Annual report

Period2024-01-01 → 2024-12-31
Filed2025-03-28
StandardJapan GAAP
ConsolidatedYes
Data checks24 of 24 passed
Key figures · 146
MetricValuePeriodScopeSource row
Revenue¥6.3bn2024-01-01 → 2024-12-31Cons.Net sales
Revenue¥5.4bn2023-01-01 → 2023-12-31Cons.Net sales
Revenue¥6.2bn2022-01-01 → 2022-12-31dCons.Net sales (5-year summary)
Revenue¥2.8bn2021-01-01 → 2021-12-31dCons.Net sales (5-year summary)
Operating income¥332m2024-01-01 → 2024-12-31Cons.Operating income
Operating income¥310m2023-01-01 → 2023-12-31Cons.Operating income
Ordinary income¥331m2024-01-01 → 2024-12-31Cons.Ordinary income
Ordinary income¥306m2023-01-01 → 2023-12-31Cons.Ordinary income
Ordinary income¥1.2bn2022-01-01 → 2022-12-31dCons.Ordinary income loss (5-year summary)
Ordinary income¥464m2021-01-01 → 2021-12-31dCons.Ordinary income loss (5-year summary)
Profit before tax−¥115m2024-01-01 → 2024-12-31Cons.Income before income taxes
Profit before tax−¥12m2023-01-01 → 2023-12-31Cons.Income before income taxes
Net income (owners)¥73m2024-01-01 → 2024-12-31Cons.Profit loss attributable to owners of parent
Net income (owners)¥33m2023-01-01 → 2023-12-31Cons.Profit loss attributable to owners of parent
Net income (owners)¥852m2022-01-01 → 2022-12-31dCons.Profit loss attributable to owners of parent (5-year summary)
Net income (owners)¥307m2021-01-01 → 2021-12-31dCons.Profit loss attributable to owners of parent (5-year summary)
Net income−¥110m2024-01-01 → 2024-12-31Cons.Profit loss
Net income−¥25m2023-01-01 → 2023-12-31Cons.Profit loss
Total assets¥3.6bnat 2024-12-31Cons.Assets
Total assets¥4.2bnat 2023-12-31Cons.Assets
Total assets¥4.9bnat 2022-12-31dCons.Total assets (5-year summary)
Total assets¥2.7bnat 2021-12-31dCons.Total assets (5-year summary)
Total liabilities¥1.5bnat 2024-12-31Cons.Liabilities
Total liabilities¥2.1bnat 2023-12-31Cons.Liabilities
Net assets / equity¥2.1bnat 2024-12-31Cons.Net assets
Net assets / equity¥2.1bnat 2023-12-31Cons.Net assets
Net assets / equity¥2.2bnat 2022-12-31dCons.Net assets
Net assets / equity¥1.7bnat 2021-12-31dCons.Net assets (5-year summary)
Cash and deposits¥1.5bnat 2024-12-31Cons.Cash and deposits
Cash and deposits¥1.8bnat 2023-12-31Cons.Cash and deposits
Cash & equivalents¥1.5bnat 2024-12-31Cons.Cash and cash equivalents
Cash & equivalents¥1.8bnat 2023-12-31Cons.Cash and cash equivalents
Cash & equivalents¥2.2bnat 2022-12-31dCons.Cash and cash equivalents
Cash & equivalents¥1.5bnat 2021-12-31dCons.Cash and cash equivalents (5-year summary)
Operating cash flow¥215m2024-01-01 → 2024-12-31Cons.Net cash provided by used in operating activities
Operating cash flow¥191m2023-01-01 → 2023-12-31Cons.Net cash provided by used in operating activities
Operating cash flow¥976m2022-01-01 → 2022-12-31dCons.Net cash provided by used in operating activities (5-year summary)
Operating cash flow¥360m2021-01-01 → 2021-12-31dCons.Net cash provided by used in operating activities (5-year summary)
Investing cash flow−¥105m2024-01-01 → 2024-12-31Cons.Net cash provided by used in investment activities
Investing cash flow−¥95m2023-01-01 → 2023-12-31Cons.Net cash provided by used in investment activities
Investing cash flow−¥471m2022-01-01 → 2022-12-31dCons.Net cash provided by used in investing activities (5-year summary)
Investing cash flow−¥464m2021-01-01 → 2021-12-31dCons.Net cash provided by used in investing activities (5-year summary)
Financing cash flow−¥473m2024-01-01 → 2024-12-31Cons.Net cash provided by used in financing activities
Financing cash flow−¥462m2023-01-01 → 2023-12-31Cons.Net cash provided by used in financing activities
Financing cash flow¥161m2022-01-01 → 2022-12-31dCons.Net cash provided by used in financing activities (5-year summary)
Financing cash flow¥408m2021-01-01 → 2021-12-31dCons.Net cash provided by used in financing activities (5-year summary)
EPS (basic)¥12.92024-01-01 → 2024-12-31Cons.Basic earnings loss per share (5-year summary)
EPS (basic)¥5.872023-01-01 → 2023-12-31Cons.Basic earnings loss per share (5-year summary)
EPS (basic)¥146.542022-01-01 → 2022-12-31dCons.Basic earnings loss per share (5-year summary)
EPS (basic)¥54.162021-01-01 → 2021-12-31dCons.Basic earnings loss per share (5-year summary)
EPS (diluted)¥12.892024-01-01 → 2024-12-31Cons.Diluted earnings per share (5-year summary)
EPS (diluted)¥5.852023-01-01 → 2023-12-31Cons.Diluted earnings per share (5-year summary)
EPS (diluted)¥144.22022-01-01 → 2022-12-31dCons.Diluted earnings per share (5-year summary)
EPS (diluted)¥51.952021-01-01 → 2021-12-31dCons.Diluted earnings per share (5-year summary)
Net assets per share¥310.81at 2024-12-31Cons.Net assets per share (5-year summary)
Net assets per share¥292.99at 2023-12-31Cons.Net assets per share (5-year summary)
Net assets per share¥291.78at 2022-12-31dCons.Net assets per share (5-year summary)
Net assets per share¥276.74at 2021-12-31dCons.Net assets per share (5-year summary)
Equity ratio49.3%at 2024-12-31Cons.Equity to asset ratio (5-year summary)
Equity ratio39.6%at 2023-12-31Cons.Equity to asset ratio (5-year summary)
Equity ratio33.6%at 2022-12-31dCons.Equity to asset ratio (5-year summary)
Equity ratio59.1%at 2021-12-31dCons.Equity to asset ratio (5-year summary)
ROE4.3%2024-01-01 → 2024-12-31Cons.Rate of return on equity (5-year summary)
ROE2.0%2023-01-01 → 2023-12-31Cons.Rate of return on equity (5-year summary)
ROE52.0%2022-01-01 → 2022-12-31dCons.Rate of return on equity (5-year summary)
ROE21.4%2021-01-01 → 2021-12-31dCons.Rate of return on equity (5-year summary)
Employees98at 2024-12-31Cons.Number of employees
Employees114at 2023-12-31Cons.Number of employees
Employees107at 2022-12-31dCons.Number of employees
Employees40at 2021-12-31dCons.Number of employees
Revenue¥4.2bn2024-01-01 → 2024-12-31StandaloneNet sales
Revenue¥3.6bn2023-01-01 → 2023-12-31StandaloneNet sales
Revenue¥4.6bn2022-01-01 → 2022-12-31dStandaloneNet sales (5-year summary)
Revenue¥2.8bn2021-01-01 → 2021-12-31dStandaloneNet sales (5-year summary)
Revenue¥1.7bn2020-01-01 → 2020-12-31dStandaloneNet sales (5-year summary)
Operating income¥383m2024-01-01 → 2024-12-31StandaloneOperating income
Operating income¥345m2023-01-01 → 2023-12-31StandaloneOperating income
Ordinary income¥386m2024-01-01 → 2024-12-31StandaloneOrdinary income
Ordinary income¥344m2023-01-01 → 2023-12-31StandaloneOrdinary income
Ordinary income¥1.2bn2022-01-01 → 2022-12-31dStandaloneOrdinary income loss (5-year summary)
Ordinary income¥494m2021-01-01 → 2021-12-31dStandaloneOrdinary income loss (5-year summary)
Ordinary income¥345m2020-01-01 → 2020-12-31dStandaloneOrdinary income loss (5-year summary)
Profit before tax¥370m2024-01-01 → 2024-12-31StandaloneIncome before income taxes
Profit before tax¥140m2023-01-01 → 2023-12-31StandaloneIncome before income taxes
Net income¥254m2024-01-01 → 2024-12-31StandaloneProfit loss
Net income¥90m2023-01-01 → 2023-12-31StandaloneProfit loss
Net income¥836m2022-01-01 → 2022-12-31dStandaloneNet income loss (5-year summary)
Net income¥343m2021-01-01 → 2021-12-31dStandaloneNet income loss (5-year summary)
Net income¥241m2020-01-01 → 2020-12-31dStandaloneNet income loss (5-year summary)
Total assets¥3.0bnat 2024-12-31StandaloneAssets
Total assets¥3.3bnat 2023-12-31StandaloneAssets
Total assets¥3.8bnat 2022-12-31dStandaloneTotal assets (5-year summary)
Total assets¥2.5bnat 2021-12-31dStandaloneTotal assets (5-year summary)
Total assets¥1.6bnat 2020-12-31dStandaloneTotal assets (5-year summary)
Total liabilities¥1.0bnat 2024-12-31StandaloneLiabilities
Total liabilities¥1.6bnat 2023-12-31StandaloneLiabilities
Net assets / equity¥2.0bnat 2024-12-31StandaloneNet assets
Net assets / equity¥1.7bnat 2023-12-31StandaloneNet assets
Net assets / equity¥1.7bnat 2022-12-31dStandaloneNet assets
Net assets / equity¥1.7bnat 2021-12-31dStandaloneNet assets (5-year summary)
Net assets / equity¥1.3bnat 2020-12-31dStandaloneNet assets (5-year summary)
Cash and deposits¥1.1bnat 2024-12-31StandaloneCash and deposits
Cash and deposits¥1.5bnat 2023-12-31StandaloneCash and deposits
Cash & equivalents¥1.2bnat 2020-12-31dStandaloneCash and cash equivalents (5-year summary)
Operating cash flow¥316m2020-01-01 → 2020-12-31dStandaloneNet cash provided by used in operating activities (5-year summary)
Investing cash flow−¥71m2020-01-01 → 2020-12-31dStandaloneNet cash provided by used in investing activities (5-year summary)
Financing cash flow−¥16m2020-01-01 → 2020-12-31dStandaloneNet cash provided by used in financing activities (5-year summary)
EPS (basic)¥44.642024-01-01 → 2024-12-31StandaloneBasic earnings loss per share (5-year summary)
EPS (basic)¥15.862023-01-01 → 2023-12-31StandaloneBasic earnings loss per share (5-year summary)
EPS (basic)¥143.932022-01-01 → 2022-12-31dStandaloneBasic earnings loss per share (5-year summary)
EPS (basic)¥60.422021-01-01 → 2021-12-31dStandaloneBasic earnings loss per share (5-year summary)
EPS (basic)¥43.362020-01-01 → 2020-12-31dStandaloneBasic earnings loss per share (5-year summary)
EPS (diluted)¥44.582024-01-01 → 2024-12-31StandaloneDiluted earnings per share (5-year summary)
EPS (diluted)¥15.792023-01-01 → 2023-12-31StandaloneDiluted earnings per share (5-year summary)
EPS (diluted)¥141.632022-01-01 → 2022-12-31dStandaloneDiluted earnings per share (5-year summary)
EPS (diluted)¥57.952021-01-01 → 2021-12-31dStandaloneDiluted earnings per share (5-year summary)
EPS (diluted)¥41.472020-01-01 → 2020-12-31dStandaloneDiluted earnings per share (5-year summary)
Dividend per share¥52023-01-01 → 2023-12-31StandaloneDividend paid per share (5-year summary)
Dividend per share¥102022-01-01 → 2022-12-31dStandaloneDividend paid per share (5-year summary)
Dividend per share¥102021-01-01 → 2021-12-31dStandaloneDividend paid per share (5-year summary)
Dividend per share¥102020-01-01 → 2020-12-31dStandaloneDividend paid per share (5-year summary)
Net assets per share¥347.26at 2024-12-31StandaloneNet assets per share (5-year summary)
Net assets per share¥302.68at 2023-12-31StandaloneNet assets per share (5-year summary)
Net assets per share¥294.62at 2022-12-31dStandaloneNet assets per share (5-year summary)
Net assets per share¥282.79at 2021-12-31dStandaloneNet assets per share (5-year summary)
Net assets per share¥223.76at 2020-12-31dStandaloneNet assets per share (5-year summary)
Equity ratio65.6%at 2024-12-31StandaloneEquity to asset ratio (5-year summary)
Equity ratio52.0%at 2023-12-31StandaloneEquity to asset ratio (5-year summary)
Equity ratio43.5%at 2022-12-31dStandaloneEquity to asset ratio (5-year summary)
Equity ratio66.2%at 2021-12-31dStandaloneEquity to asset ratio (5-year summary)
Equity ratio77.8%at 2020-12-31dStandaloneEquity to asset ratio (5-year summary)
ROE13.7%2024-01-01 → 2024-12-31StandaloneRate of return on equity (5-year summary)
ROE5.3%2023-01-01 → 2023-12-31StandaloneRate of return on equity (5-year summary)
ROE50.3%2022-01-01 → 2022-12-31dStandaloneRate of return on equity (5-year summary)
ROE23.6%2021-01-01 → 2021-12-31dStandaloneRate of return on equity (5-year summary)
ROE21.2%2020-01-01 → 2020-12-31dStandaloneRate of return on equity (5-year summary)
Shares issued5,977,500at 2024-12-31StandaloneTotal number of issued shares (5-year summary)
Shares issued5,973,500at 2023-12-31StandaloneTotal number of issued shares (5-year summary)
Shares issued5,943,500at 2022-12-31dStandaloneTotal number of issued shares (5-year summary)
Shares issued5,867,400at 2021-12-31dStandaloneTotal number of issued shares (5-year summary)
Shares issued5,575,200at 2020-12-31dStandaloneTotal number of issued shares (5-year summary)
Employees50at 2024-12-31StandaloneNumber of employees
Employees54at 2023-12-31StandaloneNumber of employees
Employees52at 2022-12-31dStandaloneNumber of employees
Employees34at 2021-12-31dStandaloneNumber of employees
Employees19at 2020-12-31dStandaloneNumber of employees

Periods use the dates stated in the filing. d = earlier-year period dated by calendar; v = that date confirmed by the company's own earlier filing.

Segments · 55
SegmentItemPeriodValue
Reconciling Itemsreconcilingrevenue2024-01-01 → 2024-12-31−¥43m
Reconciling Itemsreconcilingrevenue intersegment2024-01-01 → 2024-12-31−¥43m
Reconciling Itemsreconcilingsegment profit2024-01-01 → 2024-12-31−¥240m
Communicationreportable segmentcapex2024-01-01 → 2024-12-31¥28m
Communicationreportable segmentdepreciation2024-01-01 → 2024-12-31¥112m
Communicationreportable segmentemployeesat 2024-12-3171 pure
Communicationreportable segmentrevenue2024-01-01 → 2024-12-31¥5.8bn
Communicationreportable segmentrevenue external2024-01-01 → 2024-12-31¥5.8bn
Communicationreportable segmentrevenue intersegment2024-01-01 → 2024-12-31¥42m
Communicationreportable segmentsegment assetsat 2024-12-31¥3.3bn
Communicationreportable segmentsegment profit2024-01-01 → 2024-12-31¥604m
Investment Incubationreportable segmentdepreciation2024-01-01 → 2024-12-31¥435,000
Investment Incubationreportable segmentemployeesat 2024-12-316 pure
Investment Incubationreportable segmentrevenue2024-01-01 → 2024-12-31¥139m
Investment Incubationreportable segmentrevenue external2024-01-01 → 2024-12-31¥139m
Investment Incubationreportable segmentrevenue intersegment2024-01-01 → 2024-12-31¥122,000
Investment Incubationreportable segmentsegment assetsat 2024-12-31¥255m
Investment Incubationreportable segmentsegment profit2024-01-01 → 2024-12-31¥2m
Solutionreportable segmentemployeesat 2024-12-314 pure
Solutionreportable segmentrevenue2024-01-01 → 2024-12-31¥445m
Solutionreportable segmentrevenue external2024-01-01 → 2024-12-31¥445m
Solutionreportable segmentsegment profit2024-01-01 → 2024-12-31−¥35m
—segment totalcapex2024-01-01 → 2024-12-31¥28m
—segment totaldepreciation2024-01-01 → 2024-12-31¥113m
—segment totalrevenue2024-01-01 → 2024-12-31¥6.4bn
—segment totalrevenue external2024-01-01 → 2024-12-31¥6.3bn
—segment totalrevenue intersegment2024-01-01 → 2024-12-31¥43m
—segment totalsegment assetsat 2024-12-31¥3.6bn
—segment totalsegment profit2024-01-01 → 2024-12-31¥572m
Reconciling Itemsreconcilingrevenue2023-01-01 → 2023-12-31−¥30m
Reconciling Itemsreconcilingrevenue intersegment2023-01-01 → 2023-12-31−¥30m
Reconciling Itemsreconcilingsegment profit2023-01-01 → 2023-12-31−¥340,000
Communicationreportable segmentcapex2023-01-01 → 2023-12-31¥71m
Communicationreportable segmentdepreciation2023-01-01 → 2023-12-31¥112m
Communicationreportable segmentrevenue2023-01-01 → 2023-12-31¥5.4bn
Communicationreportable segmentrevenue external2023-01-01 → 2023-12-31¥5.3bn
Communicationreportable segmentrevenue intersegment2023-01-01 → 2023-12-31¥30m
Communicationreportable segmentsegment assetsat 2023-12-31¥4.1bn
Communicationreportable segmentsegment profit2023-01-01 → 2023-12-31¥320m
Investment Incubationreportable segmentdepreciation2023-01-01 → 2023-12-31¥19m
Investment Incubationreportable segmentrevenue2023-01-01 → 2023-12-31¥101m
Investment Incubationreportable segmentrevenue external2023-01-01 → 2023-12-31¥100m
Investment Incubationreportable segmentrevenue intersegment2023-01-01 → 2023-12-31¥340,000
Investment Incubationreportable segmentsegment assetsat 2023-12-31¥104m
Investment Incubationreportable segmentsegment profit2023-01-01 → 2023-12-31−¥9m
—segment totalcapex2023-01-01 → 2023-12-31¥71m
—segment totaldepreciation2023-01-01 → 2023-12-31¥130m
—segment totalrevenue2023-01-01 → 2023-12-31¥5.5bn
—segment totalrevenue external2023-01-01 → 2023-12-31¥5.4bn
—segment totalrevenue intersegment2023-01-01 → 2023-12-31¥30m
—segment totalsegment assetsat 2023-12-31¥4.2bn
—segment totalsegment profit2023-01-01 → 2023-12-31¥311m
Communicationreportable segmentemployeesat 2024-12-3136 pure
Solutionreportable segmentemployeesat 2024-12-314 pure
—segment totalemployeesat 2024-12-3140 pure

Segment names come from EDINET member IDs; not yet mapped to a common taxonomy.

All source rows · 1,468
ItemContextValueUnit
Independent auditors report consolidated (text)FilingDateInstantText · Plus
Audit firm1 consolidatedFilingDateInstant
Original text (Japanese)フロンティア監査法人
Cpa1 audit firm1 consolidatedFilingDateInstant
Original text (Japanese)藤井 幸雄
Cpa2 audit firm1 consolidatedFilingDateInstant
Original text (Japanese)青野 賢
Key audit matters consolidated (text)FilingDateInstantText · Plus
Overview kam consolidated (text)FilingDateInstantText · Plus
Short description kam consolidatedFilingDateInstant_Row1Member
Original text (Japanese)連結子会社VietGuys Joint Stock Companyの顧客関連資産評価の妥当性
Description including reason kam consolidated (text)FilingDateInstant_Row1MemberText · Plus
Reference kam consolidatedFilingDateInstant_Row1Member
Original text (Japanese)注記事項「(損益計算書関係)※4減損損失」
Auditors response kam consolidated (text)FilingDateInstant_Row1MemberText · Plus
Other information consolidated (text)FilingDateInstantText · Plus
Fee related information consolidated (text)FilingDateInstantText · Plus
Independent auditors report non consolidated (text)FilingDateInstantText · Plus
Audit firm1 non consolidatedFilingDateInstant
Original text (Japanese)フロンティア監査法人
Cpa1 audit firm1 non consolidatedFilingDateInstant
Original text (Japanese)藤井 幸雄
Cpa2 audit firm1 non consolidatedFilingDateInstant
Original text (Japanese)青野 賢
Key audit matters non consolidated (text)FilingDateInstantText · Plus
Overview kam non consolidated (text)FilingDateInstantText · Plus
Other information non consolidated (text)FilingDateInstantText · Plus
Fee related information non consolidated (text)FilingDateInstantText · Plus
Number of submissionFilingDateInstant1
Net sales (5-year summary)Prior4YearDuration-JPY
Net sales (5-year summary)Prior3YearDuration2833569000JPY
Net sales (5-year summary)Prior2YearDuration6190604000JPY
Net sales (5-year summary)Prior1YearDuration5433558000JPY
Net sales (5-year summary)CurrentYearDuration6347970000JPY
Ordinary income loss (5-year summary)Prior4YearDuration-JPY
Ordinary income loss (5-year summary)Prior3YearDuration463661000JPY
Ordinary income loss (5-year summary)Prior2YearDuration1176418000JPY
Ordinary income loss (5-year summary)Prior1YearDuration305922000JPY
Ordinary income loss (5-year summary)CurrentYearDuration331350000JPY
Profit loss attributable to owners of parent (5-year summary)Prior4YearDuration-JPY
Profit loss attributable to owners of parent (5-year summary)Prior3YearDuration307060000JPY
Profit loss attributable to owners of parent (5-year summary)Prior2YearDuration851652000JPY
Profit loss attributable to owners of parent (5-year summary)Prior1YearDuration33426000JPY
Profit loss attributable to owners of parent (5-year summary)CurrentYearDuration73498000JPY
Comprehensive income (5-year summary)Prior4YearDuration-JPY
Comprehensive income (5-year summary)Prior3YearDuration308213000JPY
Comprehensive income (5-year summary)Prior2YearDuration836155000JPY
Comprehensive income (5-year summary)Prior1YearDuration-2908000JPY
Comprehensive income (5-year summary)CurrentYearDuration-70986000JPY
Net assets (5-year summary)Prior4YearInstant-JPY
Net assets (5-year summary)Prior3YearInstant1704653000JPY
Net assets (5-year summary)Prior2YearInstant2177737000JPY
Net assets (5-year summary)Prior1YearInstant2146863000JPY
Net assets (5-year summary)CurrentYearInstant2091256000JPY
Total assets (5-year summary)Prior4YearInstant-JPY
Total assets (5-year summary)Prior3YearInstant2746264000JPY
Total assets (5-year summary)Prior2YearInstant4921697000JPY
Total assets (5-year summary)Prior1YearInstant4211359000JPY

Every row of the EDINET CSV. Item names are the XBRL element names; filed text is kept in its original Japanese. Filed text is available on Plus and Pro.

Data checks · 24 of 24 passed
balance sheet identityconsolidated 2023-12-31pass
balance sheet identityconsolidated 2024-12-31pass
balance sheet identitynon_consolidated 2023-12-31pass
balance sheet identitynon_consolidated 2024-12-31pass
dei present pass
period resolution pass
statement vs summary · net assetsconsolidated 2022-12-31pass
statement vs summary · net assetsconsolidated 2023-12-31pass
statement vs summary · net assetsconsolidated 2024-12-31pass
statement vs summary · net assetsnon_consolidated 2022-12-31pass
statement vs summary · net assetsnon_consolidated 2023-12-31pass
statement vs summary · net assetsnon_consolidated 2024-12-31pass
statement vs summary · net income attributable to parentconsolidated 2023-01-01/2023-12-31pass
statement vs summary · net income attributable to parentconsolidated 2024-01-01/2024-12-31pass
statement vs summary · operating cash flowconsolidated 2023-01-01/2023-12-31pass
statement vs summary · operating cash flowconsolidated 2024-01-01/2024-12-31pass
statement vs summary · revenueconsolidated 2023-01-01/2023-12-31pass
statement vs summary · revenueconsolidated 2024-01-01/2024-12-31pass
statement vs summary · revenuenon_consolidated 2023-01-01/2023-12-31pass
statement vs summary · revenuenon_consolidated 2024-01-01/2024-12-31pass
statement vs summary · total assetsconsolidated 2023-12-31pass
statement vs summary · total assetsconsolidated 2024-12-31pass
statement vs summary · total assetsnon_consolidated 2023-12-31pass
statement vs summary · total assetsnon_consolidated 2024-12-31pass