Annual report

Period2024-01-01 → 2024-12-31
Filed2025-03-26
StandardJapan GAAP
ConsolidatedYes
Data checks24 of 24 passed
Key figures · 151
MetricValuePeriodScopeSource row
Revenue¥57.0bn2024-01-01 → 2024-12-31Cons.Net sales
Revenue¥52.9bn2023-01-01 → 2023-12-31Cons.Net sales
Revenue¥46.1bn2022-01-01 → 2022-12-31dCons.Net sales (5-year summary)
Revenue¥39.6bn2021-01-01 → 2021-12-31dCons.Net sales (5-year summary)
Revenue¥33.7bn2020-01-01 → 2020-12-31dCons.Net sales (5-year summary)
Operating income−¥824m2024-01-01 → 2024-12-31Cons.Operating income
Operating income¥380m2023-01-01 → 2023-12-31Cons.Operating income
Ordinary income−¥862m2024-01-01 → 2024-12-31Cons.Ordinary income
Ordinary income¥353m2023-01-01 → 2023-12-31Cons.Ordinary income
Ordinary income−¥175m2022-01-01 → 2022-12-31dCons.Ordinary income loss (5-year summary)
Ordinary income¥1.7bn2021-01-01 → 2021-12-31dCons.Ordinary income loss (5-year summary)
Ordinary income¥908m2020-01-01 → 2020-12-31dCons.Ordinary income loss (5-year summary)
Profit before tax−¥1.0bn2024-01-01 → 2024-12-31Cons.Income before income taxes
Profit before tax¥427m2023-01-01 → 2023-12-31Cons.Income before income taxes
Net income (owners)−¥1.7bn2024-01-01 → 2024-12-31Cons.Profit loss attributable to owners of parent
Net income (owners)¥159m2023-01-01 → 2023-12-31Cons.Profit loss attributable to owners of parent
Net income (owners)¥339m2022-01-01 → 2022-12-31dCons.Profit loss attributable to owners of parent (5-year summary)
Net income (owners)¥1.0bn2021-01-01 → 2021-12-31dCons.Profit loss attributable to owners of parent (5-year summary)
Net income (owners)¥261m2020-01-01 → 2020-12-31dCons.Profit loss attributable to owners of parent (5-year summary)
Net income−¥1.7bn2024-01-01 → 2024-12-31Cons.Profit loss
Net income¥159m2023-01-01 → 2023-12-31Cons.Profit loss
Total assets¥47.2bnat 2024-12-31Cons.Assets
Total assets¥46.7bnat 2023-12-31Cons.Assets
Total assets¥43.5bnat 2022-12-31dCons.Total assets (5-year summary)
Total assets¥21.9bnat 2021-12-31dCons.Total assets (5-year summary)
Total assets¥18.0bnat 2020-12-31dCons.Total assets (5-year summary)
Total liabilities¥47.2bnat 2024-12-31Cons.Liabilities
Total liabilities¥45.0bnat 2023-12-31Cons.Liabilities
Net assets / equity−¥3mat 2024-12-31Cons.Net assets
Net assets / equity¥1.7bnat 2023-12-31Cons.Net assets
Net assets / equity¥1.6bnat 2022-12-31dCons.Net assets
Net assets / equity¥7.4bnat 2021-12-31dCons.Net assets (5-year summary)
Net assets / equity¥6.4bnat 2020-12-31dCons.Net assets (5-year summary)
Cash and deposits¥2.2bnat 2024-12-31Cons.Cash and deposits
Cash and deposits¥2.8bnat 2023-12-31Cons.Cash and deposits
Cash & equivalents¥2.2bnat 2024-12-31Cons.Cash and cash equivalents
Cash & equivalents¥2.8bnat 2023-12-31Cons.Cash and cash equivalents
Cash & equivalents¥2.4bnat 2022-12-31dCons.Cash and cash equivalents
Cash & equivalents¥2.9bnat 2021-12-31dCons.Cash and cash equivalents (5-year summary)
Cash & equivalents¥2.9bnat 2020-12-31dCons.Cash and cash equivalents (5-year summary)
Operating cash flow¥2.0bn2024-01-01 → 2024-12-31Cons.Net cash provided by used in operating activities
Operating cash flow¥4.6bn2023-01-01 → 2023-12-31Cons.Net cash provided by used in operating activities
Operating cash flow¥1.4bn2022-01-01 → 2022-12-31dCons.Net cash provided by used in operating activities (5-year summary)
Operating cash flow¥3.9bn2021-01-01 → 2021-12-31dCons.Net cash provided by used in operating activities (5-year summary)
Operating cash flow¥4.9bn2020-01-01 → 2020-12-31dCons.Net cash provided by used in operating activities (5-year summary)
Investing cash flow−¥3.1bn2024-01-01 → 2024-12-31Cons.Net cash provided by used in investment activities
Investing cash flow−¥3.5bn2023-01-01 → 2023-12-31Cons.Net cash provided by used in investment activities
Investing cash flow−¥12.8bn2022-01-01 → 2022-12-31dCons.Net cash provided by used in investing activities (5-year summary)
Investing cash flow−¥3.6bn2021-01-01 → 2021-12-31dCons.Net cash provided by used in investing activities (5-year summary)
Investing cash flow−¥1.3bn2020-01-01 → 2020-12-31dCons.Net cash provided by used in investing activities (5-year summary)
Financing cash flow¥503m2024-01-01 → 2024-12-31Cons.Net cash provided by used in financing activities
Financing cash flow−¥693m2023-01-01 → 2023-12-31Cons.Net cash provided by used in financing activities
Financing cash flow¥11.9bn2022-01-01 → 2022-12-31dCons.Net cash provided by used in financing activities (5-year summary)
Financing cash flow−¥373m2021-01-01 → 2021-12-31dCons.Net cash provided by used in financing activities (5-year summary)
Financing cash flow−¥2.7bn2020-01-01 → 2020-12-31dCons.Net cash provided by used in financing activities (5-year summary)
EPS (basic)¥-117.862024-01-01 → 2024-12-31Cons.Basic earnings loss per share (5-year summary)
EPS (basic)¥-12.982023-01-01 → 2023-12-31Cons.Basic earnings loss per share (5-year summary)
EPS (basic)¥16.442022-01-01 → 2022-12-31dCons.Basic earnings loss per share (5-year summary)
EPS (basic)¥56.682021-01-01 → 2021-12-31dCons.Basic earnings loss per share (5-year summary)
EPS (basic)¥14.312020-01-01 → 2020-12-31dCons.Basic earnings loss per share (5-year summary)
EPS (diluted)¥16.432022-01-01 → 2022-12-31dCons.Diluted earnings per share (5-year summary)
Net assets per share¥-378.75at 2024-12-31Cons.Net assets per share (5-year summary)
Net assets per share¥-258.42at 2023-12-31Cons.Net assets per share (5-year summary)
Net assets per share¥-245.32at 2022-12-31dCons.Net assets per share (5-year summary)
Net assets per share¥405.17at 2021-12-31dCons.Net assets per share (5-year summary)
Net assets per share¥347.85at 2020-12-31dCons.Net assets per share (5-year summary)
Equity ratio0.0%at 2024-12-31Cons.Equity to asset ratio (5-year summary)
Equity ratio3.7%at 2023-12-31Cons.Equity to asset ratio (5-year summary)
Equity ratio3.6%at 2022-12-31dCons.Equity to asset ratio (5-year summary)
Equity ratio33.9%at 2021-12-31dCons.Equity to asset ratio (5-year summary)
Equity ratio35.3%at 2020-12-31dCons.Equity to asset ratio (5-year summary)
ROE-197.9%2024-01-01 → 2024-12-31Cons.Rate of return on equity (5-year summary)
ROE9.6%2023-01-01 → 2023-12-31Cons.Rate of return on equity (5-year summary)
ROE7.6%2022-01-01 → 2022-12-31dCons.Rate of return on equity (5-year summary)
ROE15.1%2021-01-01 → 2021-12-31dCons.Rate of return on equity (5-year summary)
ROE4.1%2020-01-01 → 2020-12-31dCons.Rate of return on equity (5-year summary)
Employees1,358at 2024-12-31Cons.Number of employees
Employees1,461at 2023-12-31Cons.Number of employees
Employees1,260at 2022-12-31dCons.Number of employees
Employees1,123at 2021-12-31dCons.Number of employees
Employees928at 2020-12-31dCons.Number of employees
Revenue¥29.1bn2024-01-01 → 2024-12-31StandaloneNet sales
Revenue¥28.5bn2023-01-01 → 2023-12-31StandaloneNet sales
Revenue¥26.6bn2022-01-01 → 2022-12-31dStandaloneNet sales (5-year summary)
Revenue¥26.9bn2021-01-01 → 2021-12-31dStandaloneNet sales (5-year summary)
Revenue¥25.9bn2020-01-01 → 2020-12-31dStandaloneNet sales (5-year summary)
Operating income¥1.5bn2024-01-01 → 2024-12-31StandaloneOperating income
Operating income¥1.7bn2023-01-01 → 2023-12-31StandaloneOperating income
Ordinary income¥2.1bn2024-01-01 → 2024-12-31StandaloneOrdinary income
Ordinary income¥2.0bn2023-01-01 → 2023-12-31StandaloneOrdinary income
Ordinary income¥558m2022-01-01 → 2022-12-31dStandaloneOrdinary income loss (5-year summary)
Ordinary income¥1.8bn2021-01-01 → 2021-12-31dStandaloneOrdinary income loss (5-year summary)
Ordinary income¥1.8bn2020-01-01 → 2020-12-31dStandaloneOrdinary income loss (5-year summary)
Profit before tax¥2.2bn2024-01-01 → 2024-12-31StandaloneIncome before income taxes
Profit before tax¥2.1bn2023-01-01 → 2023-12-31StandaloneIncome before income taxes
Net income¥1.6bn2024-01-01 → 2024-12-31StandaloneProfit loss
Net income¥1.8bn2023-01-01 → 2023-12-31StandaloneProfit loss
Net income¥281m2022-01-01 → 2022-12-31dStandaloneNet income loss (5-year summary)
Net income¥1.2bn2021-01-01 → 2021-12-31dStandaloneNet income loss (5-year summary)
Net income¥1.1bn2020-01-01 → 2020-12-31dStandaloneNet income loss (5-year summary)
Total assets¥41.4bnat 2024-12-31StandaloneAssets
Total assets¥38.7bnat 2023-12-31StandaloneAssets
Total assets¥37.0bnat 2022-12-31dStandaloneTotal assets (5-year summary)
Total assets¥14.0bnat 2021-12-31dStandaloneTotal assets (5-year summary)
Total assets¥13.7bnat 2020-12-31dStandaloneTotal assets (5-year summary)
Total liabilities¥23.4bnat 2024-12-31StandaloneLiabilities
Total liabilities¥22.2bnat 2023-12-31StandaloneLiabilities
Net assets / equity¥18.0bnat 2024-12-31StandaloneNet assets
Net assets / equity¥16.5bnat 2023-12-31StandaloneNet assets
Net assets / equity¥14.9bnat 2022-12-31dStandaloneNet assets
Net assets / equity¥8.8bnat 2021-12-31dStandaloneNet assets (5-year summary)
Net assets / equity¥7.8bnat 2020-12-31dStandaloneNet assets (5-year summary)
Cash and deposits¥1.4bnat 2024-12-31StandaloneCash and deposits
Cash and deposits¥1.6bnat 2023-12-31StandaloneCash and deposits
EPS (basic)¥60.992024-01-01 → 2024-12-31StandaloneBasic earnings loss per share (5-year summary)
EPS (basic)¥75.32023-01-01 → 2023-12-31StandaloneBasic earnings loss per share (5-year summary)
EPS (basic)¥13.252022-01-01 → 2022-12-31dStandaloneBasic earnings loss per share (5-year summary)
EPS (basic)¥64.622021-01-01 → 2021-12-31dStandaloneBasic earnings loss per share (5-year summary)
EPS (basic)¥61.972020-01-01 → 2020-12-31dStandaloneBasic earnings loss per share (5-year summary)
EPS (diluted)¥60.972024-01-01 → 2024-12-31StandaloneDiluted earnings per share (5-year summary)
EPS (diluted)¥75.32023-01-01 → 2023-12-31StandaloneDiluted earnings per share (5-year summary)
EPS (diluted)¥13.242022-01-01 → 2022-12-31dStandaloneDiluted earnings per share (5-year summary)
Dividend per share¥42023-01-01 → 2023-12-31StandaloneDividend paid per share (5-year summary)
Dividend per share¥9.52022-01-01 → 2022-12-31dStandaloneDividend paid per share (5-year summary)
Dividend per share¥9.52021-01-01 → 2021-12-31dStandaloneDividend paid per share (5-year summary)
Dividend per share¥5.52020-01-01 → 2020-12-31dStandaloneDividend paid per share (5-year summary)
Net assets per share¥611.38at 2024-12-31StandaloneNet assets per share (5-year summary)
Net assets per share¥550.32at 2023-12-31StandaloneNet assets per share (5-year summary)
Net assets per share¥484.56at 2022-12-31dStandaloneNet assets per share (5-year summary)
Net assets per share¥483.45at 2021-12-31dStandaloneNet assets per share (5-year summary)
Net assets per share¥428.33at 2020-12-31dStandaloneNet assets per share (5-year summary)
Equity ratio43.5%at 2024-12-31StandaloneEquity to asset ratio (5-year summary)
Equity ratio42.5%at 2023-12-31StandaloneEquity to asset ratio (5-year summary)
Equity ratio40.2%at 2022-12-31dStandaloneEquity to asset ratio (5-year summary)
Equity ratio63.1%at 2021-12-31dStandaloneEquity to asset ratio (5-year summary)
Equity ratio57.2%at 2020-12-31dStandaloneEquity to asset ratio (5-year summary)
ROE9.0%2024-01-01 → 2024-12-31StandaloneRate of return on equity (5-year summary)
ROE11.3%2023-01-01 → 2023-12-31StandaloneRate of return on equity (5-year summary)
ROE2.4%2022-01-01 → 2022-12-31dStandaloneRate of return on equity (5-year summary)
ROE14.2%2021-01-01 → 2021-12-31dStandaloneRate of return on equity (5-year summary)
ROE15.5%2020-01-01 → 2020-12-31dStandaloneRate of return on equity (5-year summary)
Shares issued18,274,000at 2024-12-31StandaloneTotal number of issued shares (5-year summary)
Shares issued18,274,000at 2023-12-31StandaloneTotal number of issued shares (5-year summary)
Shares issued18,274,000at 2022-12-31dStandaloneTotal number of issued shares (5-year summary)
Shares issued18,274,000at 2021-12-31dStandaloneTotal number of issued shares (5-year summary)
Shares issued18,274,000at 2020-12-31dStandaloneTotal number of issued shares (5-year summary)
Employees487at 2024-12-31StandaloneNumber of employees
Employees487at 2023-12-31StandaloneNumber of employees
Employees404at 2022-12-31dStandaloneNumber of employees
Employees378at 2021-12-31dStandaloneNumber of employees
Employees382at 2020-12-31dStandaloneNumber of employees

Periods use the dates stated in the filing. d = earlier-year period dated by calendar; v = that date confirmed by the company's own earlier filing.

Segments · 50
SegmentItemPeriodValue
Reconciling Itemsreconcilingrevenue2024-01-01 → 2024-12-31−¥271m
Reconciling Itemsreconcilingrevenue intersegment2024-01-01 → 2024-12-31−¥271m
Domesticreportable segmentcapex2024-01-01 → 2024-12-31¥808m
Domesticreportable segmentdepreciation2024-01-01 → 2024-12-31¥711m
Domesticreportable segmentemployeesat 2024-12-31484 pure
Domesticreportable segmentrevenue2024-01-01 → 2024-12-31¥29.1bn
Domesticreportable segmentrevenue external2024-01-01 → 2024-12-31¥29.1bn
Domesticreportable segmentrevenue intersegment2024-01-01 → 2024-12-31−¥6m
Domesticreportable segmentsegment assetsat 2024-12-31¥13.2bn
Domesticreportable segmentsegment profit2024-01-01 → 2024-12-31¥1.7bn
Overseasreportable segmentcapex2024-01-01 → 2024-12-31¥2.2bn
Overseasreportable segmentdepreciation2024-01-01 → 2024-12-31¥2.8bn
Overseasreportable segmentemployeesat 2024-12-31874 pure
Overseasreportable segmentrevenue2024-01-01 → 2024-12-31¥28.2bn
Overseasreportable segmentrevenue external2024-01-01 → 2024-12-31¥27.9bn
Overseasreportable segmentrevenue intersegment2024-01-01 → 2024-12-31¥277m
Overseasreportable segmentsegment assetsat 2024-12-31¥34.0bn
Overseasreportable segmentsegment profit2024-01-01 → 2024-12-31−¥2.5bn
—segment totalcapex2024-01-01 → 2024-12-31¥3.0bn
—segment totaldepreciation2024-01-01 → 2024-12-31¥3.5bn
—segment totalrevenue2024-01-01 → 2024-12-31¥57.3bn
—segment totalrevenue external2024-01-01 → 2024-12-31¥57.0bn
—segment totalrevenue intersegment2024-01-01 → 2024-12-31¥271m
—segment totalsegment assetsat 2024-12-31¥47.2bn
—segment totalsegment profit2024-01-01 → 2024-12-31−¥824m
Reconciling Itemsreconcilingrevenue2023-01-01 → 2023-12-31−¥164m
Reconciling Itemsreconcilingrevenue intersegment2023-01-01 → 2023-12-31−¥164m
Domesticreportable segmentcapex2023-01-01 → 2023-12-31¥986m
Domesticreportable segmentdepreciation2023-01-01 → 2023-12-31¥648m
Domesticreportable segmentrevenue2023-01-01 → 2023-12-31¥28.5bn
Domesticreportable segmentrevenue external2023-01-01 → 2023-12-31¥28.5bn
Domesticreportable segmentrevenue intersegment2023-01-01 → 2023-12-31¥36m
Domesticreportable segmentsegment assetsat 2023-12-31¥13.1bn
Domesticreportable segmentsegment profit2023-01-01 → 2023-12-31¥1.8bn
Overseasreportable segmentcapex2023-01-01 → 2023-12-31¥2.2bn
Overseasreportable segmentdepreciation2023-01-01 → 2023-12-31¥2.3bn
Overseasreportable segmentrevenue2023-01-01 → 2023-12-31¥24.6bn
Overseasreportable segmentrevenue external2023-01-01 → 2023-12-31¥24.4bn
Overseasreportable segmentrevenue intersegment2023-01-01 → 2023-12-31¥128m
Overseasreportable segmentsegment assetsat 2023-12-31¥33.6bn
Overseasreportable segmentsegment profit2023-01-01 → 2023-12-31−¥1.4bn
—segment totalcapex2023-01-01 → 2023-12-31¥3.1bn
—segment totaldepreciation2023-01-01 → 2023-12-31¥2.9bn
—segment totalrevenue2023-01-01 → 2023-12-31¥53.1bn
—segment totalrevenue external2023-01-01 → 2023-12-31¥52.9bn
—segment totalrevenue intersegment2023-01-01 → 2023-12-31¥164m
—segment totalsegment assetsat 2023-12-31¥46.7bn
—segment totalsegment profit2023-01-01 → 2023-12-31¥380m
Domesticreportable segmentemployeesat 2024-12-31484 pure
Overseasreportable segmentemployeesat 2024-12-313 pure

Segment names come from EDINET member IDs; not yet mapped to a common taxonomy.

All source rows · 1,464
ItemContextValueUnit
Collection of loans receivable inv cfCurrentYearDuration144000JPY
Collection of lease deposits inv cfPrior1YearDuration114000JPY
Collection of lease deposits inv cfCurrentYearDuration13300000JPY
Payments for lease deposits inv cfPrior1YearDuration-5857000JPY
Payments for lease deposits inv cfCurrentYearDuration-4320000JPY
Other net inv cfPrior1YearDuration33284000JPY
Other net inv cfCurrentYearDuration36284000JPY
Net cash provided by used in investment activitiesPrior1YearDuration-3542652000JPY
Net cash provided by used in investment activitiesCurrentYearDuration-3071428000JPY
Net increase decrease in short term loans payable fin cfPrior1YearDuration1016353000JPY
Net increase decrease in short term loans payable fin cfCurrentYearDuration2100445000JPY
Repayment of long term loans payable fin cfPrior1YearDuration-1533599000JPY
Repayment of long term loans payable fin cfCurrentYearDuration-1527991000JPY
Repayments of finance lease obligations fin cfPrior1YearDuration-584000JPY
Repayments of finance lease obligations fin cfCurrentYearDuration-JPY
Payments for financing expenses fin cfPrior1YearDuration-2000000JPY
Payments for financing expenses fin cfCurrentYearDuration-69600000JPY
Cash dividends paid fin cfPrior1YearDuration-173061000JPY
Cash dividends paid fin cfCurrentYearDuration-178000JPY
Net cash provided by used in financing activitiesPrior1YearDuration-692890000JPY
Net cash provided by used in financing activitiesCurrentYearDuration502675000JPY
Effect of exchange rate change on cash and cash equivalentsPrior1YearDuration43309000JPY
Effect of exchange rate change on cash and cash equivalentsCurrentYearDuration1847000JPY
Net increase decrease in cash and cash equivalentsPrior1YearDuration372447000JPY
Net increase decrease in cash and cash equivalentsCurrentYearDuration-610804000JPY
Cash and cash equivalentsPrior2YearInstant2421492000JPY
Cash and cash equivalentsPrior1YearInstant2793940000JPY
Cash and cash equivalentsPrior1YearInstant2793940000JPY
Cash and cash equivalentsCurrentYearInstant2183135000JPY
Number of consolidated subsidiariesCurrentYearInstant14
Employees salaries sgaPrior1YearDuration4575417000JPY
Employees salaries sgaCurrentYearDuration5083061000JPY
Provision for directors retirement benefits sgaPrior1YearDuration12000000JPY
Provision for directors retirement benefits sgaCurrentYearDuration-JPY
Retirement benefit expenses sgaPrior1YearDuration115961000JPY
Retirement benefit expenses sgaCurrentYearDuration116988000JPY
Provision for bonuses sgaPrior1YearDuration-335000JPY
Provision for bonuses sgaCurrentYearDuration-JPY
Business consignment expenses sgaPrior1YearDuration1510639000JPY
Business consignment expenses sgaCurrentYearDuration1176950000JPY
Provision for shareholder benefit program sgaPrior1YearDuration16647000JPY
Provision for shareholder benefit program sgaCurrentYearDuration1352000JPY
Provision for share based remuneration for directors and other officers sgaPrior1YearDuration22863000JPY
Provision for share based remuneration for directors and other officers sgaCurrentYearDuration18738000JPY
Promotion expenses sgaPrior1YearDuration1128557000JPY
Promotion expenses sgaCurrentYearDuration1108330000JPY
Provision for point card certificates sgaPrior1YearDuration-6340000JPY
Provision for point card certificates sgaCurrentYearDuration3838000JPY
Advertising expenses sgaPrior1YearDuration1788476000JPY
Advertising expenses sgaCurrentYearDuration2231569000JPY

Every row of the EDINET CSV. Item names are the XBRL element names; filed text is kept in its original Japanese. Filed text is available on Plus and Pro.

Data checks · 24 of 24 passed
balance sheet identityconsolidated 2023-12-31pass rounding
balance sheet identityconsolidated 2024-12-31pass rounding
balance sheet identitynon_consolidated 2023-12-31pass rounding
balance sheet identitynon_consolidated 2024-12-31pass rounding
dei present pass
period resolution pass
statement vs summary · net assetsconsolidated 2022-12-31pass
statement vs summary · net assetsconsolidated 2023-12-31pass
statement vs summary · net assetsconsolidated 2024-12-31pass
statement vs summary · net assetsnon_consolidated 2022-12-31pass
statement vs summary · net assetsnon_consolidated 2023-12-31pass
statement vs summary · net assetsnon_consolidated 2024-12-31pass
statement vs summary · net income attributable to parentconsolidated 2023-01-01/2023-12-31pass
statement vs summary · net income attributable to parentconsolidated 2024-01-01/2024-12-31pass
statement vs summary · operating cash flowconsolidated 2023-01-01/2023-12-31pass
statement vs summary · operating cash flowconsolidated 2024-01-01/2024-12-31pass
statement vs summary · revenueconsolidated 2023-01-01/2023-12-31pass
statement vs summary · revenueconsolidated 2024-01-01/2024-12-31pass
statement vs summary · revenuenon_consolidated 2023-01-01/2023-12-31pass
statement vs summary · revenuenon_consolidated 2024-01-01/2024-12-31pass
statement vs summary · total assetsconsolidated 2023-12-31pass
statement vs summary · total assetsconsolidated 2024-12-31pass
statement vs summary · total assetsnon_consolidated 2023-12-31pass
statement vs summary · total assetsnon_consolidated 2024-12-31pass