Annual report

Period2021-01-01 → 2021-12-31
Filed2024-11-12
StandardJapan GAAP
ConsolidatedYes
Data checks24 of 24 passed

Amends S100NT99. Amended by S100UQJ1 (2024-11-12).

Key figures · 135
MetricValuePeriodScopeSource row
Revenue¥1.0bn2021-01-01 → 2021-12-31Cons.Net sales
Revenue¥2.4bn2020-01-01 → 2020-12-31Cons.Net sales
Revenue¥2.5bn2019-01-01 → 2019-12-31dCons.Net sales (5-year summary)
Revenue¥2.4bn2018-01-01 → 2018-12-31dCons.Net sales (5-year summary)
Revenue¥11.3bn2017-01-01 → 2017-12-31dCons.Net sales (5-year summary)
Operating income−¥625m2021-01-01 → 2021-12-31Cons.Operating income
Operating income−¥300m2020-01-01 → 2020-12-31Cons.Operating income
Ordinary income−¥630m2021-01-01 → 2021-12-31Cons.Ordinary income
Ordinary income−¥314m2020-01-01 → 2020-12-31Cons.Ordinary income
Ordinary income¥32m2019-01-01 → 2019-12-31dCons.Ordinary income loss (5-year summary)
Ordinary income−¥1.1bn2018-01-01 → 2018-12-31dCons.Ordinary income loss (5-year summary)
Ordinary income−¥1.4bn2017-01-01 → 2017-12-31dCons.Ordinary income loss (5-year summary)
Profit before tax−¥956m2021-01-01 → 2021-12-31Cons.Income before income taxes
Profit before tax−¥1.6bn2020-01-01 → 2020-12-31Cons.Income before income taxes
Net income (owners)−¥961m2021-01-01 → 2021-12-31Cons.Profit loss attributable to owners of parent
Net income (owners)−¥1.6bn2020-01-01 → 2020-12-31Cons.Profit loss attributable to owners of parent
Net income (owners)¥50m2019-01-01 → 2019-12-31dCons.Profit loss attributable to owners of parent (5-year summary)
Net income (owners)−¥1.5bn2018-01-01 → 2018-12-31dCons.Profit loss attributable to owners of parent (5-year summary)
Net income (owners)−¥2.7bn2017-01-01 → 2017-12-31dCons.Profit loss attributable to owners of parent (5-year summary)
Net income−¥961m2021-01-01 → 2021-12-31Cons.Profit loss
Net income−¥1.6bn2020-01-01 → 2020-12-31Cons.Profit loss
Total assets¥500mat 2021-12-31Cons.Assets
Total assets¥3.6bnat 2020-12-31Cons.Assets
Total assets¥2.5bnat 2019-12-31dCons.Total assets (5-year summary)
Total assets¥2.4bnat 2018-12-31dCons.Total assets (5-year summary)
Total assets¥2.2bnat 2017-12-31dCons.Total assets (5-year summary)
Total liabilities¥233mat 2021-12-31Cons.Liabilities
Total liabilities¥3.2bnat 2020-12-31Cons.Liabilities
Net assets / equity¥267mat 2021-12-31Cons.Net assets
Net assets / equity¥397mat 2020-12-31Cons.Net assets
Net assets / equity¥1.6bnat 2019-12-31dCons.Net assets
Net assets / equity¥632mat 2018-12-31dCons.Net assets (5-year summary)
Net assets / equity¥759mat 2017-12-31dCons.Net assets (5-year summary)
Cash and deposits¥26mat 2021-12-31Cons.Cash and deposits
Cash and deposits¥113mat 2020-12-31Cons.Cash and deposits
Cash & equivalents¥26mat 2021-12-31Cons.Cash and cash equivalents
Cash & equivalents¥113mat 2020-12-31Cons.Cash and cash equivalents
Cash & equivalents¥631mat 2019-12-31dCons.Cash and cash equivalents
Cash & equivalents¥444mat 2018-12-31dCons.Cash and cash equivalents (5-year summary)
Cash & equivalents¥222mat 2017-12-31dCons.Cash and cash equivalents (5-year summary)
Operating cash flow−¥758m2021-01-01 → 2021-12-31Cons.Net cash provided by used in operating activities
Operating cash flow−¥1.8bn2020-01-01 → 2020-12-31Cons.Net cash provided by used in operating activities
Operating cash flow−¥542m2019-01-01 → 2019-12-31dCons.Net cash provided by used in operating activities (5-year summary)
Operating cash flow−¥1.1bn2018-01-01 → 2018-12-31dCons.Net cash provided by used in operating activities (5-year summary)
Operating cash flow−¥1.4bn2017-01-01 → 2017-12-31dCons.Net cash provided by used in operating activities (5-year summary)
Investing cash flow¥2.5bn2021-01-01 → 2021-12-31Cons.Net cash provided by used in investment activities
Investing cash flow−¥1.9bn2020-01-01 → 2020-12-31Cons.Net cash provided by used in investment activities
Investing cash flow−¥13m2019-01-01 → 2019-12-31dCons.Net cash provided by used in investing activities (5-year summary)
Investing cash flow−¥4m2018-01-01 → 2018-12-31dCons.Net cash provided by used in investing activities (5-year summary)
Investing cash flow¥2.1bn2017-01-01 → 2017-12-31dCons.Net cash provided by used in investing activities (5-year summary)
Financing cash flow−¥1.8bn2021-01-01 → 2021-12-31Cons.Net cash provided by used in financing activities
Financing cash flow¥3.2bn2020-01-01 → 2020-12-31Cons.Net cash provided by used in financing activities
Financing cash flow¥741m2019-01-01 → 2019-12-31dCons.Net cash provided by used in financing activities (5-year summary)
Financing cash flow¥1.3bn2018-01-01 → 2018-12-31dCons.Net cash provided by used in financing activities (5-year summary)
Financing cash flow−¥1.5bn2017-01-01 → 2017-12-31dCons.Net cash provided by used in financing activities (5-year summary)
EPS (basic)¥-30.822021-01-01 → 2021-12-31Cons.Basic earnings loss per share (5-year summary)
EPS (basic)¥-62.652020-01-01 → 2020-12-31Cons.Basic earnings loss per share (5-year summary)
EPS (basic)¥2.152019-01-01 → 2019-12-31dCons.Basic earnings loss per share (5-year summary)
EPS (basic)¥-84.152018-01-01 → 2018-12-31dCons.Basic earnings loss per share (5-year summary)
EPS (basic)¥-206.342017-01-01 → 2017-12-31dCons.Basic earnings loss per share (5-year summary)
EPS (diluted)¥2.132019-01-01 → 2019-12-31dCons.Diluted earnings per share (5-year summary)
Net assets per share¥6.52at 2021-12-31Cons.Net assets per share (5-year summary)
Net assets per share¥12.98at 2020-12-31Cons.Net assets per share (5-year summary)
Net assets per share¥62.88at 2019-12-31dCons.Net assets per share (5-year summary)
Net assets per share¥28.72at 2018-12-31dCons.Net assets per share (5-year summary)
Net assets per share¥45.95at 2017-12-31dCons.Net assets per share (5-year summary)
Equity ratio53.1%at 2021-12-31Cons.Equity to asset ratio (5-year summary)
Equity ratio10.0%at 2020-12-31Cons.Equity to asset ratio (5-year summary)
Equity ratio64.7%at 2019-12-31dCons.Equity to asset ratio (5-year summary)
Equity ratio24.3%at 2018-12-31dCons.Equity to asset ratio (5-year summary)
Equity ratio32.7%at 2017-12-31dCons.Equity to asset ratio (5-year summary)
ROE4.6%2019-01-01 → 2019-12-31dCons.Rate of return on equity (5-year summary)
Employees51at 2021-12-31Cons.Number of employees
Employees43at 2020-12-31Cons.Number of employees
Employees48at 2019-12-31dCons.Number of employees
Employees64at 2018-12-31dCons.Number of employees
Employees59at 2017-12-31dCons.Number of employees
Revenue¥97m2021-01-01 → 2021-12-31StandaloneNet sales
Revenue¥191m2020-01-01 → 2020-12-31StandaloneNet sales
Revenue¥273m2019-01-01 → 2019-12-31dStandaloneNet sales (5-year summary)
Revenue¥111m2018-01-01 → 2018-12-31dStandaloneNet sales (5-year summary)
Revenue¥234m2017-01-01 → 2017-12-31dStandaloneNet sales (5-year summary)
Operating income−¥296m2021-01-01 → 2021-12-31StandaloneOperating income
Operating income−¥163m2020-01-01 → 2020-12-31StandaloneOperating income
Ordinary income−¥304m2021-01-01 → 2021-12-31StandaloneOrdinary income
Ordinary income−¥170m2020-01-01 → 2020-12-31StandaloneOrdinary income
Ordinary income¥2m2019-01-01 → 2019-12-31dStandaloneOrdinary income loss (5-year summary)
Ordinary income−¥339m2018-01-01 → 2018-12-31dStandaloneOrdinary income loss (5-year summary)
Ordinary income−¥336m2017-01-01 → 2017-12-31dStandaloneOrdinary income loss (5-year summary)
Profit before tax−¥785m2021-01-01 → 2021-12-31StandaloneIncome before income taxes
Profit before tax−¥3.1bn2020-01-01 → 2020-12-31StandaloneIncome before income taxes
Net income−¥780m2021-01-01 → 2021-12-31StandaloneProfit loss
Net income−¥3.1bn2020-01-01 → 2020-12-31StandaloneProfit loss
Net income−¥153m2019-01-01 → 2019-12-31dStandaloneNet income loss (5-year summary)
Net income−¥947m2018-01-01 → 2018-12-31dStandaloneNet income loss (5-year summary)
Net income−¥1.6bn2017-01-01 → 2017-12-31dStandaloneNet income loss (5-year summary)
Total assets¥582mat 2021-12-31StandaloneAssets
Total assets¥431mat 2020-12-31StandaloneAssets
Total assets¥3.3bnat 2019-12-31dStandaloneTotal assets (5-year summary)
Total assets¥2.4bnat 2018-12-31dStandaloneTotal assets (5-year summary)
Total assets¥1.9bnat 2017-12-31dStandaloneTotal assets (5-year summary)
Total liabilities¥95mat 2021-12-31StandaloneLiabilities
Total liabilities¥48mat 2020-12-31StandaloneLiabilities
Net assets / equity¥487mat 2021-12-31StandaloneNet assets
Net assets / equity¥383mat 2020-12-31StandaloneNet assets
Net assets / equity¥3.1bnat 2019-12-31dStandaloneNet assets
Net assets / equity¥2.3bnat 2018-12-31dStandaloneNet assets (5-year summary)
Net assets / equity¥1.9bnat 2017-12-31dStandaloneNet assets (5-year summary)
Cash and deposits¥12mat 2021-12-31StandaloneCash and deposits
Cash and deposits¥31mat 2020-12-31StandaloneCash and deposits
EPS (basic)¥-25.032021-01-01 → 2021-12-31StandaloneBasic earnings loss per share (5-year summary)
EPS (basic)¥-119.462020-01-01 → 2020-12-31StandaloneBasic earnings loss per share (5-year summary)
EPS (basic)¥-6.622019-01-01 → 2019-12-31dStandaloneBasic earnings loss per share (5-year summary)
EPS (basic)¥-51.592018-01-01 → 2018-12-31dStandaloneBasic earnings loss per share (5-year summary)
EPS (basic)¥-121.932017-01-01 → 2017-12-31dStandaloneBasic earnings loss per share (5-year summary)
Net assets per share¥11.93at 2021-12-31StandaloneNet assets per share (5-year summary)
Net assets per share¥12.48at 2020-12-31StandaloneNet assets per share (5-year summary)
Net assets per share¥121at 2019-12-31dStandaloneNet assets per share (5-year summary)
Net assets per share¥111.02at 2018-12-31dStandaloneNet assets per share (5-year summary)
Net assets per share¥116.5at 2017-12-31dStandaloneNet assets per share (5-year summary)
Equity ratio83.4%at 2021-12-31StandaloneEquity to asset ratio (5-year summary)
Equity ratio80.8%at 2020-12-31StandaloneEquity to asset ratio (5-year summary)
Equity ratio94.7%at 2019-12-31dStandaloneEquity to asset ratio (5-year summary)
Equity ratio95.5%at 2018-12-31dStandaloneEquity to asset ratio (5-year summary)
Equity ratio93.2%at 2017-12-31dStandaloneEquity to asset ratio (5-year summary)
Shares issued40,711,100at 2021-12-31StandaloneTotal number of issued shares (5-year summary)
Shares issued27,866,600at 2020-12-31StandaloneTotal number of issued shares (5-year summary)
Shares issued25,486,600at 2019-12-31dStandaloneTotal number of issued shares (5-year summary)
Shares issued20,486,600at 2018-12-31dStandaloneTotal number of issued shares (5-year summary)
Shares issued15,516,600at 2017-12-31dStandaloneTotal number of issued shares (5-year summary)
Employees6at 2021-12-31StandaloneNumber of employees
Employees5at 2020-12-31StandaloneNumber of employees
Employees6at 2019-12-31dStandaloneNumber of employees
Employees9at 2018-12-31dStandaloneNumber of employees
Employees12at 2017-12-31dStandaloneNumber of employees

Periods use the dates stated in the filing. d = earlier-year period dated by calendar; v = that date confirmed by the company's own earlier filing.

Segments · 70
SegmentItemPeriodValue
Operating Segments Not Included In Reportable Segments And Other Revenue Generating Business Activitiesother segmentsrevenue2021-01-01 → 2021-12-31¥14m
Operating Segments Not Included In Reportable Segments And Other Revenue Generating Business Activitiesother segmentsrevenue external2021-01-01 → 2021-12-31¥14m
Operating Segments Not Included In Reportable Segments And Other Revenue Generating Business Activitiesother segmentssegment assetsat 2021-12-31¥4m
Operating Segments Not Included In Reportable Segments And Other Revenue Generating Business Activitiesother segmentssegment profit2021-01-01 → 2021-12-31−¥3m
Reconciling Itemsreconcilingcapex2021-01-01 → 2021-12-31¥839,000
Reconciling Itemsreconcilingdepreciation2021-01-01 → 2021-12-31¥2m
Reconciling Itemsreconcilingsegment assetsat 2021-12-31¥65m
Reconciling Itemsreconcilingsegment profit2021-01-01 → 2021-12-31−¥209m
Developmentreportable segmentdepreciation2021-01-01 → 2021-12-31¥70,000
Developmentreportable segmentrevenue2021-01-01 → 2021-12-31¥355m
Developmentreportable segmentrevenue external2021-01-01 → 2021-12-31¥355m
Developmentreportable segmentsegment assetsat 2021-12-31¥354m
Developmentreportable segmentsegment profit2021-01-01 → 2021-12-31−¥68m
Entertainmentreportable segmentsegment assetsat 2021-12-31¥5m
Entertainmentreportable segmentsegment profit2021-01-01 → 2021-12-31−¥284m
System Innovation Businessreportable segmentcapex2021-01-01 → 2021-12-31¥4m
System Innovation Businessreportable segmentdepreciation2021-01-01 → 2021-12-31¥1m
System Innovation Businessreportable segmentrevenue2021-01-01 → 2021-12-31¥646m
System Innovation Businessreportable segmentrevenue external2021-01-01 → 2021-12-31¥646m
System Innovation Businessreportable segmentsegment assetsat 2021-12-31¥73m
System Innovation Businessreportable segmentsegment profit2021-01-01 → 2021-12-31−¥61m
—segment totalcapex2021-01-01 → 2021-12-31¥4m
—segment totaldepreciation2021-01-01 → 2021-12-31¥1m
—segment totalemployeesat 2021-12-3145 pure
—segment totalrevenue2021-01-01 → 2021-12-31¥1.0bn
—segment totalrevenue external2021-01-01 → 2021-12-31¥1.0bn
—segment totalsegment assetsat 2021-12-31¥432m
—segment totalsegment profit2021-01-01 → 2021-12-31−¥413m
Total Of Reportable Segments And Otherssegment totalcapex2021-01-01 → 2021-12-31¥4m
Total Of Reportable Segments And Otherssegment totaldepreciation2021-01-01 → 2021-12-31¥1m
Total Of Reportable Segments And Otherssegment totalrevenue2021-01-01 → 2021-12-31¥1.0bn
Total Of Reportable Segments And Otherssegment totalrevenue external2021-01-01 → 2021-12-31¥1.0bn
Total Of Reportable Segments And Otherssegment totalsegment assetsat 2021-12-31¥435m
Total Of Reportable Segments And Otherssegment totalsegment profit2021-01-01 → 2021-12-31−¥416m
Operating Segments Not Included In Reportable Segments And Other Revenue Generating Business Activitiesother segmentsrevenue2020-01-01 → 2020-12-31¥53m
Operating Segments Not Included In Reportable Segments And Other Revenue Generating Business Activitiesother segmentsrevenue external2020-01-01 → 2020-12-31¥53m
Operating Segments Not Included In Reportable Segments And Other Revenue Generating Business Activitiesother segmentssegment assetsat 2020-12-31¥15m
Operating Segments Not Included In Reportable Segments And Other Revenue Generating Business Activitiesother segmentssegment profit2020-01-01 → 2020-12-31¥3m
Reconciling Itemsreconcilingcapex2020-01-01 → 2020-12-31¥4m
Reconciling Itemsreconcilingdepreciation2020-01-01 → 2020-12-31¥2m
Reconciling Itemsreconcilingsegment assetsat 2020-12-31¥165m
Reconciling Itemsreconcilingsegment profit2020-01-01 → 2020-12-31−¥250m
Developmentreportable segmentcapex2020-01-01 → 2020-12-31¥1.1bn
Developmentreportable segmentdepreciation2020-01-01 → 2020-12-31¥150,000
Developmentreportable segmentrevenue2020-01-01 → 2020-12-31¥1.7bn
Developmentreportable segmentrevenue external2020-01-01 → 2020-12-31¥1.7bn
Developmentreportable segmentsegment assetsat 2020-12-31¥3.1bn
Developmentreportable segmentsegment profit2020-01-01 → 2020-12-31¥119m
Entertainmentreportable segmentdepreciation2020-01-01 → 2020-12-31¥1m
Entertainmentreportable segmentrevenue2020-01-01 → 2020-12-31¥64m
Entertainmentreportable segmentrevenue external2020-01-01 → 2020-12-31¥64m
Entertainmentreportable segmentsegment assetsat 2020-12-31¥47m
Entertainmentreportable segmentsegment profit2020-01-01 → 2020-12-31−¥157m
System Innovation Businessreportable segmentdepreciation2020-01-01 → 2020-12-31¥58,000
System Innovation Businessreportable segmentrevenue2020-01-01 → 2020-12-31¥551m
System Innovation Businessreportable segmentrevenue external2020-01-01 → 2020-12-31¥551m
System Innovation Businessreportable segmentsegment assetsat 2020-12-31¥321m
System Innovation Businessreportable segmentsegment profit2020-01-01 → 2020-12-31−¥14m
—segment totalcapex2020-01-01 → 2020-12-31¥1.1bn
—segment totaldepreciation2020-01-01 → 2020-12-31¥1m
—segment totalrevenue2020-01-01 → 2020-12-31¥2.3bn
—segment totalrevenue external2020-01-01 → 2020-12-31¥2.3bn
—segment totalsegment assetsat 2020-12-31¥3.4bn
—segment totalsegment profit2020-01-01 → 2020-12-31−¥52m
Total Of Reportable Segments And Otherssegment totalcapex2020-01-01 → 2020-12-31¥1.1bn
Total Of Reportable Segments And Otherssegment totaldepreciation2020-01-01 → 2020-12-31¥1m
Total Of Reportable Segments And Otherssegment totalrevenue2020-01-01 → 2020-12-31¥2.4bn
Total Of Reportable Segments And Otherssegment totalrevenue external2020-01-01 → 2020-12-31¥2.4bn
Total Of Reportable Segments And Otherssegment totalsegment assetsat 2020-12-31¥3.5bn
Total Of Reportable Segments And Otherssegment totalsegment profit2020-01-01 → 2020-12-31−¥49m

Segment names come from EDINET member IDs; not yet mapped to a common taxonomy.

All source rows · 1,510
ItemContextValueUnit
Accounts payable tradePrior1YearInstant52643000JPY
Accounts payable tradeCurrentYearInstant37032000JPY
Short term loans payablePrior1YearInstant2769000000JPY
Short term loans payableCurrentYearInstant60000000JPY
Current portion of long term loans payablePrior1YearInstant7000000JPY
Current portion of long term loans payableCurrentYearInstant-JPY
Accounts payable otherPrior1YearInstant118604000JPY
Accounts payable otherCurrentYearInstant103520000JPY
Accrued expensesPrior1YearInstant40278000JPY
Accrued expensesCurrentYearInstant21583000JPY
Income taxes payablePrior1YearInstant2492000JPY
Income taxes payableCurrentYearInstant6159000JPY
Advances receivedPrior1YearInstant215382000JPY
Advances receivedCurrentYearInstant304000JPY
Provision for loss on liquidation of subsidiaries and affiliates clPrior1YearInstant8669000JPY
Provision for loss on liquidation of subsidiaries and affiliates clCurrentYearInstant-JPY
Other clPrior1YearInstant12245000JPY
Other clCurrentYearInstant4517000JPY
Current liabilitiesPrior1YearInstant3226317000JPY
Current liabilitiesCurrentYearInstant233116000JPY
Other nclPrior1YearInstant5182000JPY
Other nclCurrentYearInstant-JPY
Noncurrent liabilitiesPrior1YearInstant5182000JPY
Noncurrent liabilitiesCurrentYearInstant-JPY
LiabilitiesPrior1YearInstant3231500000JPY
LiabilitiesCurrentYearInstant233116000JPY
Capital stockPrior1YearInstant2980443000JPY
Capital stockCurrentYearInstant3439428000JPY
Capital surplusPrior1YearInstant3185154000JPY
Capital surplusCurrentYearInstant3644139000JPY
Retained earningsPrior1YearInstant-5853438000JPY
Retained earningsCurrentYearInstant-6813957000JPY
Treasury stockPrior1YearInstant-15000JPY
Treasury stockCurrentYearInstant-15000JPY
Shareholders equityPrior1YearInstant312144000JPY
Shareholders equityCurrentYearInstant269595000JPY
Foreign currency translation adjustmentPrior1YearInstant49652000JPY
Foreign currency translation adjustmentCurrentYearInstant-4052000JPY
Valuation and translation adjustmentsPrior1YearInstant49652000JPY
Valuation and translation adjustmentsCurrentYearInstant-4052000JPY
Subscription rights to sharesPrior1YearInstant34761000JPY
Subscription rights to sharesCurrentYearInstant1446000JPY
Net assetsPrior1YearInstant396558000JPY
Net assetsCurrentYearInstant266990000JPY
Liabilities and net assetsPrior1YearInstant3628058000JPY
Liabilities and net assetsCurrentYearInstant500107000JPY
Net salesPrior1YearDuration2352287000JPY
Net salesCurrentYearDuration1014640000JPY
Cost of salesPrior1YearDuration1706301000JPY
Cost of salesCurrentYearDuration868208000JPY

Every row of the EDINET CSV. Item names are the XBRL element names; filed text is kept in its original Japanese. Filed text is available on Plus and Pro.

Data checks · 24 of 24 passed
balance sheet identityconsolidated 2020-12-31pass
balance sheet identityconsolidated 2021-12-31pass rounding
balance sheet identitynon_consolidated 2020-12-31pass rounding
balance sheet identitynon_consolidated 2021-12-31pass
dei present pass
period resolution pass
statement vs summary · net assetsconsolidated 2019-12-31pass
statement vs summary · net assetsconsolidated 2020-12-31pass
statement vs summary · net assetsconsolidated 2021-12-31pass
statement vs summary · net assetsnon_consolidated 2019-12-31pass
statement vs summary · net assetsnon_consolidated 2020-12-31pass
statement vs summary · net assetsnon_consolidated 2021-12-31pass
statement vs summary · net income attributable to parentconsolidated 2020-01-01/2020-12-31pass
statement vs summary · net income attributable to parentconsolidated 2021-01-01/2021-12-31pass
statement vs summary · operating cash flowconsolidated 2020-01-01/2020-12-31pass
statement vs summary · operating cash flowconsolidated 2021-01-01/2021-12-31pass
statement vs summary · revenueconsolidated 2020-01-01/2020-12-31pass
statement vs summary · revenueconsolidated 2021-01-01/2021-12-31pass
statement vs summary · revenuenon_consolidated 2020-01-01/2020-12-31pass
statement vs summary · revenuenon_consolidated 2021-01-01/2021-12-31pass
statement vs summary · total assetsconsolidated 2020-12-31pass
statement vs summary · total assetsconsolidated 2021-12-31pass
statement vs summary · total assetsnon_consolidated 2020-12-31pass
statement vs summary · total assetsnon_consolidated 2021-12-31pass