Annual report

Period2024-08-01 → 2025-07-31
Filed2025-10-27
StandardJapan GAAP
ConsolidatedYes
Data checks24 of 24 passed
Key figures · 147
MetricValuePeriodScopeSource row
Revenue¥14.3bn2024-08-01 → 2025-07-31Cons.Net sales
Revenue¥13.5bn2023-08-01 → 2024-07-31Cons.Net sales
Revenue¥13.4bn2022-08-01 → 2023-07-31vCons.Net sales (5-year summary)
Revenue¥10.0bn2021-08-01 → 2022-07-31vCons.Net sales (5-year summary)
Revenue¥8.0bn2020-08-01 → 2021-07-31dCons.Net sales (5-year summary)
Operating income¥639m2024-08-01 → 2025-07-31Cons.Operating income
Operating income¥648m2023-08-01 → 2024-07-31Cons.Operating income
Ordinary income¥622m2024-08-01 → 2025-07-31Cons.Ordinary income
Ordinary income¥647m2023-08-01 → 2024-07-31Cons.Ordinary income
Ordinary income¥1.1bn2022-08-01 → 2023-07-31vCons.Ordinary income loss (5-year summary)
Ordinary income¥1.2bn2021-08-01 → 2022-07-31vCons.Ordinary income loss (5-year summary)
Ordinary income−¥622m2020-08-01 → 2021-07-31dCons.Ordinary income loss (5-year summary)
Profit before tax¥616m2024-08-01 → 2025-07-31Cons.Income before income taxes
Profit before tax¥578m2023-08-01 → 2024-07-31Cons.Income before income taxes
Net income (owners)¥429m2024-08-01 → 2025-07-31Cons.Profit loss attributable to owners of parent
Net income (owners)¥538m2023-08-01 → 2024-07-31Cons.Profit loss attributable to owners of parent
Net income (owners)¥673m2022-08-01 → 2023-07-31vCons.Profit loss attributable to owners of parent (5-year summary)
Net income (owners)¥124m2021-08-01 → 2022-07-31vCons.Profit loss attributable to owners of parent (5-year summary)
Net income (owners)¥358m2020-08-01 → 2021-07-31dCons.Profit loss attributable to owners of parent (5-year summary)
Net income¥432m2024-08-01 → 2025-07-31Cons.Profit loss
Net income¥541m2023-08-01 → 2024-07-31Cons.Profit loss
Total assets¥13.5bnat 2025-07-31Cons.Assets
Total assets¥10.2bnat 2024-07-31Cons.Assets
Total assets¥8.8bnat 2023-07-31vCons.Total assets (5-year summary)
Total assets¥8.9bnat 2022-07-31vCons.Total assets (5-year summary)
Total assets¥8.4bnat 2021-07-31dCons.Total assets (5-year summary)
Total liabilities¥7.5bnat 2025-07-31Cons.Liabilities
Total liabilities¥6.7bnat 2024-07-31Cons.Liabilities
Net assets / equity¥6.1bnat 2025-07-31Cons.Net assets
Net assets / equity¥3.4bnat 2024-07-31Cons.Net assets
Net assets / equity¥3.0bnat 2023-07-31vCons.Net assets
Net assets / equity¥2.4bnat 2022-07-31vCons.Net assets (5-year summary)
Net assets / equity¥2.2bnat 2021-07-31dCons.Net assets (5-year summary)
Cash and deposits¥3.4bnat 2025-07-31Cons.Cash and deposits
Cash and deposits¥1.9bnat 2024-07-31Cons.Cash and deposits
Cash & equivalents¥3.4bnat 2025-07-31Cons.Cash and cash equivalents
Cash & equivalents¥1.8bnat 2024-07-31Cons.Cash and cash equivalents
Cash & equivalents¥1.5bnat 2023-07-31vCons.Cash and cash equivalents
Cash & equivalents¥2.7bnat 2022-07-31vCons.Cash and cash equivalents (5-year summary)
Cash & equivalents¥2.3bnat 2021-07-31dCons.Cash and cash equivalents (5-year summary)
Operating cash flow¥1.1bn2024-08-01 → 2025-07-31Cons.Net cash provided by used in operating activities
Operating cash flow¥425m2023-08-01 → 2024-07-31Cons.Net cash provided by used in operating activities
Operating cash flow¥549m2022-08-01 → 2023-07-31vCons.Net cash provided by used in operating activities (5-year summary)
Operating cash flow¥1.2bn2021-08-01 → 2022-07-31vCons.Net cash provided by used in operating activities (5-year summary)
Operating cash flow−¥101m2020-08-01 → 2021-07-31dCons.Net cash provided by used in operating activities (5-year summary)
Investing cash flow−¥1.8bn2024-08-01 → 2025-07-31Cons.Net cash provided by used in investment activities
Investing cash flow−¥784m2023-08-01 → 2024-07-31Cons.Net cash provided by used in investment activities
Investing cash flow−¥952m2022-08-01 → 2023-07-31vCons.Net cash provided by used in investing activities (5-year summary)
Investing cash flow−¥449m2021-08-01 → 2022-07-31vCons.Net cash provided by used in investing activities (5-year summary)
Investing cash flow¥1.8bn2020-08-01 → 2021-07-31dCons.Net cash provided by used in investing activities (5-year summary)
Financing cash flow¥2.2bn2024-08-01 → 2025-07-31Cons.Net cash provided by used in financing activities
Financing cash flow¥633m2023-08-01 → 2024-07-31Cons.Net cash provided by used in financing activities
Financing cash flow−¥743m2022-08-01 → 2023-07-31vCons.Net cash provided by used in financing activities (5-year summary)
Financing cash flow−¥380m2021-08-01 → 2022-07-31vCons.Net cash provided by used in financing activities (5-year summary)
Financing cash flow−¥1.2bn2020-08-01 → 2021-07-31dCons.Net cash provided by used in financing activities (5-year summary)
EPS (basic)¥41.442024-08-01 → 2025-07-31Cons.Basic earnings loss per share (5-year summary)
EPS (basic)¥60.772023-08-01 → 2024-07-31Cons.Basic earnings loss per share (5-year summary)
EPS (basic)¥76.042022-08-01 → 2023-07-31vCons.Basic earnings loss per share (5-year summary)
EPS (basic)¥14.392021-08-01 → 2022-07-31vCons.Basic earnings loss per share (5-year summary)
EPS (basic)¥41.732020-08-01 → 2021-07-31dCons.Basic earnings loss per share (5-year summary)
EPS (diluted)¥40.652020-08-01 → 2021-07-31dCons.Diluted earnings per share (5-year summary)
Net assets per share¥550.56at 2025-07-31Cons.Net assets per share (5-year summary)
Net assets per share¥372.99at 2024-07-31Cons.Net assets per share (5-year summary)
Net assets per share¥322.22at 2023-07-31vCons.Net assets per share (5-year summary)
Net assets per share¥253.68at 2022-07-31vCons.Net assets per share (5-year summary)
Net assets per share¥245.95at 2021-07-31dCons.Net assets per share (5-year summary)
Equity ratio43.9%at 2025-07-31Cons.Equity to asset ratio (5-year summary)
Equity ratio32.5%at 2024-07-31Cons.Equity to asset ratio (5-year summary)
Equity ratio32.3%at 2023-07-31vCons.Equity to asset ratio (5-year summary)
Equity ratio25.3%at 2022-07-31vCons.Equity to asset ratio (5-year summary)
Equity ratio25.1%at 2021-07-31dCons.Equity to asset ratio (5-year summary)
ROE9.3%2024-08-01 → 2025-07-31Cons.Rate of return on equity (5-year summary)
ROE17.5%2023-08-01 → 2024-07-31Cons.Rate of return on equity (5-year summary)
ROE26.4%2022-08-01 → 2023-07-31vCons.Rate of return on equity (5-year summary)
ROE5.7%2021-08-01 → 2022-07-31vCons.Rate of return on equity (5-year summary)
ROE18.0%2020-08-01 → 2021-07-31dCons.Rate of return on equity (5-year summary)
Employees695at 2025-07-31Cons.Number of employees
Employees653at 2024-07-31Cons.Number of employees
Employees600at 2023-07-31vCons.Number of employees
Employees569at 2022-07-31vCons.Number of employees
Employees562at 2021-07-31dCons.Number of employees
Revenue¥14.3bn2024-08-01 → 2025-07-31StandaloneNet sales
Revenue¥13.5bn2023-08-01 → 2024-07-31StandaloneNet sales
Revenue¥13.3bn2022-08-01 → 2023-07-31vStandaloneNet sales (5-year summary)
Revenue¥9.8bn2021-08-01 → 2022-07-31vStandaloneNet sales (5-year summary)
Revenue¥7.8bn2020-08-01 → 2021-07-31dStandaloneNet sales (5-year summary)
Operating income¥520m2024-08-01 → 2025-07-31StandaloneOperating income
Operating income¥534m2023-08-01 → 2024-07-31StandaloneOperating income
Ordinary income¥517m2024-08-01 → 2025-07-31StandaloneOrdinary income
Ordinary income¥548m2023-08-01 → 2024-07-31StandaloneOrdinary income
Ordinary income¥1.1bn2022-08-01 → 2023-07-31vStandaloneOrdinary income loss (5-year summary)
Ordinary income−¥213m2021-08-01 → 2022-07-31vStandaloneOrdinary income loss (5-year summary)
Ordinary income−¥769m2020-08-01 → 2021-07-31dStandaloneOrdinary income loss (5-year summary)
Profit before tax¥508m2024-08-01 → 2025-07-31StandaloneIncome before income taxes
Profit before tax¥600m2023-08-01 → 2024-07-31StandaloneIncome before income taxes
Net income¥366m2024-08-01 → 2025-07-31StandaloneProfit loss
Net income¥601m2023-08-01 → 2024-07-31StandaloneProfit loss
Net income¥729m2022-08-01 → 2023-07-31vStandaloneNet income loss (5-year summary)
Net income−¥846m2021-08-01 → 2022-07-31vStandaloneNet income loss (5-year summary)
Net income−¥47m2020-08-01 → 2021-07-31dStandaloneNet income loss (5-year summary)
Total assets¥12.8bnat 2025-07-31StandaloneAssets
Total assets¥9.3bnat 2024-07-31StandaloneAssets
Total assets¥7.9bnat 2023-07-31vStandaloneTotal assets (5-year summary)
Total assets¥7.3bnat 2022-07-31vStandaloneTotal assets (5-year summary)
Total assets¥7.7bnat 2021-07-31dStandaloneTotal assets (5-year summary)
Total liabilities¥7.8bnat 2025-07-31StandaloneLiabilities
Total liabilities¥6.9bnat 2024-07-31StandaloneLiabilities
Net assets / equity¥5.0bnat 2025-07-31StandaloneNet assets
Net assets / equity¥2.4bnat 2024-07-31StandaloneNet assets
Net assets / equity¥1.9bnat 2023-07-31vStandaloneNet assets
Net assets / equity¥1.2bnat 2022-07-31vStandaloneNet assets (5-year summary)
Net assets / equity¥2.1bnat 2021-07-31dStandaloneNet assets (5-year summary)
Cash and deposits¥2.5bnat 2025-07-31StandaloneCash and deposits
Cash and deposits¥997mat 2024-07-31StandaloneCash and deposits
EPS (basic)¥35.42024-08-01 → 2025-07-31StandaloneBasic earnings loss per share (5-year summary)
EPS (basic)¥67.842023-08-01 → 2024-07-31StandaloneBasic earnings loss per share (5-year summary)
EPS (basic)¥82.322022-08-01 → 2023-07-31vStandaloneBasic earnings loss per share (5-year summary)
EPS (basic)¥-98.382021-08-01 → 2022-07-31vStandaloneBasic earnings loss per share (5-year summary)
EPS (basic)¥-5.532020-08-01 → 2021-07-31dStandaloneBasic earnings loss per share (5-year summary)
Dividend per share¥7.52024-08-01 → 2025-07-31StandaloneDividend paid per share (5-year summary)
Dividend per share¥7.52023-08-01 → 2024-07-31StandaloneDividend paid per share (5-year summary)
Dividend per share¥102022-08-01 → 2023-07-31vStandaloneDividend paid per share (5-year summary)
Dividend per share¥7.52021-08-01 → 2022-07-31vStandaloneDividend paid per share (5-year summary)
Dividend per share¥7.52020-08-01 → 2021-07-31dStandaloneDividend paid per share (5-year summary)
Net assets per share¥460.93at 2025-07-31StandaloneNet assets per share (5-year summary)
Net assets per share¥270.79at 2024-07-31StandaloneNet assets per share (5-year summary)
Net assets per share¥212.95at 2023-07-31vStandaloneNet assets per share (5-year summary)
Net assets per share¥138.13at 2022-07-31vStandaloneNet assets per share (5-year summary)
Net assets per share¥239.7at 2021-07-31dStandaloneNet assets per share (5-year summary)
Equity ratio39.0%at 2025-07-31StandaloneEquity to asset ratio (5-year summary)
Equity ratio25.8%at 2024-07-31StandaloneEquity to asset ratio (5-year summary)
Equity ratio23.8%at 2023-07-31vStandaloneEquity to asset ratio (5-year summary)
Equity ratio16.7%at 2022-07-31vStandaloneEquity to asset ratio (5-year summary)
Equity ratio26.7%at 2021-07-31dStandaloneEquity to asset ratio (5-year summary)
ROE9.9%2024-08-01 → 2025-07-31StandaloneRate of return on equity (5-year summary)
ROE28.0%2023-08-01 → 2024-07-31StandaloneRate of return on equity (5-year summary)
ROE46.9%2022-08-01 → 2023-07-31vStandaloneRate of return on equity (5-year summary)
Shares issued10,962,380at 2025-07-31StandaloneTotal number of issued shares (5-year summary)
Shares issued9,023,880at 2024-07-31StandaloneTotal number of issued shares (5-year summary)
Shares issued9,023,880at 2023-07-31vStandaloneTotal number of issued shares (5-year summary)
Shares issued9,023,880at 2022-07-31vStandaloneTotal number of issued shares (5-year summary)
Shares issued8,720,680at 2021-07-31dStandaloneTotal number of issued shares (5-year summary)
Employees85at 2025-07-31StandaloneNumber of employees
Employees83at 2024-07-31StandaloneNumber of employees
Employees63at 2023-07-31vStandaloneNumber of employees
Employees54at 2022-07-31vStandaloneNumber of employees
Employees55at 2021-07-31dStandaloneNumber of employees

Periods use the dates stated in the filing. d = earlier-year period dated by calendar; v = that date confirmed by the company's own earlier filing.

Segments · 49
SegmentItemPeriodValue
Reconciling Itemsreconcilingrevenue2024-08-01 → 2025-07-31−¥309m
Reconciling Itemsreconcilingrevenue intersegment2024-08-01 → 2025-07-31−¥309m
Reconciling Itemsreconcilingsegment assetsat 2025-07-31¥23m
Estate Build Up Projectreportable segmentcapex2024-08-01 → 2025-07-31¥705m
Estate Build Up Projectreportable segmentdepreciation2024-08-01 → 2025-07-31¥149m
Estate Build Up Projectreportable segmentemployeesat 2025-07-3152 pure
Estate Build Up Projectreportable segmentrevenue2024-08-01 → 2025-07-31¥1.6bn
Estate Build Up Projectreportable segmentrevenue external2024-08-01 → 2025-07-31¥1.6bn
Estate Build Up Projectreportable segmentsegment assetsat 2025-07-31¥4.5bn
Estate Build Up Projectreportable segmentsegment profit2024-08-01 → 2025-07-31¥93m
Restaurant Projectreportable segmentcapex2024-08-01 → 2025-07-31¥809m
Restaurant Projectreportable segmentdepreciation2024-08-01 → 2025-07-31¥411m
Restaurant Projectreportable segmentemployeesat 2025-07-31643 pure
Restaurant Projectreportable segmentrevenue2024-08-01 → 2025-07-31¥13.0bn
Restaurant Projectreportable segmentrevenue external2024-08-01 → 2025-07-31¥12.7bn
Restaurant Projectreportable segmentrevenue intersegment2024-08-01 → 2025-07-31¥309m
Restaurant Projectreportable segmentsegment assetsat 2025-07-31¥9.0bn
Restaurant Projectreportable segmentsegment profit2024-08-01 → 2025-07-31¥546m
—segment totalcapex2024-08-01 → 2025-07-31¥1.5bn
—segment totaldepreciation2024-08-01 → 2025-07-31¥561m
—segment totalrevenue2024-08-01 → 2025-07-31¥14.6bn
—segment totalrevenue external2024-08-01 → 2025-07-31¥14.3bn
—segment totalrevenue intersegment2024-08-01 → 2025-07-31¥309m
—segment totalsegment assetsat 2025-07-31¥13.5bn
—segment totalsegment profit2024-08-01 → 2025-07-31¥639m
Reconciling Itemsreconcilingrevenue2023-08-01 → 2024-07-31−¥264m
Reconciling Itemsreconcilingrevenue intersegment2023-08-01 → 2024-07-31−¥264m
Reconciling Itemsreconcilingsegment assetsat 2024-07-31¥19m
Estate Build Up Projectreportable segmentcapex2023-08-01 → 2024-07-31¥1.3bn
Estate Build Up Projectreportable segmentdepreciation2023-08-01 → 2024-07-31¥97m
Estate Build Up Projectreportable segmentrevenue2023-08-01 → 2024-07-31¥1.6bn
Estate Build Up Projectreportable segmentrevenue external2023-08-01 → 2024-07-31¥1.6bn
Estate Build Up Projectreportable segmentsegment assetsat 2024-07-31¥2.9bn
Estate Build Up Projectreportable segmentsegment profit2023-08-01 → 2024-07-31¥212m
Restaurant Projectreportable segmentcapex2023-08-01 → 2024-07-31¥1.1bn
Restaurant Projectreportable segmentdepreciation2023-08-01 → 2024-07-31¥340m
Restaurant Projectreportable segmentrevenue2023-08-01 → 2024-07-31¥12.1bn
Restaurant Projectreportable segmentrevenue external2023-08-01 → 2024-07-31¥11.8bn
Restaurant Projectreportable segmentrevenue intersegment2023-08-01 → 2024-07-31¥264m
Restaurant Projectreportable segmentsegment assetsat 2024-07-31¥7.3bn
Restaurant Projectreportable segmentsegment profit2023-08-01 → 2024-07-31¥436m
—segment totalcapex2023-08-01 → 2024-07-31¥2.3bn
—segment totaldepreciation2023-08-01 → 2024-07-31¥437m
—segment totalrevenue2023-08-01 → 2024-07-31¥13.7bn
—segment totalrevenue external2023-08-01 → 2024-07-31¥13.5bn
—segment totalrevenue intersegment2023-08-01 → 2024-07-31¥264m
—segment totalsegment assetsat 2024-07-31¥10.2bn
—segment totalsegment profit2023-08-01 → 2024-07-31¥648m
Restaurant Projectreportable segmentemployeesat 2025-07-3185 pure

Segment names come from EDINET member IDs; not yet mapped to a common taxonomy.

All source rows · 1,479
ItemContextValueUnit
Independent auditors report consolidated (text)FilingDateInstantText · Plus
Audit firm1 consolidatedFilingDateInstant
Original text (Japanese)かがやき監査法人
Cpa1 audit firm1 consolidatedFilingDateInstant
Original text (Japanese)上田 勝久
Cpa2 audit firm1 consolidatedFilingDateInstant
Original text (Japanese)森本 琢磨
Key audit matters consolidated (text)FilingDateInstantText · Plus
Overview kam consolidated (text)FilingDateInstantText · Plus
Short description kam consolidatedFilingDateInstant_Row1Member
Original text (Japanese)土地又は建物を有する店舗に係る固定資産の減損損失の認識の判定
Description including reason kam consolidated (text)FilingDateInstant_Row1MemberText · Plus
Reference kam consolidatedFilingDateInstant_Row1Member
Original text (Japanese)注記事項(重要な会計上の見積り)
Auditors response kam consolidated (text)FilingDateInstant_Row1MemberText · Plus
Other information consolidated (text)FilingDateInstantText · Plus
Fee related information consolidated (text)FilingDateInstantText · Plus
Independent auditors report non consolidated (text)FilingDateInstantText · Plus
Audit firm1 non consolidatedFilingDateInstant
Original text (Japanese)かがやき監査法人
Cpa1 audit firm1 non consolidatedFilingDateInstant
Original text (Japanese)上田 勝久
Cpa2 audit firm1 non consolidatedFilingDateInstant
Original text (Japanese)森本 琢磨
Key audit matters non consolidated (text)FilingDateInstantText · Plus
Overview kam non consolidated (text)FilingDateInstantText · Plus
Short description kam non consolidatedFilingDateInstant_Row1Member
Original text (Japanese)土地又は建物を有する店舗に係る固定資産の減損損失の認識の判定
Description including reason kam non consolidated (text)FilingDateInstant_Row1MemberText · Plus
Reference kam non consolidatedFilingDateInstant_Row1Member
Original text (Japanese)注記事項(重要な会計上の見積り)
Auditors response kam non consolidated (text)FilingDateInstant_Row1MemberText · Plus
Other information non consolidated (text)FilingDateInstantText · Plus
Fee related information non consolidated (text)FilingDateInstantText · Plus
Number of submissionFilingDateInstant1
Net sales (5-year summary)Prior4YearDuration8046014000JPY
Net sales (5-year summary)Prior3YearDuration9969720000JPY
Net sales (5-year summary)Prior2YearDuration13363196000JPY
Net sales (5-year summary)Prior1YearDuration13452987000JPY
Net sales (5-year summary)CurrentYearDuration14336766000JPY
Ordinary income loss (5-year summary)Prior4YearDuration-622138000JPY
Ordinary income loss (5-year summary)Prior3YearDuration1185333000JPY
Ordinary income loss (5-year summary)Prior2YearDuration1098652000JPY
Ordinary income loss (5-year summary)Prior1YearDuration646965000JPY
Ordinary income loss (5-year summary)CurrentYearDuration621890000JPY
Profit loss attributable to owners of parent (5-year summary)Prior4YearDuration357908000JPY
Profit loss attributable to owners of parent (5-year summary)Prior3YearDuration123784000JPY
Profit loss attributable to owners of parent (5-year summary)Prior2YearDuration673459000JPY
Profit loss attributable to owners of parent (5-year summary)Prior1YearDuration538220000JPY
Profit loss attributable to owners of parent (5-year summary)CurrentYearDuration428817000JPY
Comprehensive income (5-year summary)Prior4YearDuration359262000JPY
Comprehensive income (5-year summary)Prior3YearDuration125952000JPY
Comprehensive income (5-year summary)Prior2YearDuration675652000JPY
Comprehensive income (5-year summary)Prior1YearDuration540521000JPY
Comprehensive income (5-year summary)CurrentYearDuration431607000JPY
Net assets (5-year summary)Prior4YearInstant2222518000JPY
Net assets (5-year summary)Prior3YearInstant2367582000JPY
Net assets (5-year summary)Prior2YearInstant2976811000JPY
Net assets (5-year summary)Prior1YearInstant3428767000JPY
Net assets (5-year summary)CurrentYearInstant6071475000JPY

Every row of the EDINET CSV. Item names are the XBRL element names; filed text is kept in its original Japanese. Filed text is available on Plus and Pro.

Data checks · 24 of 24 passed
balance sheet identityconsolidated 2024-07-31pass
balance sheet identityconsolidated 2025-07-31pass
balance sheet identitynon_consolidated 2024-07-31pass
balance sheet identitynon_consolidated 2025-07-31pass rounding
dei present pass
period resolution pass
statement vs summary · net assetsconsolidated 2023-07-31pass
statement vs summary · net assetsconsolidated 2024-07-31pass
statement vs summary · net assetsconsolidated 2025-07-31pass
statement vs summary · net assetsnon_consolidated 2023-07-31pass
statement vs summary · net assetsnon_consolidated 2024-07-31pass
statement vs summary · net assetsnon_consolidated 2025-07-31pass
statement vs summary · net income attributable to parentconsolidated 2023-08-01/2024-07-31pass
statement vs summary · net income attributable to parentconsolidated 2024-08-01/2025-07-31pass
statement vs summary · operating cash flowconsolidated 2023-08-01/2024-07-31pass
statement vs summary · operating cash flowconsolidated 2024-08-01/2025-07-31pass
statement vs summary · revenueconsolidated 2023-08-01/2024-07-31pass
statement vs summary · revenueconsolidated 2024-08-01/2025-07-31pass
statement vs summary · revenuenon_consolidated 2023-08-01/2024-07-31pass
statement vs summary · revenuenon_consolidated 2024-08-01/2025-07-31pass
statement vs summary · total assetsconsolidated 2024-07-31pass
statement vs summary · total assetsconsolidated 2025-07-31pass
statement vs summary · total assetsnon_consolidated 2024-07-31pass
statement vs summary · total assetsnon_consolidated 2025-07-31pass