Annual report
3844.TEDINET S100R4BJ
Period2022-04-01 → 2023-03-31
Filed2023-06-26
StandardJapan GAAP
ConsolidatedYes
Data checks24 of 24 passed
Key figures · 152
| Metric | Value | Period | Scope | Source row |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Revenue | ¥29.1bn | 2022-04-01 → 2023-03-31 | Cons. | Net sales |
| Revenue | ¥25.0bn | 2021-04-01 → 2022-03-31 | Cons. | Net sales |
| Revenue | ¥20.9bn | 2020-04-01 → 2021-03-31d | Cons. | Net sales (5-year summary) |
| Revenue | ¥20.9bn | 2019-04-01 → 2020-03-31d | Cons. | Net sales (5-year summary) |
| Revenue | ¥18.1bn | 2018-04-01 → 2019-03-31d | Cons. | Net sales (5-year summary) |
| Operating income | ¥4.1bn | 2022-04-01 → 2023-03-31 | Cons. | Operating income |
| Operating income | ¥4.0bn | 2021-04-01 → 2022-03-31 | Cons. | Operating income |
| Ordinary income | ¥4.1bn | 2022-04-01 → 2023-03-31 | Cons. | Ordinary income |
| Ordinary income | ¥4.0bn | 2021-04-01 → 2022-03-31 | Cons. | Ordinary income |
| Ordinary income | ¥3.2bn | 2020-04-01 → 2021-03-31d | Cons. | Ordinary income loss (5-year summary) |
| Ordinary income | ¥2.9bn | 2019-04-01 → 2020-03-31d | Cons. | Ordinary income loss (5-year summary) |
| Ordinary income | ¥2.6bn | 2018-04-01 → 2019-03-31d | Cons. | Ordinary income loss (5-year summary) |
| Profit before tax | ¥3.9bn | 2022-04-01 → 2023-03-31 | Cons. | Income before income taxes |
| Profit before tax | ¥3.8bn | 2021-04-01 → 2022-03-31 | Cons. | Income before income taxes |
| Net income (owners) | ¥2.7bn | 2022-04-01 → 2023-03-31 | Cons. | Profit loss attributable to owners of parent |
| Net income (owners) | ¥2.5bn | 2021-04-01 → 2022-03-31 | Cons. | Profit loss attributable to owners of parent |
| Net income (owners) | ¥2.1bn | 2020-04-01 → 2021-03-31d | Cons. | Profit loss attributable to owners of parent (5-year summary) |
| Net income (owners) | ¥2.0bn | 2019-04-01 → 2020-03-31d | Cons. | Profit loss attributable to owners of parent (5-year summary) |
| Net income (owners) | ¥1.8bn | 2018-04-01 → 2019-03-31d | Cons. | Profit loss attributable to owners of parent (5-year summary) |
| Net income | ¥2.7bn | 2022-04-01 → 2023-03-31 | Cons. | Profit loss |
| Net income | ¥2.5bn | 2021-04-01 → 2022-03-31 | Cons. | Profit loss |
| Total assets | ¥21.7bn | at 2023-03-31 | Cons. | Assets |
| Total assets | ¥18.9bn | at 2022-03-31 | Cons. | Assets |
| Total assets | ¥16.5bn | at 2021-03-31d | Cons. | Total assets (5-year summary) |
| Total assets | ¥14.8bn | at 2020-03-31d | Cons. | Total assets (5-year summary) |
| Total assets | ¥13.0bn | at 2019-03-31d | Cons. | Total assets (5-year summary) |
| Total liabilities | ¥6.6bn | at 2023-03-31 | Cons. | Liabilities |
| Total liabilities | ¥5.1bn | at 2022-03-31 | Cons. | Liabilities |
| Net assets / equity | ¥15.1bn | at 2023-03-31 | Cons. | Net assets |
| Net assets / equity | ¥13.8bn | at 2022-03-31 | Cons. | Net assets |
| Net assets / equity | ¥12.4bn | at 2021-03-31d | Cons. | Net assets |
| Net assets / equity | ¥11.2bn | at 2020-03-31d | Cons. | Net assets (5-year summary) |
| Net assets / equity | ¥9.0bn | at 2019-03-31d | Cons. | Net assets (5-year summary) |
| Cash and deposits | ¥10.2bn | at 2023-03-31 | Cons. | Cash and deposits |
| Cash and deposits | ¥11.3bn | at 2022-03-31 | Cons. | Cash and deposits |
| Cash & equivalents | ¥10.2bn | at 2023-03-31 | Cons. | Cash and cash equivalents |
| Cash & equivalents | ¥11.3bn | at 2022-03-31 | Cons. | Cash and cash equivalents |
| Cash & equivalents | ¥8.3bn | at 2021-03-31d | Cons. | Cash and cash equivalents |
| Cash & equivalents | ¥8.9bn | at 2020-03-31d | Cons. | Cash and cash equivalents (5-year summary) |
| Cash & equivalents | ¥7.8bn | at 2019-03-31d | Cons. | Cash and cash equivalents (5-year summary) |
| Operating cash flow | ¥1.9bn | 2022-04-01 → 2023-03-31 | Cons. | Net cash provided by used in operating activities |
| Operating cash flow | ¥4.4bn | 2021-04-01 → 2022-03-31 | Cons. | Net cash provided by used in operating activities |
| Operating cash flow | ¥1.6bn | 2020-04-01 → 2021-03-31d | Cons. | Net cash provided by used in operating activities (5-year summary) |
| Operating cash flow | ¥1.7bn | 2019-04-01 → 2020-03-31d | Cons. | Net cash provided by used in operating activities (5-year summary) |
| Operating cash flow | ¥1.5bn | 2018-04-01 → 2019-03-31d | Cons. | Net cash provided by used in operating activities (5-year summary) |
| Investing cash flow | −¥1.7bn | 2022-04-01 → 2023-03-31 | Cons. | Net cash provided by used in investment activities |
| Investing cash flow | ¥31m | 2021-04-01 → 2022-03-31 | Cons. | Net cash provided by used in investment activities |
| Investing cash flow | −¥1.4bn | 2020-04-01 → 2021-03-31d | Cons. | Net cash provided by used in investing activities (5-year summary) |
| Investing cash flow | −¥701m | 2019-04-01 → 2020-03-31d | Cons. | Net cash provided by used in investing activities (5-year summary) |
| Investing cash flow | −¥109m | 2018-04-01 → 2019-03-31d | Cons. | Net cash provided by used in investing activities (5-year summary) |
| Financing cash flow | −¥1.3bn | 2022-04-01 → 2023-03-31 | Cons. | Net cash provided by used in financing activities |
| Financing cash flow | −¥1.4bn | 2021-04-01 → 2022-03-31 | Cons. | Net cash provided by used in financing activities |
| Financing cash flow | −¥813m | 2020-04-01 → 2021-03-31d | Cons. | Net cash provided by used in financing activities (5-year summary) |
| Financing cash flow | ¥50m | 2019-04-01 → 2020-03-31d | Cons. | Net cash provided by used in financing activities (5-year summary) |
| Financing cash flow | ¥2.2bn | 2018-04-01 → 2019-03-31d | Cons. | Net cash provided by used in financing activities (5-year summary) |
| EPS (basic) | ¥84.56 | 2022-04-01 → 2023-03-31 | Cons. | Basic earnings loss per share (5-year summary) |
| EPS (basic) | ¥78.97 | 2021-04-01 → 2022-03-31 | Cons. | Basic earnings loss per share (5-year summary) |
| EPS (basic) | ¥65.38 | 2020-04-01 → 2021-03-31d | Cons. | Basic earnings loss per share (5-year summary) |
| EPS (basic) | ¥62.17 | 2019-04-01 → 2020-03-31d | Cons. | Basic earnings loss per share (5-year summary) |
| EPS (basic) | ¥61.25 | 2018-04-01 → 2019-03-31d | Cons. | Basic earnings loss per share (5-year summary) |
| EPS (diluted) | ¥62.16 | 2019-04-01 → 2020-03-31d | Cons. | Diluted earnings per share (5-year summary) |
| EPS (diluted) | ¥61.19 | 2018-04-01 → 2019-03-31d | Cons. | Diluted earnings per share (5-year summary) |
| Net assets per share | ¥473.67 | at 2023-03-31 | Cons. | Net assets per share (5-year summary) |
| Net assets per share | ¥433.56 | at 2022-03-31 | Cons. | Net assets per share (5-year summary) |
| Net assets per share | ¥387.6 | at 2021-03-31d | Cons. | Net assets per share (5-year summary) |
| Net assets per share | ¥351.27 | at 2020-03-31d | Cons. | Net assets per share (5-year summary) |
| Net assets per share | ¥288.56 | at 2019-03-31d | Cons. | Net assets per share (5-year summary) |
| Equity ratio | 69.4% | at 2023-03-31 | Cons. | Equity to asset ratio (5-year summary) |
| Equity ratio | 73.0% | at 2022-03-31 | Cons. | Equity to asset ratio (5-year summary) |
| Equity ratio | 74.9% | at 2021-03-31d | Cons. | Equity to asset ratio (5-year summary) |
| Equity ratio | 75.8% | at 2020-03-31d | Cons. | Equity to asset ratio (5-year summary) |
| Equity ratio | 69.4% | at 2019-03-31d | Cons. | Equity to asset ratio (5-year summary) |
| ROE | 18.6% | 2022-04-01 → 2023-03-31 | Cons. | Rate of return on equity (5-year summary) |
| ROE | 19.2% | 2021-04-01 → 2022-03-31 | Cons. | Rate of return on equity (5-year summary) |
| ROE | 17.7% | 2020-04-01 → 2021-03-31d | Cons. | Rate of return on equity (5-year summary) |
| ROE | 19.5% | 2019-04-01 → 2020-03-31d | Cons. | Rate of return on equity (5-year summary) |
| ROE | 26.0% | 2018-04-01 → 2019-03-31d | Cons. | Rate of return on equity (5-year summary) |
| Employees | 1,606 | at 2023-03-31 | Cons. | Number of employees |
| Employees | 1,315 | at 2022-03-31 | Cons. | Number of employees |
| Employees | 1,316 | at 2021-03-31d | Cons. | Number of employees |
| Employees | 1,230 | at 2020-03-31d | Cons. | Number of employees |
| Employees | 1,142 | at 2019-03-31d | Cons. | Number of employees |
| Revenue | ¥18.4bn | 2022-04-01 → 2023-03-31 | Standalone | Net sales |
| Revenue | ¥16.9bn | 2021-04-01 → 2022-03-31 | Standalone | Net sales |
| Revenue | ¥14.9bn | 2020-04-01 → 2021-03-31d | Standalone | Net sales (5-year summary) |
| Revenue | ¥13.8bn | 2019-04-01 → 2020-03-31d | Standalone | Net sales (5-year summary) |
| Revenue | ¥11.8bn | 2018-04-01 → 2019-03-31d | Standalone | Net sales (5-year summary) |
| Operating income | ¥2.9bn | 2022-04-01 → 2023-03-31 | Standalone | Operating income |
| Operating income | ¥2.9bn | 2021-04-01 → 2022-03-31 | Standalone | Operating income |
| Ordinary income | ¥2.9bn | 2022-04-01 → 2023-03-31 | Standalone | Ordinary income |
| Ordinary income | ¥2.9bn | 2021-04-01 → 2022-03-31 | Standalone | Ordinary income |
| Ordinary income | ¥4.8bn | 2020-04-01 → 2021-03-31d | Standalone | Ordinary income loss (5-year summary) |
| Ordinary income | ¥1.9bn | 2019-04-01 → 2020-03-31d | Standalone | Ordinary income loss (5-year summary) |
| Ordinary income | ¥1.9bn | 2018-04-01 → 2019-03-31d | Standalone | Ordinary income loss (5-year summary) |
| Profit before tax | ¥2.7bn | 2022-04-01 → 2023-03-31 | Standalone | Income before income taxes |
| Profit before tax | ¥2.7bn | 2021-04-01 → 2022-03-31 | Standalone | Income before income taxes |
| Net income | ¥2.0bn | 2022-04-01 → 2023-03-31 | Standalone | Profit loss |
| Net income | ¥1.9bn | 2021-04-01 → 2022-03-31 | Standalone | Profit loss |
| Net income | ¥4.0bn | 2020-04-01 → 2021-03-31d | Standalone | Net income loss (5-year summary) |
| Net income | ¥1.3bn | 2019-04-01 → 2020-03-31d | Standalone | Net income loss (5-year summary) |
| Net income | ¥1.5bn | 2018-04-01 → 2019-03-31d | Standalone | Net income loss (5-year summary) |
| Total assets | ¥17.0bn | at 2023-03-31 | Standalone | Assets |
| Total assets | ¥16.3bn | at 2022-03-31 | Standalone | Assets |
| Total assets | ¥14.9bn | at 2021-03-31d | Standalone | Total assets (5-year summary) |
| Total assets | ¥11.3bn | at 2020-03-31d | Standalone | Total assets (5-year summary) |
| Total assets | ¥10.1bn | at 2019-03-31d | Standalone | Total assets (5-year summary) |
| Total liabilities | ¥4.1bn | at 2023-03-31 | Standalone | Liabilities |
| Total liabilities | ¥3.8bn | at 2022-03-31 | Standalone | Liabilities |
| Net assets / equity | ¥13.0bn | at 2023-03-31 | Standalone | Net assets |
| Net assets / equity | ¥12.4bn | at 2022-03-31 | Standalone | Net assets |
| Net assets / equity | ¥11.6bn | at 2021-03-31d | Standalone | Net assets |
| Net assets / equity | ¥8.6bn | at 2020-03-31d | Standalone | Net assets (5-year summary) |
| Net assets / equity | ¥7.0bn | at 2019-03-31d | Standalone | Net assets (5-year summary) |
| Cash and deposits | ¥5.3bn | at 2023-03-31 | Standalone | Cash and deposits |
| Cash and deposits | ¥8.2bn | at 2022-03-31 | Standalone | Cash and deposits |
| EPS (basic) | ¥61.53 | 2022-04-01 → 2023-03-31 | Standalone | Basic earnings loss per share (5-year summary) |
| EPS (basic) | ¥58.18 | 2021-04-01 → 2022-03-31 | Standalone | Basic earnings loss per share (5-year summary) |
| EPS (basic) | ¥125.43 | 2020-04-01 → 2021-03-31d | Standalone | Basic earnings loss per share (5-year summary) |
| EPS (basic) | ¥41.78 | 2019-04-01 → 2020-03-31d | Standalone | Basic earnings loss per share (5-year summary) |
| EPS (basic) | ¥49.51 | 2018-04-01 → 2019-03-31d | Standalone | Basic earnings loss per share (5-year summary) |
| EPS (diluted) | ¥41.77 | 2019-04-01 → 2020-03-31d | Standalone | Diluted earnings per share (5-year summary) |
| EPS (diluted) | ¥49.47 | 2018-04-01 → 2019-03-31d | Standalone | Diluted earnings per share (5-year summary) |
| Dividend per share | ¥44 | 2022-04-01 → 2023-03-31 | Standalone | Dividend paid per share (5-year summary) |
| Dividend per share | ¥37 | 2021-04-01 → 2022-03-31 | Standalone | Dividend paid per share (5-year summary) |
| Dividend per share | ¥31 | 2020-04-01 → 2021-03-31d | Standalone | Dividend paid per share (5-year summary) |
| Dividend per share | ¥43.5 | 2019-04-01 → 2020-03-31d | Standalone | Dividend paid per share (5-year summary) |
| Dividend per share | ¥48 | 2018-04-01 → 2019-03-31d | Standalone | Dividend paid per share (5-year summary) |
| Net assets per share | ¥407.54 | at 2023-03-31 | Standalone | Net assets per share (5-year summary) |
| Net assets per share | ¥390.35 | at 2022-03-31 | Standalone | Net assets per share (5-year summary) |
| Net assets per share | ¥365.18 | at 2021-03-31d | Standalone | Net assets per share (5-year summary) |
| Net assets per share | ¥268.82 | at 2020-03-31d | Standalone | Net assets per share (5-year summary) |
| Net assets per share | ¥225.4 | at 2019-03-31d | Standalone | Net assets per share (5-year summary) |
| Equity ratio | 76.2% | at 2023-03-31 | Standalone | Equity to asset ratio (5-year summary) |
| Equity ratio | 76.5% | at 2022-03-31 | Standalone | Equity to asset ratio (5-year summary) |
| Equity ratio | 78.3% | at 2021-03-31d | Standalone | Equity to asset ratio (5-year summary) |
| Equity ratio | 75.6% | at 2020-03-31d | Standalone | Equity to asset ratio (5-year summary) |
| Equity ratio | 69.7% | at 2019-03-31d | Standalone | Equity to asset ratio (5-year summary) |
| ROE | 15.4% | 2022-04-01 → 2023-03-31 | Standalone | Rate of return on equity (5-year summary) |
| ROE | 15.4% | 2021-04-01 → 2022-03-31 | Standalone | Rate of return on equity (5-year summary) |
| ROE | 39.6% | 2020-04-01 → 2021-03-31d | Standalone | Rate of return on equity (5-year summary) |
| ROE | 17.0% | 2019-04-01 → 2020-03-31d | Standalone | Rate of return on equity (5-year summary) |
| ROE | 28.4% | 2018-04-01 → 2019-03-31d | Standalone | Rate of return on equity (5-year summary) |
| Shares issued | 32,241,600 | at 2023-03-31 | Standalone | Total number of issued shares (5-year summary) |
| Shares issued | 32,241,600 | at 2022-03-31 | Standalone | Total number of issued shares (5-year summary) |
| Shares issued | 32,241,600 | at 2021-03-31d | Standalone | Total number of issued shares (5-year summary) |
| Shares issued | 32,241,600 | at 2020-03-31d | Standalone | Total number of issued shares (5-year summary) |
| Shares issued | 16,120,800 | at 2019-03-31d | Standalone | Total number of issued shares (5-year summary) |
| Employees | 883 | at 2023-03-31 | Standalone | Number of employees |
| Employees | 851 | at 2022-03-31 | Standalone | Number of employees |
| Employees | 832 | at 2021-03-31d | Standalone | Number of employees |
| Employees | 728 | at 2020-03-31d | Standalone | Number of employees |
| Employees | 681 | at 2019-03-31d | Standalone | Number of employees |
Periods use the dates stated in the filing. d = earlier-year period dated by calendar; v = that date confirmed by the company's own earlier filing.
Segments · 1
| Segment | Item | Period | Value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Solution Service Relatedreportable segment | employees | at 2023-03-31 | 1606 pure |
Segment names come from EDINET member IDs; not yet mapped to a common taxonomy.
All source rows · 1,281
| Item | Context | Value | Unit |
|---|---|---|---|
| Other cl | CurrentYearInstant_NonConsolidatedMember | 17000000 | JPY |
| Current liabilities | Prior1YearInstant_NonConsolidatedMember | 3496000000 | JPY |
| Current liabilities | CurrentYearInstant_NonConsolidatedMember | 3783000000 | JPY |
| Directors retirement benefits payable ncl | Prior1YearInstant_NonConsolidatedMember | 77000000 | JPY |
| Directors retirement benefits payable ncl | CurrentYearInstant_NonConsolidatedMember | － | JPY |
| Asset retirement obligations ncl | Prior1YearInstant_NonConsolidatedMember | 220000000 | JPY |
| Asset retirement obligations ncl | CurrentYearInstant_NonConsolidatedMember | 263000000 | JPY |
| Other ncl | Prior1YearInstant_NonConsolidatedMember | 30000000 | JPY |
| Other ncl | CurrentYearInstant_NonConsolidatedMember | 7000000 | JPY |
| Noncurrent liabilities | Prior1YearInstant_NonConsolidatedMember | 329000000 | JPY |
| Noncurrent liabilities | CurrentYearInstant_NonConsolidatedMember | 270000000 | JPY |
| Liabilities | Prior1YearInstant_NonConsolidatedMember | 3826000000 | JPY |
| Liabilities | CurrentYearInstant_NonConsolidatedMember | 4053000000 | JPY |
| Capital stock | Prior1YearInstant_NonConsolidatedMember | 1022000000 | JPY |
| Capital stock | CurrentYearInstant_NonConsolidatedMember | 1022000000 | JPY |
| Legal capital surplus | Prior1YearInstant_NonConsolidatedMember | 271000000 | JPY |
| Legal capital surplus | CurrentYearInstant_NonConsolidatedMember | 271000000 | JPY |
| Other capital surplus | Prior1YearInstant_NonConsolidatedMember | 3356000000 | JPY |
| Other capital surplus | CurrentYearInstant_NonConsolidatedMember | 3356000000 | JPY |
| Capital surplus | Prior1YearInstant_NonConsolidatedMember | 3627000000 | JPY |
| Capital surplus | CurrentYearInstant_NonConsolidatedMember | 3627000000 | JPY |
| Legal retained earnings | Prior1YearInstant_NonConsolidatedMember | 13000000 | JPY |
| Legal retained earnings | CurrentYearInstant_NonConsolidatedMember | 13000000 | JPY |
| General reserve | Prior1YearInstant_NonConsolidatedMember | 100000000 | JPY |
| General reserve | CurrentYearInstant_NonConsolidatedMember | 100000000 | JPY |
| Retained earnings brought forward | Prior1YearInstant_NonConsolidatedMember | 7775000000 | JPY |
| Retained earnings brought forward | CurrentYearInstant_NonConsolidatedMember | 8325000000 | JPY |
| Retained earnings | Prior1YearInstant_NonConsolidatedMember | 7888000000 | JPY |
| Retained earnings | CurrentYearInstant_NonConsolidatedMember | 8438000000 | JPY |
| Treasury stock | Prior1YearInstant_NonConsolidatedMember | -107000000 | JPY |
| Treasury stock | CurrentYearInstant_NonConsolidatedMember | -107000000 | JPY |
| Shareholders equity | Prior1YearInstant_NonConsolidatedMember | 12430000000 | JPY |
| Shareholders equity | CurrentYearInstant_NonConsolidatedMember | 12981000000 | JPY |
| Valuation difference on available for sale securities | Prior1YearInstant_NonConsolidatedMember | 12000000 | JPY |
| Valuation difference on available for sale securities | CurrentYearInstant_NonConsolidatedMember | 8000000 | JPY |
| Valuation and translation adjustments | Prior1YearInstant_NonConsolidatedMember | 12000000 | JPY |
| Valuation and translation adjustments | CurrentYearInstant_NonConsolidatedMember | 8000000 | JPY |
| Net assets | Prior1YearInstant_NonConsolidatedMember | 12443000000 | JPY |
| Net assets | CurrentYearInstant_NonConsolidatedMember | 12989000000 | JPY |
| Liabilities and net assets | Prior1YearInstant_NonConsolidatedMember | 16269000000 | JPY |
| Liabilities and net assets | CurrentYearInstant_NonConsolidatedMember | 17043000000 | JPY |
| Net sales | Prior1YearDuration_NonConsolidatedMember | 16904000000 | JPY |
| Net sales | CurrentYearDuration_NonConsolidatedMember | 18356000000 | JPY |
| Cost of sales | Prior1YearDuration_NonConsolidatedMember | 12754000000 | JPY |
| Cost of sales | CurrentYearDuration_NonConsolidatedMember | 14063000000 | JPY |
| Gross profit | Prior1YearDuration_NonConsolidatedMember | 4149000000 | JPY |
| Gross profit | CurrentYearDuration_NonConsolidatedMember | 4293000000 | JPY |
| Selling general and administrative expenses | Prior1YearDuration_NonConsolidatedMember | 1240000000 | JPY |
| Selling general and administrative expenses | CurrentYearDuration_NonConsolidatedMember | 1442000000 | JPY |
| Operating income | Prior1YearDuration_NonConsolidatedMember | 2908000000 | JPY |
Every row of the EDINET CSV. Item names are the XBRL element names; filed text is kept in its original Japanese. Filed text is available on Plus and Pro.
Data checks · 24 of 24 passed
| balance sheet identity | pass rounding |
| balance sheet identity | pass |
| balance sheet identity | pass |
| balance sheet identity | pass rounding |
| dei present | pass |
| period resolution | pass |
| statement vs summary · net assets | pass |
| statement vs summary · net assets | pass |
| statement vs summary · net assets | pass |
| statement vs summary · net assets | pass |
| statement vs summary · net assets | pass |
| statement vs summary · net assets | pass |
| statement vs summary · net income attributable to parent | pass |
| statement vs summary · net income attributable to parent | pass |
| statement vs summary · operating cash flow | pass |
| statement vs summary · operating cash flow | pass |
| statement vs summary · revenue | pass |
| statement vs summary · revenue | pass |
| statement vs summary · revenue | pass |
| statement vs summary · revenue | pass |
| statement vs summary · total assets | pass |
| statement vs summary · total assets | pass |
| statement vs summary · total assets | pass |
| statement vs summary · total assets | pass |