2020-09-30StandaloneBasic earnings loss per share (5-year summary)
EPS (basic)¥4.412018-10-01 → 2019-09-30dStandaloneBasic earnings loss per share (5-year summary)
EPS (basic)¥18.732017-10-01 → 2018-09-30dStandaloneBasic earnings loss per share (5-year summary)
EPS (basic)¥-274,479.912016-10-01 → 2017-09-30dStandaloneBasic earnings loss per share (5-year summary)
EPS (diluted)¥81.362020-10-01 → 2021-09-30StandaloneDiluted earnings per share (5-year summary)
EPS (diluted)¥43.312019-10-01 → 2020-09-30StandaloneDiluted earnings per share (5-year summary)
Net assets per share¥479.95at 2021-09-30StandaloneNet assets per share (5-year summary)
Net assets per share¥403.58at 2020-09-30StandaloneNet assets per share (5-year summary)
Net assets per share¥107.27at 2019-09-30dStandaloneNet assets per share (5-year summary)
Net assets per share¥103.89at 2018-09-30dStandaloneNet assets per share (5-year summary)
Net assets per share¥490,043.64at 2017-09-30dStandaloneNet assets per share (5-year summary)
Equity ratio63.9%at 2021-09-30StandaloneEquity to asset ratio (5-year summary)
Equity ratio54.7%at 2020-09-30StandaloneEquity to asset ratio (5-year summary)
Equity ratio26.8%at 2019-09-30dStandaloneEquity to asset ratio (5-year summary)
Equity ratio26.3%at 2018-09-30dStandaloneEquity to asset ratio (5-year summary)
Equity ratio25.8%at 2017-09-30dStandaloneEquity to asset ratio (5-year summary)
ROE18.9%2020-10-01 → 2021-09-30StandaloneRate of return on equity (5-year summary)
ROE16.1%2019-10-01 → 2020-09-30StandaloneRate of return on equity (5-year summary)
ROE4.2%2018-10-01 → 2019-09-30dStandaloneRate of return on equity (5-year summary)
ROE18.8%2017-10-01 → 2018-09-30dStandaloneRate of return on equity (5-year summary)
Shares issued10,097,500at 2021-09-30StandaloneTotal number of issued shares (5-year summary)
Shares issued9,901,900at 2020-09-30StandaloneTotal number of issued shares (5-year summary)
Shares issued8,710,000at 2019-09-30dStandaloneTotal number of issued shares (5-year summary)
Shares issued1,702at 2018-09-30dStandaloneTotal number of issued shares (5-year summary)
Shares issued1,450at 2017-09-30dStandaloneTotal number of issued shares (5-year summary)
Employees356at 2021-09-30StandaloneNumber of employees
Employees308at 2020-09-30StandaloneNumber of employees
Employees263at 2019-09-30dStandaloneNumber of employees
Employees238at 2018-09-30dStandaloneNumber of employees
Employees247at 2017-09-30dStandaloneNumber of employees

Periods use the dates stated in the filing. d = earlier-year period dated by calendar; v = that date confirmed by the company's own earlier filing.

Segments · 70
SegmentItemPeriodValue
Operating Segments Not Included In Reportable Segments And Other Revenue Generating Business Activitiesother segmentsemployeesat 2021-09-3016 pure
Operating Segments Not Included In Reportable Segments And Other Revenue Generating Business Activitiesother segmentsrevenue2020-10-01 → 2021-09-30¥32m
Operating Segments Not Included In Reportable Segments And Other Revenue Generating Business Activitiesother segmentsrevenue external2020-10-01 → 2021-09-30¥32m
Operating Segments Not Included In Reportable Segments And Other Revenue Generating Business Activitiesother segmentssegment assetsat 2021-09-30¥14m
Operating Segments Not Included In Reportable Segments And Other Revenue Generating Business Activitiesother segmentssegment profit2020-10-01 → 2021-09-30−¥282m
Reconciling Itemsreconcilingdepreciation2020-10-01 → 2021-09-30¥37m
Reconciling Itemsreconcilingrevenue2020-10-01 → 2021-09-30−¥45m
Reconciling Itemsreconcilingrevenue intersegment2020-10-01 → 2021-09-30−¥45m
Reconciling Itemsreconcilingsegment assetsat 2021-09-30¥7.4bn
Reconciling Itemsreconcilingsegment profit2020-10-01 → 2021-09-30−¥1.5bn
Fudousandxreportable segmentdepreciation2020-10-01 → 2021-09-30¥23m
Fudousandxreportable segmentemployeesat 2021-09-30141 pure
Fudousandxreportable segmentrevenue2020-10-01 → 2021-09-30¥5.9bn
Fudousandxreportable segmentrevenue external2020-10-01 → 2021-09-30¥5.9bn
Fudousandxreportable segmentsegment assetsat 2021-09-30¥157m
Fudousandxreportable segmentsegment profit2020-10-01 → 2021-09-30¥872m
Marketingdxreportable segmentdepreciation2020-10-01 → 2021-09-30¥4m
Marketingdxreportable segmentemployeesat 2021-09-30151 pure
Marketingdxreportable segmentrevenue2020-10-01 → 2021-09-30¥6.8bn
Marketingdxreportable segmentrevenue external2020-10-01 → 2021-09-30¥6.7bn
Marketingdxreportable segmentrevenue intersegment2020-10-01 → 2021-09-30¥45m
Marketingdxreportable segmentsegment assetsat 2021-09-30¥30m
Marketingdxreportable segmentsegment profit2020-10-01 → 2021-09-30¥2.1bn
—segment totaldepreciation2020-10-01 → 2021-09-30¥26m
—segment totalrevenue2020-10-01 → 2021-09-30¥12.7bn
—segment totalrevenue external2020-10-01 → 2021-09-30¥12.7bn
—segment totalrevenue intersegment2020-10-01 → 2021-09-30¥45m
—segment totalsegment assetsat 2021-09-30¥187m
—segment totalsegment profit2020-10-01 → 2021-09-30¥2.9bn
Total Of Reportable Segments And Otherssegment totaldepreciation2020-10-01 → 2021-09-30¥26m
Total Of Reportable Segments And Otherssegment totalrevenue2020-10-01 → 2021-09-30¥12.7bn
Total Of Reportable Segments And Otherssegment totalrevenue external2020-10-01 → 2021-09-30¥12.7bn
Total Of Reportable Segments And Otherssegment totalrevenue intersegment2020-10-01 → 2021-09-30¥45m
Total Of Reportable Segments And Otherssegment totalsegment assetsat 2021-09-30¥201m
Total Of Reportable Segments And Otherssegment totalsegment profit2020-10-01 → 2021-09-30¥2.7bn
Operating Segments Not Included In Reportable Segments And Other Revenue Generating Business Activitiesother segmentsdepreciation2019-10-01 → 2020-09-30¥728,000
Operating Segments Not Included In Reportable Segments And Other Revenue Generating Business Activitiesother segmentsrevenue2019-10-01 → 2020-09-30¥27m
Operating Segments Not Included In Reportable Segments And Other Revenue Generating Business Activitiesother segmentsrevenue external2019-10-01 → 2020-09-30¥27m
Operating Segments Not Included In Reportable Segments And Other Revenue Generating Business Activitiesother segmentssegment assetsat 2020-09-30¥17m
Operating Segments Not Included In Reportable Segments And Other Revenue Generating Business Activitiesother segmentssegment profit2019-10-01 → 2020-09-30−¥428m
Reconciling Itemsreconcilingdepreciation2019-10-01 → 2020-09-30¥26m
Reconciling Itemsreconcilingrevenue2019-10-01 → 2020-09-30−¥6m
Reconciling Itemsreconcilingrevenue intersegment2019-10-01 → 2020-09-30−¥6m
Reconciling Itemsreconcilingsegment assetsat 2020-09-30¥7.1bn
Reconciling Itemsreconcilingsegment profit2019-10-01 → 2020-09-30−¥1.2bn
Fudousandxreportable segmentdepreciation2019-10-01 → 2020-09-30¥13m
Fudousandxreportable segmentrevenue2019-10-01 → 2020-09-30¥3.5bn
Fudousandxreportable segmentrevenue external2019-10-01 → 2020-09-30¥3.5bn
Fudousandxreportable segmentsegment assetsat 2020-09-30¥145m
Fudousandxreportable segmentsegment profit2019-10-01 → 2020-09-30¥746m
Marketingdxreportable segmentdepreciation2019-10-01 → 2020-09-30¥1m
Marketingdxreportable segmentrevenue2019-10-01 → 2020-09-30¥5.8bn
Marketingdxreportable segmentrevenue external2019-10-01 → 2020-09-30¥5.8bn
Marketingdxreportable segmentrevenue intersegment2019-10-01 → 2020-09-30¥6m
Marketingdxreportable segmentsegment assetsat 2020-09-30¥25m
Marketingdxreportable segmentsegment profit2019-10-01 → 2020-09-30¥1.7bn
—segment totaldepreciation2019-10-01 → 2020-09-30¥14m
—segment totalrevenue2019-10-01 → 2020-09-30¥9.3bn
—segment totalrevenue external2019-10-01 → 2020-09-30¥9.3bn
—segment totalrevenue intersegment2019-10-01 → 2020-09-30¥6m
—segment totalsegment assetsat 2020-09-30¥170m
—segment totalsegment profit2019-10-01 → 2020-09-30¥2.4bn
Total Of Reportable Segments And Otherssegment totaldepreciation2019-10-01 → 2020-09-30¥15m
Total Of Reportable Segments And Otherssegment totalrevenue2019-10-01 → 2020-09-30¥9.4bn
Total Of Reportable Segments And Otherssegment totalrevenue external2019-10-01 → 2020-09-30¥9.3bn
Total Of Reportable Segments And Otherssegment totalrevenue intersegment2019-10-01 → 2020-09-30¥6m
Total Of Reportable Segments And Otherssegment totalsegment assetsat 2020-09-30¥187m
Total Of Reportable Segments And Otherssegment totalsegment profit2019-10-01 → 2020-09-30¥2.0bn
Fudousandxreportable segmentemployeesat 2021-09-30141 pure
Marketingdxreportable segmentemployeesat 2021-09-30151 pure

Segment names come from EDINET member IDs; not yet mapped to a common taxonomy.

All source rows · 1,338
ItemContextValueUnit
Current liabilitiesPrior1YearInstant2445170000JPY
Current liabilitiesCurrentYearInstant2208242000JPY
Long term loans payablePrior1YearInstant864265000JPY
Long term loans payableCurrentYearInstant459617000JPY
Asset retirement obligations nclPrior1YearInstant29343000JPY
Asset retirement obligations nclCurrentYearInstant88551000JPY
Noncurrent liabilitiesPrior1YearInstant893608000JPY
Noncurrent liabilitiesCurrentYearInstant548168000JPY
LiabilitiesPrior1YearInstant3338778000JPY
LiabilitiesCurrentYearInstant2756410000JPY
Capital stockPrior1YearInstant1363957000JPY
Capital stockCurrentYearInstant1371572000JPY
Capital surplusPrior1YearInstant1353967000JPY
Capital surplusCurrentYearInstant1361582000JPY
Retained earningsPrior1YearInstant1272430000JPY
Retained earningsCurrentYearInstant2113893000JPY
Treasury stockPrior1YearInstant-JPY
Treasury stockCurrentYearInstant-192000JPY
Shareholders equityPrior1YearInstant3990354000JPY
Shareholders equityCurrentYearInstant4846856000JPY
Valuation difference on available for sale securitiesPrior1YearInstant-50000JPY
Valuation difference on available for sale securitiesCurrentYearInstant0JPY
Foreign currency translation adjustmentPrior1YearInstant5907000JPY
Foreign currency translation adjustmentCurrentYearInstant-JPY
Valuation and translation adjustmentsPrior1YearInstant5856000JPY
Valuation and translation adjustmentsCurrentYearInstant0JPY
Subscription rights to sharesPrior1YearInstant1262000JPY
Subscription rights to sharesCurrentYearInstant959000JPY
Net assetsPrior1YearInstant3997472000JPY
Net assetsCurrentYearInstant4847816000JPY
Liabilities and net assetsPrior1YearInstant7336251000JPY
Liabilities and net assetsCurrentYearInstant7604226000JPY
Net salesPrior1YearDuration9347734000JPY
Net salesCurrentYearDuration12692791000JPY
Cost of salesPrior1YearDuration4255861000JPY
Cost of salesCurrentYearDuration4760044000JPY
Gross profitPrior1YearDuration5091873000JPY
Gross profitCurrentYearDuration7932747000JPY
Selling general and administrative expensesPrior1YearDuration4314086000JPY
Selling general and administrative expensesCurrentYearDuration6795509000JPY
Operating incomePrior1YearDuration777786000JPY
Operating incomeCurrentYearDuration1137237000JPY
Interest income noiPrior1YearDuration244000JPY
Interest income noiCurrentYearDuration11610000JPY
Gain on investments in partnership noiPrior1YearDuration-JPY
Gain on investments in partnership noiCurrentYearDuration16137000JPY
Foreign exchange gains noiPrior1YearDuration-JPY
Foreign exchange gains noiCurrentYearDuration13406000JPY
Gain on sales of securities noiPrior1YearDuration-JPY
Gain on sales of securities noiCurrentYearDuration37306000JPY

Every row of the EDINET CSV. Item names are the XBRL element names; filed text is kept in its original Japanese. Filed text is available on Plus and Pro.

Data checks · 24 of 24 passed
balance sheet identityconsolidated 2020-09-30pass rounding
balance sheet identityconsolidated 2021-09-30pass
balance sheet identitynon_consolidated 2020-09-30pass
balance sheet identitynon_consolidated 2021-09-30pass
dei present pass
period resolution pass
statement vs summary · net assetsconsolidated 2019-09-30pass
statement vs summary · net assetsconsolidated 2020-09-30pass
statement vs summary · net assetsconsolidated 2021-09-30pass
statement vs summary · net assetsnon_consolidated 2019-09-30pass
statement vs summary · net assetsnon_consolidated 2020-09-30pass
statement vs summary · net assetsnon_consolidated 2021-09-30pass
statement vs summary · net income attributable to parentconsolidated 2019-10-01/2020-09-30pass
statement vs summary · net income attributable to parentconsolidated 2020-10-01/2021-09-30pass
statement vs summary · operating cash flowconsolidated 2019-10-01/2020-09-30pass
statement vs summary · operating cash flowconsolidated 2020-10-01/2021-09-30pass
statement vs summary · revenueconsolidated 2019-10-01/2020-09-30pass
statement vs summary · revenueconsolidated 2020-10-01/2021-09-30pass
statement vs summary · revenuenon_consolidated 2019-10-01/2020-09-30pass
statement vs summary · revenuenon_consolidated 2020-10-01/2021-09-30pass
statement vs summary · total assetsconsolidated 2020-09-30pass
statement vs summary · total assetsconsolidated 2021-09-30pass
statement vs summary · total assetsnon_consolidated 2020-09-30pass
statement vs summary · total assetsnon_consolidated 2021-09-30pass