Annual report

Period2024-03-01 → 2025-02-28
Filed2025-05-23
StandardJapan GAAP
ConsolidatedYes
Data checks24 of 24 passed
Key figures · 156
MetricValuePeriodScopeSource row
Revenue¥56.4bn2024-03-01 → 2025-02-28Cons.Net sales
Revenue¥53.8bn2023-03-01 → 2024-02-29Cons.Net sales
Revenue¥49.4bn2022-03-01 → 2023-02-28dCons.Net sales (5-year summary)
Revenue¥39.5bn2021-03-01 → 2022-02-28dCons.Net sales (5-year summary)
Revenue¥32.5bn2020-03-01 → 2021-02-28dCons.Net sales (5-year summary)
Operating income¥13.4bn2024-03-01 → 2025-02-28Cons.Operating income
Operating income¥12.8bn2023-03-01 → 2024-02-29Cons.Operating income
Ordinary income¥13.3bn2024-03-01 → 2025-02-28Cons.Ordinary income
Ordinary income¥12.6bn2023-03-01 → 2024-02-29Cons.Ordinary income
Ordinary income¥11.6bn2022-03-01 → 2023-02-28dCons.Ordinary income loss (5-year summary)
Ordinary income¥5.3bn2021-03-01 → 2022-02-28dCons.Ordinary income loss (5-year summary)
Ordinary income¥6.5bn2020-03-01 → 2021-02-28dCons.Ordinary income loss (5-year summary)
Profit before tax¥13.0bn2024-03-01 → 2025-02-28Cons.Income before income taxes
Profit before tax¥12.0bn2023-03-01 → 2024-02-29Cons.Income before income taxes
Net income (owners)¥9.0bn2024-03-01 → 2025-02-28Cons.Profit loss attributable to owners of parent
Net income (owners)¥9.1bn2023-03-01 → 2024-02-29Cons.Profit loss attributable to owners of parent
Net income (owners)¥7.9bn2022-03-01 → 2023-02-28dCons.Profit loss attributable to owners of parent (5-year summary)
Net income (owners)¥3.5bn2021-03-01 → 2022-02-28dCons.Profit loss attributable to owners of parent (5-year summary)
Net income (owners)¥608m2020-03-01 → 2021-02-28dCons.Profit loss attributable to owners of parent (5-year summary)
Net income¥9.0bn2024-03-01 → 2025-02-28Cons.Profit loss
Net income¥9.0bn2023-03-01 → 2024-02-29Cons.Profit loss
Total assets¥50.5bnat 2025-02-28Cons.Assets
Total assets¥50.8bnat 2024-02-29Cons.Assets
Total assets¥50.2bnat 2023-02-28dCons.Total assets (5-year summary)
Total assets¥42.5bnat 2022-02-28dCons.Total assets (5-year summary)
Total assets¥35.9bnat 2021-02-28dCons.Total assets (5-year summary)
Total liabilities¥14.3bnat 2025-02-28Cons.Liabilities
Total liabilities¥11.1bnat 2024-02-29Cons.Liabilities
Net assets / equity¥36.2bnat 2025-02-28Cons.Net assets
Net assets / equity¥39.7bnat 2024-02-29Cons.Net assets
Net assets / equity¥38.2bnat 2023-02-28dCons.Net assets
Net assets / equity¥33.0bnat 2022-02-28dCons.Net assets (5-year summary)
Net assets / equity¥31.2bnat 2021-02-28dCons.Net assets (5-year summary)
Cash and deposits¥18.2bnat 2025-02-28Cons.Cash and deposits
Cash and deposits¥19.1bnat 2024-02-29Cons.Cash and deposits
Cash & equivalents¥15.2bnat 2025-02-28Cons.Cash and cash equivalents
Cash & equivalents¥16.1bnat 2024-02-29Cons.Cash and cash equivalents
Cash & equivalents¥22.0bnat 2023-02-28dCons.Cash and cash equivalents
Cash & equivalents¥16.6bnat 2022-02-28dCons.Cash and cash equivalents (5-year summary)
Cash & equivalents¥12.5bnat 2021-02-28dCons.Cash and cash equivalents (5-year summary)
Operating cash flow¥16.5bn2024-03-01 → 2025-02-28Cons.Net cash provided by used in operating activities
Operating cash flow¥9.5bn2023-03-01 → 2024-02-29Cons.Net cash provided by used in operating activities
Operating cash flow¥13.2bn2022-03-01 → 2023-02-28dCons.Net cash provided by used in operating activities (5-year summary)
Operating cash flow¥10.5bn2021-03-01 → 2022-02-28dCons.Net cash provided by used in operating activities (5-year summary)
Operating cash flow¥5.9bn2020-03-01 → 2021-02-28dCons.Net cash provided by used in operating activities (5-year summary)
Investing cash flow−¥5.2bn2024-03-01 → 2025-02-28Cons.Net cash provided by used in investment activities
Investing cash flow−¥7.4bn2023-03-01 → 2024-02-29Cons.Net cash provided by used in investment activities
Investing cash flow−¥4.1bn2022-03-01 → 2023-02-28dCons.Net cash provided by used in investing activities (5-year summary)
Investing cash flow−¥3.9bn2021-03-01 → 2022-02-28dCons.Net cash provided by used in investing activities (5-year summary)
Investing cash flow−¥9.6bn2020-03-01 → 2021-02-28dCons.Net cash provided by used in investing activities (5-year summary)
Financing cash flow−¥12.2bn2024-03-01 → 2025-02-28Cons.Net cash provided by used in financing activities
Financing cash flow−¥8.0bn2023-03-01 → 2024-02-29Cons.Net cash provided by used in financing activities
Financing cash flow−¥3.7bn2022-03-01 → 2023-02-28dCons.Net cash provided by used in financing activities (5-year summary)
Financing cash flow−¥2.5bn2021-03-01 → 2022-02-28dCons.Net cash provided by used in financing activities (5-year summary)
Financing cash flow−¥3.0bn2020-03-01 → 2021-02-28dCons.Net cash provided by used in financing activities (5-year summary)
EPS (basic)¥168.412024-03-01 → 2025-02-28Cons.Basic earnings loss per share (5-year summary)
EPS (basic)¥163.442023-03-01 → 2024-02-29Cons.Basic earnings loss per share (5-year summary)
EPS (basic)¥142.042022-03-01 → 2023-02-28dCons.Basic earnings loss per share (5-year summary)
EPS (basic)¥62.772021-03-01 → 2022-02-28dCons.Basic earnings loss per share (5-year summary)
EPS (basic)¥11.092020-03-01 → 2021-02-28dCons.Basic earnings loss per share (5-year summary)
EPS (diluted)¥168.322024-03-01 → 2025-02-28Cons.Diluted earnings per share (5-year summary)
EPS (diluted)¥163.152023-03-01 → 2024-02-29Cons.Diluted earnings per share (5-year summary)
EPS (diluted)¥141.652022-03-01 → 2023-02-28dCons.Diluted earnings per share (5-year summary)
EPS (diluted)¥62.612021-03-01 → 2022-02-28dCons.Diluted earnings per share (5-year summary)
Net assets per share¥684.99at 2025-02-28Cons.Net assets per share (5-year summary)
Net assets per share¥715.64at 2024-02-29Cons.Net assets per share (5-year summary)
Net assets per share¥673.93at 2023-02-28dCons.Net assets per share (5-year summary)
Net assets per share¥581.26at 2022-02-28dCons.Net assets per share (5-year summary)
Net assets per share¥547.13at 2021-02-28dCons.Net assets per share (5-year summary)
Equity ratio71.0%at 2025-02-28Cons.Equity to asset ratio (5-year summary)
Equity ratio77.3%at 2024-02-29Cons.Equity to asset ratio (5-year summary)
Equity ratio75.0%at 2023-02-28dCons.Equity to asset ratio (5-year summary)
Equity ratio76.4%at 2022-02-28dCons.Equity to asset ratio (5-year summary)
Equity ratio84.4%at 2021-02-28dCons.Equity to asset ratio (5-year summary)
ROE23.8%2024-03-01 → 2025-02-28Cons.Rate of return on equity (5-year summary)
ROE23.5%2023-03-01 → 2024-02-29Cons.Rate of return on equity (5-year summary)
ROE22.7%2022-03-01 → 2023-02-28dCons.Rate of return on equity (5-year summary)
ROE11.1%2021-03-01 → 2022-02-28dCons.Rate of return on equity (5-year summary)
ROE2.0%2020-03-01 → 2021-02-28dCons.Rate of return on equity (5-year summary)
Employees2,530at 2025-02-28Cons.Number of employees
Employees2,699at 2024-02-29Cons.Number of employees
Employees2,316at 2023-02-28dCons.Number of employees
Employees1,969at 2022-02-28dCons.Number of employees
Employees2,110at 2021-02-28dCons.Number of employees
Revenue¥56.4bn2024-03-01 → 2025-02-28StandaloneNet sales
Revenue¥53.8bn2023-03-01 → 2024-02-29StandaloneNet sales
Revenue¥49.4bn2022-03-01 → 2023-02-28dStandaloneNet sales (5-year summary)
Revenue¥39.5bn2021-03-01 → 2022-02-28dStandaloneNet sales (5-year summary)
Revenue¥32.5bn2020-03-01 → 2021-02-28dStandaloneNet sales (5-year summary)
Operating income¥13.4bn2024-03-01 → 2025-02-28StandaloneOperating income
Operating income¥12.8bn2023-03-01 → 2024-02-29StandaloneOperating income
Ordinary income¥13.3bn2024-03-01 → 2025-02-28StandaloneOrdinary income
Ordinary income¥12.8bn2023-03-01 → 2024-02-29StandaloneOrdinary income
Ordinary income¥10.6bn2022-03-01 → 2023-02-28dStandaloneOrdinary income loss (5-year summary)
Ordinary income¥5.4bn2021-03-01 → 2022-02-28dStandaloneOrdinary income loss (5-year summary)
Ordinary income¥7.2bn2020-03-01 → 2021-02-28dStandaloneOrdinary income loss (5-year summary)
Profit before tax¥13.1bn2024-03-01 → 2025-02-28StandaloneIncome before income taxes
Profit before tax¥12.5bn2023-03-01 → 2024-02-29StandaloneIncome before income taxes
Net income¥9.0bn2024-03-01 → 2025-02-28StandaloneProfit loss
Net income¥9.3bn2023-03-01 → 2024-02-29StandaloneProfit loss
Net income¥7.3bn2022-03-01 → 2023-02-28dStandaloneNet income loss (5-year summary)
Net income¥3.6bn2021-03-01 → 2022-02-28dStandaloneNet income loss (5-year summary)
Net income¥620m2020-03-01 → 2021-02-28dStandaloneNet income loss (5-year summary)
Total assets¥50.6bnat 2025-02-28StandaloneAssets
Total assets¥50.9bnat 2024-02-29StandaloneAssets
Total assets¥50.0bnat 2023-02-28dStandaloneTotal assets (5-year summary)
Total assets¥43.0bnat 2022-02-28dStandaloneTotal assets (5-year summary)
Total assets¥36.5bnat 2021-02-28dStandaloneTotal assets (5-year summary)
Total liabilities¥14.3bnat 2025-02-28StandaloneLiabilities
Total liabilities¥11.1bnat 2024-02-29StandaloneLiabilities
Net assets / equity¥36.4bnat 2025-02-28StandaloneNet assets
Net assets / equity¥39.8bnat 2024-02-29StandaloneNet assets
Net assets / equity¥38.1bnat 2023-02-28dStandaloneNet assets
Net assets / equity¥33.5bnat 2022-02-28dStandaloneNet assets (5-year summary)
Net assets / equity¥31.7bnat 2021-02-28dStandaloneNet assets (5-year summary)
Cash and deposits¥17.9bnat 2025-02-28StandaloneCash and deposits
Cash and deposits¥18.7bnat 2024-02-29StandaloneCash and deposits
EPS (basic)¥168.432024-03-01 → 2025-02-28StandaloneBasic earnings loss per share (5-year summary)
EPS (basic)¥168.252023-03-01 → 2024-02-29StandaloneBasic earnings loss per share (5-year summary)
EPS (basic)¥130.182022-03-01 → 2023-02-28dStandaloneBasic earnings loss per share (5-year summary)
EPS (basic)¥64.992021-03-01 → 2022-02-28dStandaloneBasic earnings loss per share (5-year summary)
EPS (basic)¥11.322020-03-01 → 2021-02-28dStandaloneBasic earnings loss per share (5-year summary)
EPS (diluted)¥168.352024-03-01 → 2025-02-28StandaloneDiluted earnings per share (5-year summary)
EPS (diluted)¥167.962023-03-01 → 2024-02-29StandaloneDiluted earnings per share (5-year summary)
EPS (diluted)¥129.822022-03-01 → 2023-02-28dStandaloneDiluted earnings per share (5-year summary)
EPS (diluted)¥64.832021-03-01 → 2022-02-28dStandaloneDiluted earnings per share (5-year summary)
Dividend per share¥952024-03-01 → 2025-02-28StandaloneDividend paid per share (5-year summary)
Dividend per share¥882023-03-01 → 2024-02-29StandaloneDividend paid per share (5-year summary)
Dividend per share¥722022-03-01 → 2023-02-28dStandaloneDividend paid per share (5-year summary)
Dividend per share¥612021-03-01 → 2022-02-28dStandaloneDividend paid per share (5-year summary)
Dividend per share¥562020-03-01 → 2021-02-28dStandaloneDividend paid per share (5-year summary)
Net assets per share¥687.45at 2025-02-28StandaloneNet assets per share (5-year summary)
Net assets per share¥717.96at 2024-02-29StandaloneNet assets per share (5-year summary)
Net assets per share¥671.43at 2023-02-28dStandaloneNet assets per share (5-year summary)
Net assets per share¥590.64at 2022-02-28dStandaloneNet assets per share (5-year summary)
Net assets per share¥557.76at 2021-02-28dStandaloneNet assets per share (5-year summary)
Equity ratio71.1%at 2025-02-28StandaloneEquity to asset ratio (5-year summary)
Equity ratio77.4%at 2024-02-29StandaloneEquity to asset ratio (5-year summary)
Equity ratio75.0%at 2023-02-28dStandaloneEquity to asset ratio (5-year summary)
Equity ratio76.7%at 2022-02-28dStandaloneEquity to asset ratio (5-year summary)
Equity ratio84.6%at 2021-02-28dStandaloneEquity to asset ratio (5-year summary)
ROE23.8%2024-03-01 → 2025-02-28StandaloneRate of return on equity (5-year summary)
ROE24.2%2023-03-01 → 2024-02-29StandaloneRate of return on equity (5-year summary)
ROE20.7%2022-03-01 → 2023-02-28dStandaloneRate of return on equity (5-year summary)
ROE11.3%2021-03-01 → 2022-02-28dStandaloneRate of return on equity (5-year summary)
ROE2.0%2020-03-01 → 2021-02-28dStandaloneRate of return on equity (5-year summary)
Shares issued60,140,000at 2025-02-28StandaloneTotal number of issued shares (5-year summary)
Shares issued60,140,000at 2024-02-29StandaloneTotal number of issued shares (5-year summary)
Shares issued60,140,000at 2023-02-28dStandaloneTotal number of issued shares (5-year summary)
Shares issued60,140,000at 2022-02-28dStandaloneTotal number of issued shares (5-year summary)
Shares issued60,140,000at 2021-02-28dStandaloneTotal number of issued shares (5-year summary)
Employees2,530at 2025-02-28StandaloneNumber of employees
Employees2,699at 2024-02-29StandaloneNumber of employees
Employees2,316at 2023-02-28dStandaloneNumber of employees
Employees1,969at 2022-02-28dStandaloneNumber of employees
Employees2,110at 2021-02-28dStandaloneNumber of employees

Periods use the dates stated in the filing. d = earlier-year period dated by calendar; v = that date confirmed by the company's own earlier filing.

Segments · 32
SegmentItemPeriodValue
Reconciling Itemsreconcilingdepreciation2024-03-01 → 2025-02-28¥379m
Reconciling Itemsreconcilingsegment profit2024-03-01 → 2025-02-28−¥8.4bn
DX Businessreportable segmentdepreciation2024-03-01 → 2025-02-28¥281m
DX Businessreportable segmentemployeesat 2025-02-28209 pure
DX Businessreportable segmentrevenue2024-03-01 → 2025-02-28¥6.7bn
DX Businessreportable segmentrevenue external2024-03-01 → 2025-02-28¥6.7bn
DX Businessreportable segmentsegment profit2024-03-01 → 2025-02-28¥3.4bn
Personnel Service Businessreportable segmentdepreciation2024-03-01 → 2025-02-28¥2.9bn
Personnel Service Businessreportable segmentemployeesat 2025-02-281727 pure
Personnel Service Businessreportable segmentrevenue2024-03-01 → 2025-02-28¥49.7bn
Personnel Service Businessreportable segmentrevenue external2024-03-01 → 2025-02-28¥49.7bn
Personnel Service Businessreportable segmentsegment profit2024-03-01 → 2025-02-28¥18.4bn
—segment totaldepreciation2024-03-01 → 2025-02-28¥3.2bn
—segment totalrevenue2024-03-01 → 2025-02-28¥56.4bn
—segment totalrevenue external2024-03-01 → 2025-02-28¥56.4bn
—segment totalsegment profit2024-03-01 → 2025-02-28¥21.8bn
Reconciling Itemsreconcilingdepreciation2023-03-01 → 2024-02-29¥279m
Reconciling Itemsreconcilingsegment profit2023-03-01 → 2024-02-29−¥7.3bn
DX Businessreportable segmentdepreciation2023-03-01 → 2024-02-29¥211m
DX Businessreportable segmentrevenue2023-03-01 → 2024-02-29¥6.0bn
DX Businessreportable segmentrevenue external2023-03-01 → 2024-02-29¥6.0bn
DX Businessreportable segmentsegment profit2023-03-01 → 2024-02-29¥2.8bn
Personnel Service Businessreportable segmentdepreciation2023-03-01 → 2024-02-29¥2.6bn
Personnel Service Businessreportable segmentrevenue2023-03-01 → 2024-02-29¥47.8bn
Personnel Service Businessreportable segmentrevenue external2023-03-01 → 2024-02-29¥47.8bn
Personnel Service Businessreportable segmentsegment profit2023-03-01 → 2024-02-29¥17.2bn
—segment totaldepreciation2023-03-01 → 2024-02-29¥2.8bn
—segment totalrevenue2023-03-01 → 2024-02-29¥53.8bn
—segment totalrevenue external2023-03-01 → 2024-02-29¥53.8bn
—segment totalsegment profit2023-03-01 → 2024-02-29¥20.0bn
DX Businessreportable segmentemployeesat 2025-02-28209 pure
Personnel Service Businessreportable segmentemployeesat 2025-02-281727 pure

Segment names come from EDINET member IDs; not yet mapped to a common taxonomy.

All source rows · 1,499
ItemContextValueUnit
Cash and cash equivalents (5-year summary)Prior4YearInstant12462677000JPY
Cash and cash equivalents (5-year summary)Prior3YearInstant16569547000JPY
Cash and cash equivalents (5-year summary)Prior2YearInstant21974394000JPY
Cash and cash equivalents (5-year summary)Prior1YearInstant16116841000JPY
Cash and cash equivalents (5-year summary)CurrentYearInstant15156176000JPY
Number of employeesPrior4YearInstant2110
Number of employeesPrior3YearInstant1969
Number of employeesPrior2YearInstant2316
Number of employeesPrior1YearInstant2699
Number of employeesCurrentYearInstant2530
Average number of temporary workersPrior4YearInstant195
Average number of temporary workersPrior3YearInstant247
Average number of temporary workersPrior2YearInstant355
Average number of temporary workersPrior1YearInstant380
Average number of temporary workersCurrentYearInstant318
Net sales (5-year summary)Prior4YearDuration_NonConsolidatedMember32494768000JPY
Net sales (5-year summary)Prior3YearDuration_NonConsolidatedMember39515290000JPY
Net sales (5-year summary)Prior2YearDuration_NonConsolidatedMember49355691000JPY
Net sales (5-year summary)Prior1YearDuration_NonConsolidatedMember53782301000JPY
Net sales (5-year summary)CurrentYearDuration_NonConsolidatedMember56386193000JPY
Ordinary income loss (5-year summary)Prior4YearDuration_NonConsolidatedMember7231297000JPY
Ordinary income loss (5-year summary)Prior3YearDuration_NonConsolidatedMember5446074000JPY
Ordinary income loss (5-year summary)Prior2YearDuration_NonConsolidatedMember10552012000JPY
Ordinary income loss (5-year summary)Prior1YearDuration_NonConsolidatedMember12796940000JPY
Ordinary income loss (5-year summary)CurrentYearDuration_NonConsolidatedMember13313889000JPY
Net income loss (5-year summary)Prior4YearDuration_NonConsolidatedMember620242000JPY
Net income loss (5-year summary)Prior3YearDuration_NonConsolidatedMember3610707000JPY
Net income loss (5-year summary)Prior2YearDuration_NonConsolidatedMember7272691000JPY
Net income loss (5-year summary)Prior1YearDuration_NonConsolidatedMember9317399000JPY
Net income loss (5-year summary)CurrentYearDuration_NonConsolidatedMember8952548000JPY
Capital stock (5-year summary)Prior4YearInstant_NonConsolidatedMember1085000000JPY
Capital stock (5-year summary)Prior3YearInstant_NonConsolidatedMember1085000000JPY
Capital stock (5-year summary)Prior2YearInstant_NonConsolidatedMember1085000000JPY
Capital stock (5-year summary)Prior1YearInstant_NonConsolidatedMember1085000000JPY
Capital stock (5-year summary)CurrentYearInstant_NonConsolidatedMember1085000000JPY
Total number of issued shares (5-year summary)Prior4YearInstant_NonConsolidatedMember60140000
Total number of issued shares (5-year summary)Prior3YearInstant_NonConsolidatedMember60140000
Total number of issued shares (5-year summary)Prior2YearInstant_NonConsolidatedMember60140000
Total number of issued shares (5-year summary)Prior1YearInstant_NonConsolidatedMember60140000
Total number of issued shares (5-year summary)CurrentYearInstant_NonConsolidatedMember60140000
Net assets (5-year summary)Prior4YearInstant_NonConsolidatedMember31749969000JPY
Net assets (5-year summary)Prior3YearInstant_NonConsolidatedMember33496487000JPY
Net assets (5-year summary)Prior2YearInstant_NonConsolidatedMember38085368000JPY
Net assets (5-year summary)Prior1YearInstant_NonConsolidatedMember39819191000JPY
Net assets (5-year summary)CurrentYearInstant_NonConsolidatedMember36351220000JPY
Total assets (5-year summary)Prior4YearInstant_NonConsolidatedMember36471570000JPY
Total assets (5-year summary)Prior3YearInstant_NonConsolidatedMember42959743000JPY
Total assets (5-year summary)Prior2YearInstant_NonConsolidatedMember50007829000JPY
Total assets (5-year summary)Prior1YearInstant_NonConsolidatedMember50880495000JPY
Total assets (5-year summary)CurrentYearInstant_NonConsolidatedMember50617836000JPY

Every row of the EDINET CSV. Item names are the XBRL element names; filed text is kept in its original Japanese. Filed text is available on Plus and Pro.

Data checks · 24 of 24 passed
balance sheet identityconsolidated 2024-02-29pass rounding
balance sheet identityconsolidated 2025-02-28pass
balance sheet identitynon_consolidated 2024-02-29pass rounding
balance sheet identitynon_consolidated 2025-02-28pass rounding
dei present pass
period resolution pass
statement vs summary · net assetsconsolidated 2023-02-28pass
statement vs summary · net assetsconsolidated 2024-02-29pass
statement vs summary · net assetsconsolidated 2025-02-28pass
statement vs summary · net assetsnon_consolidated 2023-02-28pass
statement vs summary · net assetsnon_consolidated 2024-02-29pass
statement vs summary · net assetsnon_consolidated 2025-02-28pass
statement vs summary · net income attributable to parentconsolidated 2023-03-01/2024-02-29pass
statement vs summary · net income attributable to parentconsolidated 2024-03-01/2025-02-28pass
statement vs summary · operating cash flowconsolidated 2023-03-01/2024-02-29pass
statement vs summary · operating cash flowconsolidated 2024-03-01/2025-02-28pass
statement vs summary · revenueconsolidated 2023-03-01/2024-02-29pass
statement vs summary · revenueconsolidated 2024-03-01/2025-02-28pass
statement vs summary · revenuenon_consolidated 2023-03-01/2024-02-29pass
statement vs summary · revenuenon_consolidated 2024-03-01/2025-02-28pass
statement vs summary · total assetsconsolidated 2024-02-29pass
statement vs summary · total assetsconsolidated 2025-02-28pass
statement vs summary · total assetsnon_consolidated 2024-02-29pass
statement vs summary · total assetsnon_consolidated 2025-02-28pass